Toussaint L'Ouverture
Toussaint Louverture | |
|---|---|
 Posthumous 1813 painting of Louverture | |
| Governor-General of Saint-Domingue | |
| In office 1797–1801 | |
| Appointed by | Étienne Maynaud |
| Preceded by | Inaugural holder |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Toussaint de Bréda (Tusan) 20 May 1743 Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue |
| Died | 7 April 1803 (aged 59) Fort-de-Joux, France |
| Nationality | Haitian |
| Spouse(s) | Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture |
| Signature |  |
| Nickname(s) | Napoléon Noir[1] Black Spartacus[2][3] |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  France Haiti |
| Service/ | French Army French Revolutionary Army Armée Indigène[4] |
| Years of service | 1791–1803 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Haitian Revolution |
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ]; also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda; 20 May 1744 – 7 April 1803) was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence. As a revolutionary leader, Louverture displayed military and political acumen that helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement. Louverture is now known as the "Father of Haiti".
Louverture was born enslaved on the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti. He later reclaimed his freedom, becoming a free man and a Jacobin, which thus began his military career as a prominent leader of the 1791 War for Freedom in Saint-Domingue.[5] Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo, Louverture switched his allegiance to the French when the new Republican government abolished slavery. Louverture gradually established control over the whole island and used his political and military influence to gain dominance over his rivals.
Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. Worried about the economy, which had stalled, he restored the plantation system using paid labour; negotiated trade agreements with the United Kingdom and the United States; and maintained a large and well-trained army.[6] Although Louverture did not sever ties with France in 1800 after defeating leaders among the Haitian mulatto population, he promulgated an autonomous constitution for the colony in 1801 that named him as Governor-General for Life, even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes.[7]
In 1802, he was invited to a parley by French Divisional General Jean-Baptiste Brunet, but was arrested upon his arrival. He was deported to France and jailed at the Fort de Joux. He died in 1803. Although Louverture died before the final and most violent stage of the Haitian Revolution, his achievements set the grounds for the Haitian army's final victory. Suffering massive losses in multiple historic battles at the hands of the Haitian army and losing thousands of men to yellow fever, the French capitulated and withdrew permanently from Saint-Domingue the very same year. The Haitian Revolution continued under Louverture's lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence on 1 January 1804, thereby establishing the sovereign state of Haiti.
- ↑ Taylor, David (2002). Martini. p. 95. ISBN 1930603037. Search this book on
- ↑ Knight C., ed. (1843). "The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; Volume 25". p. 96. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Henri Christophe (King of Haiti) (1952). Griggs, Earl Leslie; Prator, Clifford H., eds. "Henry Christophe & Thomas Clarkson: A Correspondence". University of California Press. p. 17. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Fombrun, Odette Roy, ed. (2009). "History of The Haitian Flag of Independence" (PDF). The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph And Translation Series Publication No. 3. p. 13. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ↑ Vulliamy, Ed, ed. (28 August 2010). "The 10 best revolutionaries". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Cauna, pp. 7–8
- ↑ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2012). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 114. ISBN 978-1405198219. Search this book on
