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Draft: Accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP)

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Accelerated experiential dynamic psychotherapy (AEDP) is a mind-body psychotherapy that is informed research in the areas of attachment theory, emotion theory, neuroscience of change and psychological theories of change processes. AEDP incorporates techniques from emotion-focusedand process-experiential therapies (such as Gestalt therapy and Person-Centered Therapy) and ISTDP.

AEDP is a relatively recent addition to the field of psychotherapy, dating back to 2000 with its first publication,The Transforming Power of Affect, by Diana Fosha.[1]. Since then, the AEDP model has been expanded upon in publications by Fosha and her colleagues. Developments in the therapy are derived from the clinical and empirical study of video-taped sessions. Video-taping psychotherapy sessions is a standard practice for AEDP psychotherapists[2].

AEDP is featured by the American Psychological Association in its psychotherapy training DVD Systems of Psychotherapy Series[3][4][5][6][7], and Psychotherapy Supervision Series[8].

AEDP was initially developed as a psychotherapy to treat the effects of childhood attachment trauma and abuse[9][5]. It is recognized as an effective treatment for complex post-traumatic stress disorder[10][11][12], and attachment disturbances in adults[13][14][15]. It is further applied to the treatment of eating disorders[16][17], to the treatment considerations when working with diverse populations[18][19][20][21][22], to couples therapy[7][23], and to the treatment of dissociative disorders[24][25]. AEDP is applied to the practice of psychotherapy supervision[8][2][26], and to short-term psychotherapy[27][6].

The AEDP model of psychotherapy is built upon the following questions: (i) why healing change will inevitably occur given the right circumstance (ii) how healing change occurs within the therapeutic relationship (iii) why the therapeutic relationship is the primary vehicle of change in psychotherapy (iv) what specific therapist behaviors are therapeutic (iv) identifying and tracking healing change as it unfolds resistance to recovery (v) identifying the emotional and somatic indicators of change as it is happening and (vi) identifying the therapeutic techniques to facilitate the movement from one stage of change to the next.

Overview

AEDP theory of psychopathology

AEDP is designed to provide a corrective emotional experience for what Fosha believes is at the root of almost all psychopathology: the infant/child's aloneness (through neglect or unintended circumstances) in the face of overwhelming emotional/physiological experiences that cannot be endured in the absence of a soothing caregiver[28]. The caregiver's vital in role regulating and soothing a child's emotional or physiological dysregulation is central to the development of a secure attachment bond [29][30], which in turn is central to the development of emotion regulation capacities. The adult consequences are seen in psychotherapy and psychiatric practice in the form of depression, anxiety and unfulfilling relationships[31][13].

Adverse Childhood Experiences studies (ACE) have demonstrated that early emotional trauma, when untreated or unresolved through the course of development, can result in the development of disorders of emotion regulation (which includes depression and anxiety), dissociative disorders, affect phobia, and debilitating shame[32].

The fine point that Fosha makes, with implications for interventions, is that it is not the emotional trauma per se that has developmental consequences, but it is the compounding impact of the absence of a soothing caregiver to restore the child's overwrought nervous system[33], leading to insecure attachment patterns into adulthood[34].

Though AEDP's theory of psychopathology is centered upon the environmental and relational conditions underlying the origins of trauma. It explicitly does not pathologize the individual. AEDP considers symptoms to have developed from the most resourced capacities available to the individual at a given time in their development. These resources underlying a symptom are identified and restored for the individual to use with intention and agency[21][35].

[36]

AEDP theory healing

AEDP theory of how psychotherapy promotes healing derives from its understanding of how psychopathology develops. Given that AEDP understands psychopathology as resulting from the individual’s aloneness in the face of unbearable emotions, AEDP provides a methodology for creating and an affect-regulating therapeutic relationship[37][38], informed by attachment theory, that serve AEDP’s therapeutic goals[39] (see below).

AEDP's approach to facilitating healing is based upon research in neuroplasticiy and psychological theories of change processes, which establish that individuals are biologically wired to respond to healing experiences and will seek them out. AEDP refers to this wired-in capacity to heal as transformance strivings. AEDP considers the therapeutic attachment relationship to be an relational environment in which transformance, through a corrective emotional experience, can occur[15].

A second aspect of the AEDP model of healing change (transformance) is the utilization of the natural occurrence of positive affects that arise upon a corrective emotional experience. Borrowing from research on flourishing AEDP posits that the explicit reflection upon positive emotions/cognitions toward the self and therapist is a necessary aspect of psychotherapy that promotes neuroplastic changes. The technique developed by AEDP for this purpose is called metatherapeutic processing[40][41].

AEDP therapeutic goals

The overarching therapeutic goals of AEDP are to restore the biologically driven capacities (i) to experience and self-regulate one's emotions, (ii) to adaptively express emotions, (iii) to promote and sustain secure adult attachment behaviors, (v) toward a neurobiological core self and thereby engender greater self agency (vi) to promote vitality and flourishing, (vii) to enhance resilience (the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties, and to valuable feelings of well-being).

Origins of the therapeutic model

AEDP proposes a theory and methodology for how the processing of emotion, with the guidance of an affirming therapeutic relationship, can bring about healing change[18]. Its core concepts are informed by contributions from the following sources:

1. Neuroplasticity research has demonstrated that human beings are wired for growth and tend to actively seek growth opportunities[42][43]. Neuroplasticity informs AEDP’s concept of transformance, the wired-in motivation of the mind to heal and repair itself[44][35]. Metatherapeutic processing is the technique designed to explicitly reinforce (wire-in) positive change as it is occurring.

2. Affective neuroscience research proposes that individuals possess a neurobiological core self. This core self provides continuity of "sense of self" throughout development and despite change[45][46]. The development of this core self can become derailed by adverse childhood experiences leading to a range of pathologies in adulthood. AEDP therapists facilitate the development of this core self through its relational interventions leading up to the therapeutic goal of the client’s re-creation of a previously fragmented and defeating life narrative into one that is coherent, meaningful, and that includes feelings of pride and agency.

3. Humanistic psychologists such as Carl Rogers, who posit that individuals possess actualizing tendencies, which AEDP defines as the innate drive toward healing, growth and self-righting. AEDP proposes that this drive can and should be activated from the start of therapy[47].

4. Attachment theory originates in John Bowlby's research which proposes that individuals are biologically driven to form attachment bonds. Attachment theory emphasizes the vital necessity of the formation of a secure attachment relationship between infant and caregiver to ensure the child’s successful social, cognitive and emotional development. Attachment theory informs AEDP’s emphasis on the importance of co-creating [48]safety and connection in the therapeutic relationship as a prerequisite for subsequent work with difficult emotions.

5. Infant research studies the ways in which caregivers and infants interact to provide affective and physiological regulation to the infant. They have found that this interaction creates affect regulating capacities in the developing brain. It is this affect regulating interaction in which secure attachment bonds are formed. The mutually positive affects associated with this dyadic experience is found to be necessary for optimal brain devleopment[49]. AEDP therapists apply the insights of this research to the moment-to-moment tracking of emotional changes during a therapy session for the purpose of helping clients regulate and process emotions in therapy.

6. Polyvagal theory demonstate that one person's internal regulation of their nervous system can influence the internal regulation of the other through nonverbal communication including eye contact, facial expressions, features of voice such as emotional prosody. Polyvagal theory along with finding from infant research inform AEDP's practice of dyadic affect regulation[15]

6. Emotion theory[50] and research[51] has contributed the understanding of emotions as serving survival purposes and as hard wired into the brain, nervous system, and body. Emotion research has documented the relationship and mental health problems that can result when one’s ability to experience and express one's emotions is compromised. AEDP seeks to reconnect the person to emotions that have been blocked, and with therapist guidance, enable these emotions to be fully experienced and processed. When emotions are freely experienced and well tolerated, each core emotion’s adaptive action tendency can come online to inform the clients experiences and behaviors.

7. Positive Psychology's research into "broaden-and-build" theory of positive emotions[52] informs AEDP's attention to processing positive emotions in order to promote psychological resilience, and flourishing. Broaden-and-build theory informs AEDP's observation that positive emotions emerge with the resolution of difficult emotions . AEDP complete the healing process by systematically metaprocessing positive emotions, with special attention to those that pertain to the therapeutic interaction in the wake of a healing experience[40]. This attention to the positive solidifies neuroplastic healing change[53].

8. William James observed that inherent in emotion is its power to drive sudden change[54]. This observation is expanded upon by Fosha and other psychologists through phenomenological studies of change processes in psychotherapy. They observe that the process of positive change in therapy is not necessarily linear, gradual and protracted, but can also be abrupt and discontinuous, and thereby especially potent[55][56][47]. AEDP therapists track and respond to change processes with attention to the possibility of abrupt change, which can bring about a specific set of emotions called tremulous affects[55].

Key concepts

Transformance

Transformance is Fosha's term for the psychological processes underlying positive change. Transformance refers to each person's innate drive for growth, "self righting", and healing, and to the predictable sequence of an unfolding change process that AEDP aims to activate and facilitate (see § Map of the transformational process below)[19]. The term is derived from AEDP's treatment approach that focuses upon a patient's potential and resilience, as opposed to psychopathology[10]. Transformational experiences are marked by the felt sense of vitality and energy. They include experiences that are viscerally felt as new, emergent[57] and positive[58]. In the AEDP model, "positive" refers to an experience that need not be "happy, but must feel right and true".[59]:179 Positive affects are an integral part of healing become a sustained focus of experiential exploration[60].

Meta-therapeutic processing

Meta-therapeutic processing, is a cornerstone of AEDP methodology[61]. The term was created to describe the therapeutic activity of exploring the experience of change, or transformation, in order to deepen the experience and to facilitate the integration of corrective emotional experiences. It involves reflecting upon experience, specifically upon a positive experience, as it is happening, within a therapeutic relationship[61][62]. For example, the therapist may ask, "What is it like for you to have had this deep emotional experience right now?"[63]. This intervention deepens the healing experience and facilitates neuroplastic changes.

Meta-therapeutic processing, which psychiatrist and psychoanalyst James Grotstein recognized as a technical innovation by Diana Fosha[64], was later incorporated into focusing-oriented therapy[65], a method of psychotherapy originally developed by Eugene Gendlin, whose ideas also influenced Fosha's development of AEDP[1]:146,173.

Core emotion

The ultimate aim of AEDP therapy is to enable one's emotions to be accessible, vitalized, regulated, and unhindered in expression[31][66]. Emotion is the primary source of information about the environment to the self, and about the self to the self, and is also the primary source of communication about the self to others. Clarity of expression of emotions, and a capacity for attunement to another's emotions, is necessary for social well-being and is essential in order to experience one's emotional life as coherent, adaptive and resilient[35].

Processing emotion to completion

Facilitating a full cycle of emotional processing involves the completion of a "wave" of core emotion from a negative valence to a positive valence. At the end of this wave, the energy and somatic experience of the adaptive action tendencies associated with the emotion is released. Adaptive action tendencies are the motivational drive associated with an emotion for effective action on behalf of oneself[67], for example, anger energizes and encourages one to resolve conflict or to advocate on behalf of oneself or another. Fosha has observed that, when each emotion's adaptive action tendencies are brought to the client’s awareness and focused on, an ensuing release of positive emotions may follow, which AEDP terms transformational affects, such as mastery, "feeling moved", pride, joy, and gratitude.[40]

Whether in a moment during a session, or within a larger period of growth (see § Map of the change process below), emotion processing is what characterizes an AEDP session[68]. Empirical studies demonstrate that AEDP's focus on emotions within the therapeutic relationship is associated with client improvement[69][33].

Core state

Core state is characterized by the natural emergence of the qualities of mind, i.e., well-being, compassion, self-compassion, wisdom, generosity, clarity, that mindfulness and contemplative practices strive to cultivate. These qualities of mind provide an internal experience of coherence, well-being and calm. Core state experience of the self, features a balanced presence of emotions and thoughts that is rooted in an awareness of the body and its sensations[70].

AEDP's Map of the Transformational Process

The Map of the Transformational Process, a systematic guide develioed for the therapist to track the flow of the healing process. Fosha posits that healing change occurs in progressive stages, termed "state changes", identifiable to the therapist by a patient's emotional and somatic shifts[13]:254–256. States correspond to the client's progression from emotions that have been defensively blocked from awareness, allowing the visceral experience of the emotions, and the eventual integration of emotions. AEDP therapists are trained to identify the signs of state changes, track moment-to-moment shifts within and between each state, and to apply interventions that facilitate movement through four states and three state transformations, described below[59]:184[19]. Based on transformational studies[56], state changes may occur gradually over the course of a session, or many sessions, and they may occur suddenly and powerfully.

State 1: "Co-establish safety"

State 1 is characterized by the client's protective defense mechanisms against feeling core emotions as well as the defenses that interfere with accepting affirmation and care from the therapist (the receptive affective capacity). Psycho-education is important during this phase to help the client view symptoms as evidence of resourcefulness toward self-protection and in the service of the preservation of attachment relationships, as opposed to bearing a pathological view of self[71]. Evidence of the client's resiliency and capacities are highlighted to ensure the client is sufficiently resourced for the work ahead.

Transition from state 1 to state 2: "co-creating safety"

The first state transformation into State 2 is noted by heralding affects, such as a bodily expression of sadness, or indications, such as curiosity, that the client is experiencing relationship security. Heralding affects cue the therapist that the client is ready for exploration of undefended core emotions, within the dyadic regulating therapeutic relationship.

State 2: "Experiential processing and adaptive emotional experience"

State 2 is marked by the client's experience of a core emotion, or a complex of emotions. The AEDP therapist actively intervenes to ensure that the client's new experience of emotion remains tolerable. A core emotional experience will have a pattern of deepening toward affective/somatic/cognitive integration. As the purpose of core emotion is to prepare the body as it prepares the body for action, the therapist will assist the client to experience the natural somatic expression of emotion (e.g., feeling the senses, bodily expression and nervous system)[66]. The therapist's regulated nervous system and regulating capacities, through prosody of voice and comfort or encouragement (dyadic regulation of affect), will ensure that the client has a safe and well-regulated experience of emotions that were previously felt as unsafe. Clients and therapists report a sense that the therapy is alive and productive when state 2 work is underway[72][73].

Transition from state 2 to state 3: "the emergence of resilience"

Positive affects (which do not necessary feel 'good', but feel "right and true[1]") mark the completion of the natural wave of the emotion[51][74]. Clients may report a sense relief, lightness, and importantly a vitality which arises from feeling the energy of the emotion to act in adaptive ways on behalf of oneself. AEDP refers to the affects associated with this state as breakthrough affects. To consolidate the experience and to propel the client toward the next stage of transformational change, the AEDP therapist will metaprocesses the completed round of core emotion with the client; i.e., the therapist will ask the client to reflect on what it was it like to just have had the emotional experience, and equally important, will ask the client to reflect on what it was like to do so with the therapist[62]. Without meta-therapeutic processing, the client simply has an emotional experience that may or may not lead to emotional healing[61].

State 3: "The metatherapeutic processing of transformational experience"

State 3 is devoted to the metatherapeutic processing of what has just occurred in the progression from states 1 to 2 as well as the transitional states.This metatherapeutic processing evokes its own set of transformational affects and is the focus of State 3[55]. Transformational affects of State 3 include mastery affects (pride, joy), healing affects (gratitude, feeling moved), the mourning of the self, for one's suffering and for what was lost to oneself in the trauma, and tremulous affects associated with the somatic experience of a change process, especially if it feel sudden[75].

Transition from state 3 to state 4: "the co-engendering of secure attachment and the positive valuation of the self"

The client feels "calm and ease." The transformational experience feels actualized and the attachment bond between patient and therapist feels solidified[76].

State 4: Core state: "integration, the truth sense"

The AEDP healing sequence is completed with the metatherapeutic processing of positive emotions. The result is often a state of clarity and well-being[70]. Core state is characterized by the client reporting a feeling of calm, vitality, a sense of wellbeing, compassion toward self and others, an expanded perspective, and wisdom[77]. Core self state involves a coherent reorganized self-narrative. The ability to construct a "coherent and cohesive" self-narrative is shown to be highly correlated with secure attachment status in adulthood and with emotional resilience[78]. The re-organzied self-narrative is evidence to the therapist that a corrective emotional experience has occurred.

Comparison of AEDP to contemporary psychotherapies

1. AEDP concurs with the traditional psychoanalytic premise that individuals develop psychopathological symptoms and defenses to ward off painful feelings[64]. However, unlike psychoanalysis, AEDP considers defenses to have emerged from the individual's resources that were available at the time. AEDP focuses on identifying and amplifying the client's innate psychological resilience[35], as opposed to interpreting symptoms.

2. In contrast to intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, in which the therapist directly confronts the client's defenses or resistance, the AEDP therapist will explicitly appreciate the that the defense was necessary at the time it emerged in the context of the trauma, and will help the client to notice that the defense is no longer necessary[53].

3. AEDP and emotion-focused therapy share the treatment goal of healing obstacles to the free expression of emotion. However in the process of therapeutic work with emotional experience, AEDP systematically applies metaprocessing (the reflection upon the experience as it is happening), and will explore the attachment-based therapeutic relationship as it is unfolding[61][79].

4. Both Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) and AEDP are therapies that were developed to treat PTSD. Both therapies aim to reduce trauma-based fears and to promote the recovery of a client's resilience. Among many differences, an essential difference between the two models is the differing views on the etiology of PTSD and therefore the treatment interventions. AEDP views PTSD as developing following a traumatic event when a person is not socially assisted in the repair of the overwhelmed nervous-system and psychological shock. AEDP therefore employs relational strategies (i.e., dyadic affect regulation) to ensure that emotions remain tolerable, and will then assist the client in processing the traumatic experiences. PE assumes adequate emotional engagement is necessary, but does not make this engagement a specific focus of intervention[80].

5. AEDP uniquely considers that the metaprocessing of the positive emotions that emerge in the aftermath of a corrective healing experience is essential to the completion of the corrective experience[81]. In it's Map of the Transformational Process the positive emotional experiences are included in as part of the overall healing process.

Critiques

Sass warned that the practice of meta-processing, or deepening the patient's awareness of their experience of the therapeutic interaction as it is happening, could escalate anxiety for clients who have "schizoid" defenses. Sass further referenced William James to support his critique that too much introspection "could be counter-productive, serving less to illuminate something than to rob it of its essence."[82]

Bruce Ecker proposed that memory reconsolidation may be the neurological mechanism underlying healing change in AEDP. He posits that it is the juxtaposition of the clients expectations, based upon negative memories "locked-in" by durable synapses, and the disconfirming present moment experience that re-consolidates memory, leading to neuroplastic change. Ecker suggests that AEDP therapist's could enhance the effects of healing change by making this juxtaposition explicit[44][83].

Outcome research references

AEDP has been incorporated in psychotherapy outcome research looking at methodologies and qualities of therapist-client relationship that promote positive outcome:

[28][69][33][84][85][86][39][61][60][87][88][89][80].

Single case studies of short-term courses of AEDP therapy report positive outcomes:

[47][18][47][90][91][92][93].

AEDP has presented preliminary data on a large scale research project[94][95]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fosha, Diana (2000). The Transforming Power of Affect: A Model for Accelerated Change. New York: Basic Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0465095674. OCLC 59559147. Search this book on
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Prenn, N.; Fosha, D. (2017). Supervision Essentials for Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1433826405. Search this book on
  3. ↑ Fosha, D. (2013). Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP) with a Male Client, with Diana Fosha Ph.D. Series II: Specific Treatments for Specific Populations. APA Video Series http://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/431096.aspx
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  43. ↑ Hanson, R. (2017). "Positive neuroplasticity: The neuroscience of mindfulness". In Liozzo, J.; Neale, M.; Wolf, E. Advances in contemplative psychotherapy: Accelerating transformation. New York: Norton. ISBN 1138182400. Search this book on
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Ecker, Bruce; Ticic, Robin; Hulley, Laurel (2012). Unlocking the Emotional Brain: Eliminating Symptoms at Their Roots Using Memory Reconsolidation. New York: Routledge. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0415897174. Search this book on
  45. ↑ Damasio, Antonio R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 978-0156010757. Search this book on
  46. ↑ Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundation of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University. ISBN 978-0195178050. Search this book on
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Markin, R.; McCarthy, K.; Fuhrmann, A.; Yeung, D.; Gleiser, K. (2018). "The Process of Change in Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP): A Case Study Analysis". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 28 (22): 213–232. doi:10.14713/pcsp.v14i1.2033.
  48. ↑ Tronick, E.Z. (2009). "Of course all relationships are unique: How co-creative processes generate unique mother-infant and patient-therapist relationships and change other relationships". Psychological Inquiry. 23: 473–491.
  49. ↑ Schore, A. (2015). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: the neurobiology of emotional development. Psychology Press & Routeledge Classic. p. 89. ISBN 1138917079. Search this book on
  50. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1998) [1872]. The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195112719. Search this book on
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Frijida, N. (2006). The laws of emotion. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0805825985. Search this book on
  52. ↑ Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). "The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions". American Psychologist. 56 (3): 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218. PMC 3122271. PMID 11315248.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Lipton, B; Fosha, D (2011). "Attachment as a transformative process in AEDP: Operationalizing the intersection of attachment theory and affective neuroscience". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 21 (3): 253–279. doi:10.1037/a0025421.
  54. ↑ James, W (1985) [1902]. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. Penguin Books. Search this book on
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Fosha, D. (2006). "Quantum Transformation in Trauma and Treatment: Traversing the crisis of healing change". Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session. 62 (5): 569–583. doi:10.1002/jclp.20245. PMID 16523489.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Miller, W (2004). "The Phenomenon of Quantum Change". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 60 (5): 453–60. doi:10.1002/jclp.20000. PMID 15048692.
  57. ↑ Miller, W.R.; DeBaca, J. (2001). Quantum Change: When Epiphanies and Sudden Insights Transform Ordinary Lives. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1572305052. Search this book on
  58. ↑ Fredrickson, B.L.; Losada, M (2005). "Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing". American Psychologist. 60 (7): 313–332. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678. PMC 3126111. PMID 16221001.
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  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 Iwakabe, Shigeru; Conceição, Nuno Miguel Silva (September 2016). "Metatherapeutic processing as a change-based therapeutic immediacy task: building an initial process model using a task-analytic research strategy". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 26 (3): 230–247. doi:10.1037/int0000016.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Prenn, Natasha (September 2011). "Mind the gap: AEDP interventions translating attachment theory into clinical practice". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 21 (3): 308–329. doi:10.1037/a0025491.
  63. ↑ Prenn, N. (2011). "Mind the Gap: AEDP Interventions Translating Attachment Theory Into Clinical Practice". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 21 (3): 308–329. doi:10.1037/a0025491.
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  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Jacobs Hendel, Hilary (2018). It's Not Always Depression: Working the Change Triangle to Listen to the Body, Discover Core Emotions, and Connect to Your Authentic Self. New York: Penguin Random House. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0241976388. Search this book on
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  68. ↑ Faerstein, I.; Levenson, H. (2016). "Validation of a fidelity scale for accelerated-experiential dynamic psychotherapy". Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 26 (2): 172–185. doi:10.1037/int0000020.
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  75. ↑ Russel, E. (2015). Restoring Resilience. New York: Norton. pp. 90–97. Search this book on
  76. ↑ Fosha, D; Yeung, D (2006). "AEDP exemplifies the seamless integration of emotional transformation and dyadic relatedness at work.". In Stricker, G; Gold, J. A Casebook of Integrative Psychotherapy. Washington DC: APA Press. pp. 165–184. doi:10.1037/11436-013. ISBN 978-1-59147-405-0. Search this book on
  77. ↑ Harmon, K.L.; Lambert, M.J. (2012). "The case job "Grace:" A Commentary". Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy. 8 (2): 123–138. doi:10.14713/pcsp.v8i2.1497.
  78. ↑ Main, M (2000). "The organized categories of infant, child, and adult attachment: Flexible vs. inflexible attention under attachment-related stress". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 48 (4): 1055–1096. doi:10.1177/00030651000480041801. PMID 11212183.
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  93. ↑ R, Harrison. (2019). A Bridge Over Troubled Water: Commentary on Paul Blimling's Case of" James" Integrating Music Listening into AEDP. Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy njh.libraries.rutgers.edu
  94. ↑ Iwakabe, S., Edlin, J., Fosha, D., Nakamura, K. (2018, June). A study on the outcome of Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy: An interim report. A Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Society for Psychotherapy Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  95. ↑ D Fishman, D Fosha, D Miqdadi, H Welling (2019). Using qualitative clinical analysis to document the consistency of the phenomenology of transformational healing in AEDP therapy across different culture. Panel at SEPI XXXV Annual …, 2019.

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