African American ethnic divisions
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African American ethnic divisions refers to the distinct communities within the African-American ethnic group. African Americans are often defined as the ethnic group descending from early free and enslaved Africans in the United States,[1][2] and generally does not denote Black people in the USA with ethnic origins in Africa, the Caribbean, or Latin America.[3][4]
Like many ethnic groups (ie. the Akan and the Jews), there exist sub-communities within the African-American ethnic group that are distinct, but share a common ethnic identity. African-American ethnic divisions can be demarcated along several lines, including cultural, linguistic, geographic, or historic differences. Race and racial discrimination have also played a role in defining which groups are considered inside or outside the African-American ethnicity, as seen in tensions between French Louisiana's tri-partite and Anglo-America's binary racial systems.[5][6][7]
African-American out-migration from the United States has also created diasporic divisions within the ethnic group. Due to the importance of race in American society, multiracial African-Americans and racial isolates often from distinct sub-communities as well. Some sub-groups are distinct based multiple factors, like the Afro-Seminole people, who are demarcated on linguistic, cultural, and multiracial lines.
Background
The African American ethnicity began to form when the first Africans arrived in what would become the United States. On top of its unique innovations and global contributions[8][9][10][11], African American culture can be seen as a combination of influences from West Africa[12], Central Africa[13], Western Europe[14][15], and Amerindian cultures from the southeast and northeast.[16] Slavery, racial discrimination, race-based categorization systems, and American imperialism all contributed to the expansion and solidification of the African-American ethnicity.[17]
Some ethnic divisions are almost always defined as groups within the African American community, while others are often considered distinct but separate subgroups.[18]
Divisions
Ethnic divisions that are often considered a part of within the wider African American ethnicity include the following:
- Africadians (Black refugees)
- Afro-Seminoles
- Alabama Cajans
- Atlantic Creoles[20][21]
- Black Appalachians
- Black Indians[24]
- Black Ozarkers
- Black Southerners[25]
- Brandywine people
- Brass Ankles
- Creoles of Color[26][27][28]
- Alabama Creole
- Arkansas Creole
- Lousiana Creoles[29][30][31]
- Mississippi Creole
- Delaware Moors
- Dominickers
- Exodusters
- Great Dismal Swamp maroons
- Gullah people
- Louisiana Mina
- Native American Freedmen[32]
- Redbones
There are several groups that interset with the African American ethnicity along ethnoreligious lines.[33] These groups include:
Diasporic groups that descend from ethnic African Americans include:
- Americo-Liberian people
- Black American Haitians[35]
- Black American Israelis
- Merikins
- Noirs Américains
- Samaná Americans
- Sierra Leone Creole people
See also
- Afro-Indigenous peoples
- Afro-Latinos
- Blasians
- Afro-Roma
- Mulatto
References
- ↑ Locke, Don C.; Bailey, Deryl F. (2013). Increasing Multicultural Understanding. Sage Publications. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4833-1421-1. Archived from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g., Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.
Unknown parameter|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Wilkerson, Isabel (January 31, 1989). "'African-American' Favored By Many of America's Blacks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
A movement led by the Rev. Jesse Jackson to call blacks African-Americans has met with both rousing approval and deep-seated skepticism in a debate that is coming to symbolize the role and history of blacks in this country. ... The question of a name has caused pain and controversy since the first Africans were captured and shipped to the Americas in the 17th century. The slaves called themselves Africans at first, but slave masters gave them English names and called them Negroes, the Portuguese word for black, historians say. That term was resented by some blacks who said it was degrading when whites mispronounced it, accidentally or intentionally.
- ↑ Forson, Tracy Scott (February 21, 2018). "Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2023. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ United States Census Bureau. "What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau". Census.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
- ↑ Landry, Christophe (March 5, 2011). "Wearing the wrong spectacles and catching the Time disease!". Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Quoting Desdunes, Rodolphe Lucien (1907). A Few Words to Dr. DuBois: 'With Malice Toward None'. New Orleans, Louisiana. Search this book on
- ↑ Kathe Managan, The Term "Creole" in Louisiana : An Introduction Archived December 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, lameca.org. Retrieved December 5, 2013
- ↑ Bernard, Shane K, "Creoles" Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana". Retrieved October 19, 2011
- ↑ "High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America". Science. 377 (6614): 1497. 2022-09-30. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1497.. doi:10.1126/science.ade8448. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36173834 Check
|pmid=value (help). Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024. Unknown parameter|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Mcmanus, Melanie (May 27, 2021). "Dancing at the new National Museum of African American Music in Nashville". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ White, Constance. "How African Americans Have Influenced Style and Culture". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Reynolds, Marcellas (2019). Supreme Models Iconic Black Women Who Revolutionized Fashion. ABRAMS. ISBN 9781683356622. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Marcoux, Jon; et al. (January 2020). "Preliminary Identification of African-Style Rouletted Colonoware in the Colonial South Carolina Lowcountry". Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage. 9 (1): 1. doi:10.1080/21619441.2020.1840837. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Gomez, Michael Angelo (1998). Exchanging our country marks: the transformation of African identities in the colonial and antebellum South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2387-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Stewart, Earl L. (August 1, 1998). African American Music: An Introduction. Prentice Hall International. pp. 5–15. ISBN 0-02-860294-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader. Julie Malnig. Edition: illustrated. University of Illinois Press. 2009, pp. 19–23.
- ↑ McKendrick, P.J. (15 December 2017). "The Diversity of Soul Food - Global Foodways". Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ↑ George E. Pozzetta (1991). Immigrants on the Land: Agriculture, Rural Life, and Small Towns. United States of America: Taylor & Francis. p. 408. Search this book on
- ↑ "Beyoncé, Creoles, and Modern Blackness". UC Press Blog. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ↑ Ponce, Ana (5 September 2017). "Declaran pueblo indígena a Tribu de Negros Mascogos" [Tribe of Black Mascogos declared indigenous people]. Milenio (in español).
- ↑ Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1998 Pbk, p.39
- ↑ Berlin, Ira (May 19, 2015). "The Atlantic Creoles". Slate.com. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
- ↑ "FAQ". Melungeon Heritage Association. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
- ↑ Estes, Roberta A.; Goins, Jack H.; Ferguson, Penny; Crain, Janet Lewis (Fall 2011). "Melungeons, A Multi-Ethnic Population" (PDF). Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 7 (1). Retrieved July 3, 2023.
- ↑ Katz, William Loren (3 January 2012). Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. Simon and Schuster. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4424-4637-3. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
I have defined Black Indians as people who have a dual ancestry or black people who have lived for some time with Native Americans (e.g., lived on reservations)
Search this book on
- ↑ Boles, John B. Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (New Perspectives on the South). Search this book on
- ↑ Kathe Managan, The Term "Creole" in Louisiana : An Introduction Archived December 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, lameca.org. Retrieved December 5, 2013
- ↑ Bernard, Shane K, "Creoles" Archived June 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana". Retrieved October 19, 2011
- ↑ Steptoe, Tyina (2015-12-15). "When Louisiana Creoles Arrived in Texas, Were They Black or White". Zócalo Public Square. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
- ↑ Steptoe, Tyina (December 15, 2015). "When Louisiana Creoles Arrived in Texas, Were They Black or White?". Zócalo Public Square. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ↑ "Creole People in America, a brief history". African American Registry. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ↑ "Beyoncé, Creoles, and Modern Blackness". UC Press Blog. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ↑ Reese, Linda. "Freedmen". okhistory.org. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ↑ "Black History in the Mennonite Church". Mennonite Church USA. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ↑ "African-American Mennonite History". Third Way Cafe. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ↑ Dixon, Chris (2000). African America and Haiti: emigration and black nationalism in the nineteenth century. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31063-8. Search this book on
Category:African-American society Category:Ethnic groups in the United States Category:African-American demographics Category:African-American diaspora in the Caribbean Category:African-American diaspora in Africa Category:Creole peoples Category:Sub-ethnic groups
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