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Turkish Genocide

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Turkish-Muslim massacres, Muslim-Turk Genocide or Turkish massacres, the Ottoman Empire's disintegration during the non-Muslim ethnic groups mainly by Turks, including Muslim massacre that took place for the subjects, forced migration, ethnic cleansing.[1] Justin McCarthy stated that most of the affected people spoke Turkish.[2]

A mansion in which Turks are being massacred

Muslim-Turkish Massacres

McCarthy estimates that approximately five and a half million Muslims were expelled from Europe between 1821 and 1922, and more than five million were killed or died of disease or starvation while on the run. Ethnic cleansing, 1820 The-1830s, Serb and of gaining the independence of the Greek, during Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)'s, in the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars's, World War I and during and after the Armenian riots and gangs It occurred as a result of the Greek occupation of Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence. Michael Mann's 1914 Carnegie Endowment report on these actions unprecedented in Europe before enormously murderous ethnic cleansing. It conveys that it is defined as.[3][4] It is estimated that 4.4 million Muslims lived in Ottoman-controlled areas of the Balkans as we entered the 20th century.[5] Mariya Todorova, more than a million Muslims left the Balkans in the last 30 years of the 19th century.[6] 1912 to 2.9 million in 1926 to close either killed or Muslims were forced to migrate to Turkey.[7] There are estimates that 2.5 million Muslims died in Anatolia during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence.[8]

Colored picture of fedayees under the banner of the ARF, picture taken during the late 1800s, around 1890-1896

There are also massacres committed by Armenian gangs in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. There is various information about the losses in this period from different sources. While Justin McCarthy stated that 260 thousand people disappeared during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Kemal Karpat claims that 300 thousand people were killed. At the beginning of the 20th century and during the First World War, anti-Muslim-Turkish Armenian movements in the region continued and attacks were made against villages.

Greek Independence Movements

Panagiotis Kefalas by Hess

During the Greek War of Independence, massacres were committed against Turks and Albanians in the region by Greek soldiers, both sides slaughtered each other during this war. Turks were massacred all over the region where Greece was declared.[9] Greeks attacked the ships of the Turks in the seas and massacred those insides, as of August 1821, William Ogden Niles states that 3,000 people were killed in this way.[10]

Peloponnese

The Turkish and Albanian populations living in the Peloponnese were massacred, especially in regions dominated by Greek soldiers.[11] Turkish and Albanian communities in the Morea disappeared.[12][13] Historians state that a total of more than 20,000 Muslims were killed in the peninsula during this period, usually on the advice of priests in the region;[14] Some historians estimate this number at 15,000;[15] However, there are estimates that 35,000 people were killed in the Tripoliçe Massacre alone. Russian soldiers and Greeks killed 400 Turks in the city of Mistras in 1770. Turkish children to minarets were taken out and thrown down from there.[16] According to the records kept by William Ogden Niles during these riots, the Turkish people of the city of Patras were also killed completely except for a small minority. Monemvasia in August 1821The Turkish residents of the town faced starvation as a result of the prolonged siege and tried to eat the corpses, while the Greeks killed sixty men and women who had been captured at sea outside the town's walls. Later, the Greeks said they would take the Turks to Anatolia and the doors were opened; but the Greeks plundered the town and killed many Turks. Later, they boarded some five hundred Turks from the town on a ship and left them to a deserted island off the coast of Anatolia, where the survivors of the Turks, who faced hunger, were rescued by a French merchant.[17]

William St. According to Clair, "The genocide in Mora ended only when there were no Turks left to kill".

Navarino Massacre

The Turkish people of Navarin city, which was besieged by the Greeks, were starving. In the end, it was decided to send the Turks to Egypt safely. On August 19, 1821, when the city's gates were opened, the Greeks attacked the Turks and all the inhabitants of the city, with a population of approximately 3000, were killed, except 160 who could escape.[18]

Tripoliçe Massacre

The Tripoliçe Massacre was the largest of the massacres committed against the Turks in the region during the Morea Revolt.[19] British Thomas Gordon, who arrived in the city a few days after the Greek conquest, estimated that 8,000 people were killed. Only some women who were taken as slaves and some well-known Turks kept for ransom survived the massacre. Justin McCarthy states that the death toll in the massacre was 35,000, Teodor Kolokotronis talked about the massacre as follows:

“From Friday to Sunday, Greek soldiers massacred women, children and men. A total of 32 thousand people were killed in and around Tripoliçe. [...] Finally, a messenger arrived and the slaughter stopped. »[20]

Central Greece

In Athens, 1190 Turks, only 190 of whom were eligible for military service, surrendered because of promises to be safe. According to W. Alison Phillips, this was followed by a horrible scene with many similarities in this horrible war.[21] 500 Muslim families and 200 Jews in the town of Agrinio. First Jewish and then Muslim residents of the city were massacred.

Aegean Islands

Turks were also killed in the Aegean Islands during the period when Greece gained its independence.[22] In March 1821, an attack on Chios was carried out by the Greeks and the Turks were massacred. The Greeks, who rebelled against the Ottomans in the Aegean Islands, attacked Turkish merchant ships passing through the area and ships arriving from Hajj on their way to Haha, killing the crew and passengers.[23] Theodoros Kolokotronis states that more than ninety Muslims were killed on the island of Hydra. Apart from the massacre of the island's Muslim inhabitants in Hydra, all Muslims on a ship was also killed.[24]

Anatolia

Burning towns in Western Anatolia

According to reports from Manisa, the Greek army shot and killed civilians.[25] Greek troops persecuted Muslims in Çatalca and Hadımköy. Greek soldiers committed a massacre in Menemen on June 16–17, 1919, in which at least 200 Turks died and more than 200 were injured, according to European sources, some Turkish sources estimate the death toll to be around 1,000.[26] Commander Hadkinson from the Entente States stated that the Greeks persecuted the Turks in Turgutlu, Izmir and Nazilli.[27]

According to the Investigation Committee Report, after the Armistice of Mudros, Greek gangs killed and robbed many Turks around Ayvalık. In the first few days of Ayvalık's invasion, the Greek army convicted some soldiers and gang members of burning the two villages.

Ottoman sources report that the Greeks killed Turks and burned towns in Akhisar and Gördes. Henry Ford states that Greek soldiers frequently raped Turkish women in the region from Izmir to Konya.[28] Greek soldiers in Eskişehir and Afyonkarahisar inflicted violence on Turkish people.[29] Johannes Kolmodin states that while the Greek troops were withdrawing, they burned 250 villages and caused 1922 Great Fire of Izmir. Kolmodin reports that in some places, villagers were filled in mosques and burned.[30] On February 14, 1922, Karatepe, which was connected to İzmir at that time. He filled the mosques in the villages with the inhabitants of two nearby villages, then burned mosques using oil and killed civilians - women, children and men. While the Greek army retreated from Western Anatolia, they used a devastating tactic. Middle East historian Nettleton Fisher said, "The retreating Greek army adopted a policy of destruction and brutality against all the vulnerable Turks that came before it".[31] The Scottish historian Kinross described the Greek retreat, "Most towns already in front of him (the Greek army)was in ruins. Historic holy city of Manisa 18 thousand buildings only 500 remained alive was discovered." Which he described in words.[32]

Medics to carry the wounded in a Turkish village, which was burned by Greek troops as they retreated (August 1922)

In 1929, George Seldes stated that the massacres of Greeks against Turks in Anatolia were much greater than Turks did to Greeks.[33]

Italians in coercion and so on. No reliable source was found to show that it was found. The coercion against the Turks continued, sometimes in a systematic way.[34]

In the last phase of the Turkish War of Independence, the Investigation Committee, composed of experts, made examinations and reported in Aydın and its surroundings. This report is known as the " Inspection Board Report ".

Article 32: Most of the women, men, children and Turks trying to escape from the neighbourhood that was in flames were killed without cause by the Greek soldiers who took all the roads connecting the neighbourhood to the northern part of the city.

Article 40: The occupation of Aydın Province by Greek forces caused substantial material damage in terms of crops and property.[35]

The Greek army, which was declining as a result of the Battle of Dumlupınar, committed many murders on the night of August 29 to 30, and the pillage was at an extreme level.[36] During his retreat, over one million Turkish civilians were left homeless as a result of the rape, arson and looting of Turkish civilians.[37]

Bulgarian Independence Movements

April Uprising

Hundreds of Turks were killed at the beginning of the Bulgarian Revolt that broke out in April 1876. Some sources estimate the number of Muslims who died as a thousand people.[38][39] Stanford J. Shaw wrote that 4000 Christian civilians died in Bulgaria and the number of Muslims killed was more than that and stated that there were mutual massacres between Muslim and Christian villages.[40] The Lord Kinross, according to "They brutally Muslims began slaughtering and attacked the Turks."[41] According to Dennis P. Hupchick, " Poor armed disorganized rebels, the newly typed patriotic to say the song and the majority of the peaceful other than cut their Muslim neighbours they didn't do much."[42] According to Stanford J. Shaw" Revolts spread, massacres of hundreds of Muslims began, and they captured the main Ottoman fortresses near Balkan ports."[43]

Other massacres by the Bulgarians

According to the Ottoman archives, in 1908, Bulgarian gangs attacked villages in the Balkans and massacred the Muslims in the region during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.[44][45] In November 1912, the Bulgarians killed some thirty Muslims in the city of Strumica, in present-day Macedonia. Also in late 1912, the Bulgarians committed a month-long massacre against Muslims in Macedonia, killing three to four thousand people.[46]

Serbian Independence Movements

Turks are fleeing from Christians, Bulgarians from Greeks and Turks, Greeks and Turks from Bulgarians and Albanians from Serbs. (Carnegie Endowment report)[47][48]

NY Times Massacre of Albanians 1912

The massacres committed by Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians against Turks and Muslims during the Balkan Wars are described in detail in the 1912 Carnegie Endowment report.[49] Dennis Hupchick estimates that approximately 1.5 million Muslims died as a result of the Balkan wars and 400,000 were refugees.[50] According to international reports, massacres against Albanians were committed by the Serbian and Montenegrin Army during the Balkan wars.[51] During the First Balkan War in 1912-13, Serbia and Montenegro committed numerous war crimes against the Albanian population after the expulsion of Ottoman forces from present-day Albania and Kosovo. These were reported by the European, American and Serbian combat media. To examine these crimes, the Carnegie International Peace Foundation set up a special committee and sent it to the Balkans in 1913. The number of victims in the Serbian-controlled Kosovo Province was estimated to be 25,000 in the first few months.[52][53][54]

Turkish refugees from Edirne

According to Jusuf Hamza, more than 300 thousand Turks were killed in the Macedonian region during the Balkan Wars. Some Turks were forcibly Christianized. 200 thousand Turks were killed in Poroy (Ano Poroia), 10 thousand in Serres and 5000 in Edirne.[55] The Carnegie Endownment report states that Turkish residents were killed shortly after the Bulgarian capture of Serez.[56] Justin McCarthy wrote that hundreds of Muslims were killed after the Bulgarians entered Drama. When Alexandroupoli was taken by the "Macedonian Volunteers" of the Bulgarians on 12 November 1912, the city's Muslim districts were looted, more than a hundred Muslims were killed.

Fritz Magnussen, who has been writing for the Danish newspaper Riget, reports that 3000 Albanians were killed by Serbs in the Kumanovo - Skopje region, Albanian villages were burned and residents of the houses were chased and shot "like rats", and the Serbian soldiers are proud of this.[57]

In Pristina, the Muslim (mostly Albanian) population of the city killed many Serbs by hoisting a white flag on the city's fortress and deceiving the Serbs. Thereupon, as soon as the Serbian army entered the city, it attacked the people in an attempt to revenge and began hunting the Muslim population. The number of Albanians killed in the first days of Serbian rule in the city is estimated at 5,000.[58]

Despite the absolute resistance of the Albanians in Ferizovik, the Serbs captured the city. After the Serbs took over the city, the commander of the Serbian army asked the public to return to their homes and hand over their weapons. When survivors returned after the resistance, 300 to 400 people were killed. This was followed by the destruction of Muslim villages around Ferizovik.[59]

During World War I, in October 1914, the Greeks in Doksat (Doksato) committed massacres against the Turks in the region, looting their property and signing documents that they left their lands to the Greeks.[60] 300 Turks were killed by iron sticks in Vodina and its region.[61] According to Ottoman sources, Greeks in Alexandroupolis, which came under Greek rule, committed "cruelty and massacre".[62]

Between 1912 and 1922, massacres in the region continued intensely. According to the Carnegie Endowment report, Turks were killed by Christians in the region, namely Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians, and Albanians by Serbs.[63] There were movements in Kosovo to Serbianize the area by reducing the number of Muslims in the area. Massacres against Albanians continued until 1941.[64]

Massacres by Armenian gangs between 1905-1920

Igdir Genocide Museum

Ovanes Kaçaznuni states that there were bloody events between Muslims and Armenians in 1905 and 1906. He says that in 1914, the Armenian troops started their activities against the Turks.[65] In 1915, a Russian commander was sent an order to Aram, the Armenian governor of Van, ordering the killing of the Kurds in the region; however, Aram stated that the order would not be implemented.[66]

Wounded Muslim refugees at the Hasankale conflict of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I

Ottoman archives state that 523,000 Turks were killed by Armenian gangs between 1910 and 1922.[67] In a letter dated May 14, 1915, sent from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Russian embassy in Paris, it is stated that approximately 6000 Muslims were killed in the region during the Van Uprising.[68] A Russian general said that rapes were also perpetrated by Armenians against Muslims.[69]

Ovanes Kaçaznuni states that there were bloody events between Muslims and Armenians in 1905 and 1906. He says that in 1914, Armenian troops started their activities against the Turks.[70] In 1915, a Russian commander sent an order to Aram, the Armenian governor of Van, ordering the killing of Kurds in the region; however, Aram stated that the order would not be implemented.[71][72] Ottoman archives state that 523,000 Turks were killed by Armenian gangs between 1910 and 1922.[73] In a letter dated May 14, 1915, sent from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Russian embassy in Paris, it is stated that approximately 6,000 Muslims were killed in the region during the Van Rebellion.[74][75]

References

  1. ↑ Dayı, Esin Elviye-i Selâse / The Persecution of the Armenians against the Turks in the Three Sancaks (Kars, Ardahan and Batumi)
  2. ↑ McCarthy, Justin, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922
  3. ↑ Mann, Michael, The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 113.
  4. ↑ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914)
  5. ↑ Cornis-Pope, Marcel & Neubauer, John, History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004, ISBN 9789027234520, p. 21.
  6. ↑ Todorova, Maria, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780195387865, p. 175.
  7. ↑ Cornis-Pope, Marcel & Neubauer, John, History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004, ISBN 9789027234520, p. 21
  8. ↑ Shiss, islands Holland. (2003), Between two empires, p. 22
  9. ↑ Judson, Harry Pratt. Europe in the nineteenth century (1845), Flood and Vincent, p. 261
  10. ↑ Niles, William Ogden (1821). Niles' national register, Volume 20
  11. ↑ Peacock, Herbert Leonard, A History of Modern Europe, (Heinemann Educational Publishers; 7th edition, September 1982, p.219-220.
  12. ↑ St. Clair, William (1972), That Greece Might Still Be Free - The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192151940
  13. ↑ Fisher, HAL, A History of Europe, Edward Arnold, London, 1936 & 1965, p. 881-882.
  14. ↑ Phillips, Alison W. The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London, 1897, p. 56-71
  15. ↑ Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 217.
  16. ↑ Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1961), History of the Ottoman Turks
  17. ↑ William St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence (2008 edition), p. 41
  18. ↑ St. Clair, William (1972), That Greece Might Still Be Free - The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192151940
  19. ↑ Phillips, Alison W. The War of Greek Independence, 1821 to 1833. London, 1897, p. 56-71
  20. ↑ Hercules Millas, "History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey", History Workshop, p. 31, 1991.
  21. ↑ W. Alison Phillips, supra, p. 101
  22. ↑ Olnay, Jesse, The family book of history; Comprising a concise view of the most interesting and important events in the history of all the civilized nations of the earth, (GNA Loomis, 1839, p.430 of December 31, 2013)
  23. ↑ William St Clair (2008), p. 2nd
  24. ↑ W. Alison Phillips, supra, p. 66-67
  25. ↑ Steven Béla Várdy, T. Hunt Tooley, Ágnes Huszár Várdy, Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe (2003), Social Science Monographs, p. 190
  26. ↑ REPORT OF THE INTER-ALLIED COMMISSION OF INQUIRY (MAY-SEPTEMBER 1919)
  27. ↑ Sonyel, Salâhi R. The Turco-Greek conflict (1985), Cyprus Turkish Cultural Association, p. 22
  28. ↑ Ford, Henry. Dearborn Independent Magazine January 1927-May 1927 , Dearborn Publishing Company, p. 24
  29. ↑ Greek slaughter in the Balkans and Anatolia according to archive documents, 2nd volume (1995), Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry, General Directorate of State Archives, p. 255-257
  30. ↑ Self-wave, Elizabeth. The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as a scholar, activist and diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63
  31. ↑ Sydney Nettleton Fisher, The Middle East: a history, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969, page 386
  32. ↑ Lord Kinross, Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation, 1960, page 318
  33. ↑ Seldes, George. You Can't Print That! The Truth Behind the News 1918 to 1928 (1929), Kessinger Publishing, p. 395
  34. ↑ H. Saral, Vatan Nasıl Kurtuldu, s.28
  35. ↑ Em. Korg. Hüseyin Işık, Turkish-Greek Relations, General Staff ATASE Presidency Publication, Ankara 1986, p. 377-394
  36. ↑ Turkish War of Independence, p. 361
  37. ↑ Christopher Chant "Warfare of the 20th. Century - Armed Conflicts Outside the Two World Wars" Chartwell Books Inc. New Jersey 1988. ISBN 1-55521-233-6, page 23
  38. ↑ Quataert, Donald. "The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922", Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 69
  39. ↑ Millman, Richard. "The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered." pg. 218-231
  40. ↑ Crowe, David M. A history of the gipsies of Eastern Europe and Russia (1996), Palgrave Macmillan, p. 241.
  41. ↑ Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: the rise and fall of the Turkish empire, Morrow Quill, 1977, ISBN 9780688030933, p.509.
  42. ↑ Hupchick, Dennis P., The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 9781403964175, p.263.
  43. ↑ Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 9780521291668, p. 162.
  44. ↑ Köse, Osman. The Bulgarian Order and the Turks
  45. ↑ BOA. HR. SYS. 304/160: From Paravadi accident logs (31 October 1879); 305/153: Memorandum from the Office of Appeal to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (22 December 1880); 306/155: irritation from the Bulgarian Commissariat (5 February 1905); 306/87: Irritation sent from Bulgaria Commissioner Sadık Pasha to the viceroy (5 March 1905).
  46. ↑ Macedonian Muslims During the Balkan Wars on October 19, 2013. (Statements by witnesses from the 1912 Carnegie Endowment Report)
  47. ↑ Mazower, M. (2000) The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day. London: Phoenix Press, p. 118
  48. ↑ Duru, Deniz. "Multiculturalism and Coexistence: from the Ottoman Empire to Modern Turkey"
  49. ↑ Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars, 1912
  50. ↑ Dennis Hupchick, ibid, p. 321.
  51. ↑ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War (1914)
  52. ↑ Archbishop LAZEAR in Mje: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosovo and Macedonia
  53. ↑ Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha
  54. ↑ Hudson, Kimberly A., Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing just war theory in the 21st century, Taylor & Francis, 2009, ISBN 9780415490252, p. 128.
  55. ↑ Hamza, Jusuf, Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija, Logos-A, 2003, ISBN 9789989601217, p. 437
  56. ↑ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914), p. 75
  57. ↑ Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: prelude to the First World War (2000), Routledge, p. 137
  58. ↑ Servian Army Left Trail of Blood
  59. ↑ Leo Trotsky: Behind the Curtains of the Balkan Wars
  60. ↑ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington, DC: The Endowment, 1914), p. 288
  61. ↑ Balkania, Volumes 1-2 (1967), Balkania Pub. Co., p. 11, "In the districts of Voden and Karadja-Abad- ski, more than 300 Turks were massacred with iron rods."
  62. ↑ Greek slaughter in the Balkans and Anatolia according to archive documents, 2nd volume (1995), Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry, General Directorate of State Archives, p. 17
  63. ↑ Mazower, M. (2000) The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day. London: Phoenix Press, p. 118
  64. ↑ New York Times, October 25, 2000
  65. ↑ Kaçaznuni, Ovanes. Dashnak Party to Make Nothing. Resource Publications - Çukurova University. ss. 32-33.
  66. ↑ USSR October Revolution Central State Archive (TsGAOR SSSR) f. 579, 1. 1, d. 1880, c. As cited in 3-7: AO Arutyunyan, p. 369
  67. ↑ Henham, Ralph J. The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects (2007), Ashgate Publishing, p. 25
  68. ↑ National Archive of France, Guerre Mondial, 1914-1918 / Turquie / Vol. 890, Armenie-I (Août 1914-Décembre 1915)
  69. ↑ Bolhovitinov, LH Official Armenian Report of 11 December 1915. Resource Publications.
  70. ↑ Kaçaznuni, Ovanes. The Dashnak Party Has Nothing To Do. Source Publications - Çukurova University. ss. 32-33.
  71. ↑ Perinçek, Mehmet. The Dashnak Party Has Nothing To Do (Foreword). Source Publications - Çukurova University. ss. 17-20.
  72. ↑ Central State Archive of the October Revolution of the USSR (TsGAOR SSSR) f. 579, 1.1, d. 1880, p. 3-7 quoted by AO Arutyunyan, p. 369
  73. ↑ Henham, Ralph J. The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects (2007), Ashgate Publishing, sf. 25
  74. ↑ Halacoglu, Yusuf. Armenian Allegations from Exile to Genocide. Babıali Culture Publishing. ss. p. 46.
  75. ↑ Fransa National Archive, World War, 1914-1918 / Turkey / Vol. 890, Armenia-I (August 1914-December 1915)



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