zkEVM
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zkEVMs (Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines) are virtual machines that combine Ethereum's smart contracts with zero-knowledge proofs. This enhances privacy and security features within Ethereum-based applications.[1] Unlike standard Ethereum transactions and smart contract executions, where all information is publicly visible on the blockchain, zkEVMs offer the unique ability to conceal certain details while still providing indisputable validation of a transaction or computation.
Operation[edit]
The operation of zkEVMs can be divided into three main steps[2]
- Off-chain Computation: In this stage, the zkEVM executes smart contract transactions off the Ethereum network to create a final state. By conducting computations off-chain, zkEVMs alleviate the computational load on the Ethereum network, allowing for greater scalability.
- Proof Generation: The zkEVM generates a zero-knowledge proof using a proving circuit that attests to the correctness of the off-chain computation. The proof includes bytecode and opcode verification, input and output value confirmation, and validation of the order of opcode execution.
- On-chain Verification: The generated proof, along with initial and final state data, is submitted to an Ethereum-based verifier contract. This contract autonomously verifies the legitimacy of the proof, and once validated by nodes, updates Ethereum's state accordingly.
Advantages[edit]
zkEVMs offers several advantages over other scaling solutions[3]
- Fast Finality: They provide faster transaction finality, ensuring executed transactions cannot be reversed quickly.
- Security: Zero-knowledge proofs eliminate the need for security assumptions, offering provably legitimate computation and enhanced security.
- Privacy: They introduce a degree of transaction privacy not found in other scaling solutions.
- Programmability: zkEVMs maintain full EVM compatibility, providing developers with greater flexibility and programmability.
- Scalability: By moving computation off-chain, zkEVMs address Ethereum's scalability challenges while preserving security and decentralization.
Notable Implementations[edit]
- Polygon zkEVM: Launched in March 2023, Polygon's zkEVM utilizes cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs while maintaining compatibility with EVM. It offers developers a seamless transition and high transaction speeds.[4]
- ConsenSys zkEVM: ConsenSys zkEVM prioritizes EVM bytecode compatibility, ensuring interoperability with various EVM-compatible chains.[5]
- zkSync zkEVM: Developed by Matter Labs, zkSync is a leading zkEVM solution. It offers scalability and zk-powered networks, with a full-fledged zkEVM environment going live in March 2023.[6]
References[edit]
- ↑ "WEMIX unveils global preview of WEMIX Kanvas". Bloomberg.com. 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
- ↑ "Plookup with zkEVM: A Brief Introduction to How zkEVM Works | HackerNoon". hackernoon.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ↑ Howell, James (2023-04-12). "Know Everything About zkEVM". 101 Blockchains. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ↑ "Welcome to Polygon zkEVM | Polygon Wiki". wiki.polygon.technology. 2023-08-18. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ↑ "Consensys' Layer 2 Blockchain Linea Completes Public Launch, Unlocking a Wave of DeFi Applications". Bloomberg.com. 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
- ↑ "Every ZK-EVM Explained (Polygon, Linea, zkSync & more)". Jarrod Watts. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
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