Torre in Pietra
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Torre in Pietra is a location in Italy known for its Paleolithic archeological site and a castle. The archeological site is located 26 km northwest of Rome and 6 km from the Tyrrhenian Sea.[1] The Castello di Torre in Pietra is a notable architectural complex of medieval origin.[2]
Archeological site
Discovery and excavation
Acheulian artifacts and mammal remains were discovered in 1954, in fluvio-lacustrine sediments at the foot of a hill in Torre del Pagliaccetto, which led to excavations by A.C. Blanc in 1954–1957, 1963–1964, and 1977.[3] Torre in Pietra is an alternative name derived from a nearby village.[4]
Stratigraphy and dating
The excavations revealed two primary stratigraphic sections: the Aurelia Formation and the Vitinia Formation. In 1978, Quaternaria published a series of papers, under A. Malatesta, covering geology, stratigraphy, vertebrate, invertebrate, botanical remains, and stone artifacts from the Acheulian and Middle Paleolithic deposits.[5] Layers 12n and 11m contained Acheulian artifacts, while layer 4d contained Middle Paleolithic artifacts. Since 1980, the Aurelia Formation has been correlated to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9 and the Vitinia Formation to MIS 7.[6]
Radiometric dating and geochronological frameworks have refined these correlations. The Acheulian is now dated to MIS 10, while the Middle Paleolithic is dated to MIS 7.[7] The late Middle Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence at Torre in Pietra is about 9 meters thick, resting unconformably on the Ponte Galeria Formation (PGF).[8]
Lithic analysis
Technological and typological analyses have been performed on the Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Torre in Pietra, including comparisons with the Acheulian small tools of Castel di Guido.[9] Lithic analyses are preceded by taphonomic evaluations. The Levallois technique of the Middle Paleolithic assemblage is characterized by the production of thin flake blanks without cortex. The small tool blanks of the Acheulian were either pebbles or thick flakes with some cortex, providing relatively easy manual prehension.[10]
Castello di Torre in Pietra
History
The Castello di Torre in Pietra has medieval origins, initially established as a fortified agricultural village or 'castrum' centered around the lord's residence, a common rural settlement model in the Roman countryside. Evidences of this origin are still visible today in the towers, ramparts, moat, and surrounding walls. The first documented mention of the settlement, under the name 'Castrum Castiglionis,' dates back to 1254, when it was listed among the possessions bequeathed by a nobleman of the Alberteschi family. It later became the property of the Anguillara and Massimo families.[11]
Name origin and 16th–17th centuries
The name 'Torre in Pietra' appeared on a map illustrating the estates of the Peretti princes in 1620, referring to a stone tower built on a rocky outcrop near the castle. In 1590, Camilla Peretti, sister of Pope Sixtus V, acquired the estate. Michele Peretti, the pope's nephew, commissioned architect Francesco Peperelli to construct a new noble residence on the remains of the medieval castrum.[12]
References
- ↑ Malatesta, A. (Ed.). (1978). Torre in Pietra, Roma. Quaternaria, 20.
- ↑ Esposito, D. (2005). Architettura e costruzione dei casali della campagna romana fra XII e XIV secolo. Rome: Società Romana di Storia Patria.
- ↑ Blanc, A.C. (1954). Giacimento ad industria del Paleolitico inferiore (Abbevilliano superiore-Acheuliano) e fauna fossile ad Elephas a Torre in Pietra presso Roma. Rivista di Antropologia, 41, 345–363.
- ↑ Mussi, M. (2001). Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic. New York: Kluwer Academic.
- ↑ Malatesta, A. (Ed.). (1978). Torre in Pietra, Roma. Quaternaria, 20.
- ↑ Palma di Cesnola, A. (2001). Il Paleolitico inferiore e medio in Italia. Florence: Museo Fiorentino di Preistoria.
- ↑ Marra, F., Ceruleo, P., Jicha, B., Pandolfi, L., Petronio, C., & Salari, L. (2015). A new age within MIS 7 for the Homo neanderthalensis of Saccopastore in the glacio-eustatically forced sedimentary successions of the Aniene River Valley, Rome. Quaternary Science Reviews, 129, 260-274.
- ↑ Anzidei, A.P., Bulgarelli, G.M., Catalano, P., Cerilli, E., Gallotti, R., Lemorini, C., Milli, S., Palombo, M.R., Pantano, W., & Santucci, E. (2012). Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships. Quaternary International, 255, 171-187.
- ↑ Villa, P., Soriano, S., Grün, R., Marra, F., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Boschian, G., Pollarolo, L., Fang, F., & Bahain, J.J. (2016). The Acheulian and Early Middle Paleolithic in Latium (Italy): Stability and Innovation. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0160516.
- ↑ Soriano, S., & Villa, P. (2017). Early Levallois and the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic in central Italy. PLoS ONE, 12(10), e0186082.
- ↑ Tomassetti, G. (1910). La Campagna Romana antica, medioevale e moderna. Rome: E. Loescher.
- ↑ Coffin, D.R. (1979). The Villa in the Life of Renaissance Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Coordinates: 41°55′05″N 12°12′05″E / 41.91806°N 12.20139°E
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