Titles in medieval Wales
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Welsh medieval rulers used a variety of titles including Tywysog, Rhi, Brenin, and the Latin Rex and Princeps to express varying degrees of sovereignty and dependence. Their use was not systematised, nor entirely consistent over time, and these titles do not correspond exactly to the precise meanings of their modern usage and translations.
King[edit]
Many early rulers of areas within Wales used titles (Rex, Brenin) now translated by "King". With one exception they were not, and did not claim to be, rulers of all Wales. Wales, much like Ireland, usually had neither the political unity nor the sovereignty of other contemporary European kingdoms such as England and Scotland.
Kings of Wales or of Britain[edit]
Geoffrey of Monmouth's work of fantasy, the History of the Kings of Britain, achieved wide popularity from 1136. It has no independent value as history, but it produced a list of legendary kings of Britain that remains influential.[1][page needed][2]
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn[edit]
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The modern territory of Wales was briefly united under the rule of Gruffydd (or Gruffudd) ap Llywelyn from 1055 to 1063. Gruffydd was "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales... Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of... Gruffudd ap Llywelyn".[3] Some modern authors have applied to Gruffydd the title of King of Wales. "In 1055 he conquered Deheubarth as well, thus becoming in effect King of Wales".[4] The later Brut y Tywysogion described him as being "the head and shield of the Britons".[3][5] John of Worcester referred to him, several decades later, as Rex Walensium, King of the Welsh.[3] There is no evidence that Gruffydd ap Llywelyn himself ever claimed the title of King of Wales, or that it was recognized by any other state.[citation needed]
After Gruffydd's betrayal and death at the hands of his own men, Wales again became disunited, and was reunited only by the Conquest of Wales by Edward I.[6][further explanation needed]
Owain Gwynedd[edit]
The title King of Wales was later used by Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100–1170), who actually ruled only Gwynedd. In his first two letters to Louis VII of France, Owain described himself as "king of Wales" and "king of the Welsh".[7][page needed] Nevertheless, his last letter to Louis used the title Princeps; Owain was also the first to claim the title of Prince of Wales.[8]
Prince of Wales[edit]
Since the death of Owain Glyndŵr in 1415, the title of Prince of Wales has only been held by non-native heirs to the English (and later British) monarchy.[5]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Tatlock, J. S. P. (1950). The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions. Berkeley: University of California Press. Search this book on
- ↑ Bartrum, Peter (1993). A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend Up to about A.D. 1000. National Library of Wales. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0907158730. Search this book on
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 K. L. Maund (1991). Ireland, Wales, and England in the Eleventh Century. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-0-85115-533-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Fletcher, Richard (1989). Who's who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England. Shepheard-Walwyn. p. 245. ISBN 0-85683-089-5. Search this book on
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Turvey, Roger (2010). Twenty-One Welsh Princes. Conwy: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. pp. 11, 30–31. ISBN 9781845272692. Search this book on
- ↑ Davies, John (1993). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 100. ISBN 0-14-014581-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Carpenter, David (2004). The struggle for mastery. Penguin. ISBN 9780140148244. Search this book on
- ↑ Huw, Pryce (1998). "Owain Gwynedd And Louis VII: The Franco-Welsh Diplomacy of the First Prince of Wales". Welsh History Review. 19 (1): 1–28.
Further reading[edit]
Carpenter, David. "Confederation Not Domination: Welsh Political Culture in the Age of Gwynedd Imperialism." In Wales and the Welsh in the Middle Ages, edited by Griffiths R. A. and Schofield P. R., 20–28. University of Wales Press, 2011.
Charles-Edwards, T. M."Dynastic Succession in Early Medieval Wales." In Wales and the Welsh in the Middle Ages, edited by Griffiths R. A. and Schofield P. R., 20–28. University of Wales Press, 2011.
Fisher, Deborah. Royal Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2010.
Smith, J. Beverley. Llewelyn Ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1998.
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