Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia
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Anti-Azerbaijanism, hostility against Azerbaijan, intolerance and racism against Azerbaijani people is widespread in Armenia[citation needed]. In a 2013 survey, 63% of Armenians identified Azerbaijan as the "biggest enemy of Armenia".[1]
Early period[edit]
Early 20th century[edit]
During the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07, 158 Azerbaijani villages were destroyed or pillaged (although along with 128 destroyed or pillaged Armenian villages),[2], with an estimated number of 3100[3][4] to 10 000[5] civilians from both sides killed. According to the historian Firuz Kazemzadeh, "it is impossible to pin the blame for the massacres on either side. It seems that in some cases the Azerbaijanis fired the first shots, in other cases the Armenians."[6]
From 1948 to 1953, Azerbaijanis living in the Armenian SSR were deported. The deportations were carried out by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 23 December 1947 on the resettlement of Azerbaijanis from their settlements in the territory of present-day Armenia. The decision was carried out by force, deporting more than 150,000 Azerbaijanis from 24 regions and the city of Yerevan.[7]
First Nagorno-Karabakh War[edit]
In February 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia SSR, demonstrations demanding the incorporation of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR into the Armenian SSR occurred. Nagorno-Karabakh's regional council voted to secede from Azerbaijan and join with the Armenian SSR.[8] On 26 February, a pogrom in the city of Sumgait, resulted in the deaths of about 30 Armenians, although other estimates reach up into the hundreds of victims.[9][10][11] This led to a rise of Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia[citation needed], leading to massacres, expellings and human right violations of Azerbaijani people both in Armenia and lands occupied by Armenian forces in Azerbaijan[citation needed].
On 26 March 1990, the Bağanis Ayrum of Qazakh was attacked by the Armenian military who passed the border from Armenian and burned about 20 houses and massacred 11 Azerbaijani civilians.[12][13][14]
In the beginning of 1988 the first refugee waves from Armenia reached Baku. In 1988, Azerbaijanis and Kurds (around 167,000 people) were expelled from the Armenian SSR.[15] Following the Karabakh movement, initial violence erupted in the form of the murder of both Armenians and Azerbaijanis and border skirmishes.[16] According to Arif Yunus, the husband of Leyla Yunus, an Azerbaijani human rights activist , as a result of pogroms, Armenians killed 214 Azerbaijanis and ethnically cleansed Azerbaijanis from the territory of Armenia between 1987 and 1990.[17] On June 7, 1988 Azerbaijanis were evicted from the town of Masis near the Armenian–Turkish border, and on June 20 five Azerbaijani villages were cleansed in the Ararat Province.[18] Henrik Pogosian was ultimately forced to retire, blamed for letting nationalism develop freely.[18] Although purges of the Armenian and Azerbaijani party structures were made against those who had fanned or not sought to prevent ethnic strife, as a whole, the measures taken are believed to be meager.[18] The year 1993 was marked by the highest wave of the Azerbaijani internally displaced persons, when the Karabakh Armenian forces occupied territories beyond the Nagorno-Karabakh borders.[19] The Karabakhi Armenians ultimately succeeded in removing Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh.
Up to 16,000 Azerbaijani civilians died over the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh War,[20] 841 went missing[21][22] and 724,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding areas.[23]
Post-1994 era[edit]
Until 2020[edit]
The Anti-Azerbaijan sentiment grew in Armenia following the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[24] When talking about the possibility of Azeris and Armenians ever living together again, former Armenian president Robert Kocharyan said the two peoples were "ethnically incompatible".[25]
In 2010 an initiative to hold a festival of Azerbaijani films in Yerevan was blocked due to popular opposition. Similarly, in 2012 a festival of Azerbaijani short films, organized by the Armenia-based Caucasus Center for Peace-Making Initiatives and supported by the U.S. and British embassies, which was scheduled to open on April 12, was canceled in Gyumri after protesters blocked the festival venue.[26][27]
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War[edit]
Armenia struck many civilian Azerbaijani settlements outside of the conflict zone during the war, most frequently Tartar, Beylagan and Barda.[28][29] Reported attacks included an attack on Beylagan on 4 October, killing two civilians and injuring 2 others,[30][31] Goranboy on 8 October killing a civilian,[32] Hadrut on 10 October, seriously injuring a medical worker,[33] Tartar on 15 October, targeting a cemetery in the city resulting in three civilian deaths and at least five civilian injuries[34] and Fuzuli on 20 October, resulting in one civilian death and six injuries.[35][36] Subsequently, both a correspondent reporting from the scene for a Russian media outlet and the airport director denied that the airport had been hit,[37] while a BBC News journalist, Orla Guerin, visited the scene and found no evidence of any military target there.[38] Marie Struthers, Amnesty International's Regional Director for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, said that the "firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless, and causes untold death, injury and misery".[39] The Azerbaijani ombudsman called the attack a "terrorist act against civilians".[40] The use of cluster munitions was also reported by The New York Times.[41][42] On 11 December, Human Rights Watch released an extensive report about Armenia's unlawful rocket strikes on Azerbaijani civilian areas. The report investigated 18 separate strikes, which killed 40 civilians and wounded dozens more. During on-site investigations in Azerbaijan in November, Human Rights Watch documented 11 incidents in which Armenian forces used ballistic missiles, unguided artillery rockets, large-calibre artillery projectiles and cluster munitions that hit populated areas in apparently indiscriminate attacks. In at least four other cases, munitions struck civilians or civilian objects in areas where there were no apparent military targets. In addition to causing civilian casualties, the Armenian attacks damaged homes, businesses, schools, and a health clinic, and contributed to mass displacement. Human Rights Watch called the Armenian government to conduct transparent investigations into attacks by Armenian forces that violate international humanitarian law, or the laws of war.[43]
By 9 November, more than 93 Azerbaijani civilians were killed by Armenian forces,[3] while by 2 November the war had displaced approximately 40,000 Azerbaijanis.[44] Armenia reportedly used cluster munitions[45] and according to Azerbaijan, white phosphorus against Azerbaijani civilians.[46][47]
Incidents of torture and ill treatment of Azerbaijani POWs by Armenian forces were reported during the war. In mid-November, videos of two wounded Azerbaijani soldiers, Amin Musayev and Bayram Karimov, receiving first aid by Ukrainian journalist Alexander Kharchenko and Armenian soldiers after the ceasefire came into force were spread on social media platforms. Following this, a video was released showing one of them being abused inside a vehicle. It is reported that Musayev was lying on the ground in the car and asked "where are we going?" In response, the alleged Armenian soldier said, "If you behave well, go home," and cursed, after which it became clear that the Azerbaijani soldier had been kicked. On January 7, 2021 in a press conference sponsored by The State Commission on Prisoners of War, Hostages and Missing Citizens of Azerbaijan,[48] Musayev testified that he was beaten after he was wounded and caught by Armenians, that a burning liquid was poured over his neck when he was in the hospital and that he was "subjected to inhuman torture, having deliberately operated so he remained disabled" [49] [50]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. p. 21. ISSN 1867-9323. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ E. Aknouni, Political Persecutions: Armenian Prisoners of the Caucasus (New York, 1911) p.30
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ananun, op. cit., 9. 180 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Hovannisian, Richard G (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 264. OCLC 1028172352. Search this book on
- ↑ Filip Makharadze, Ocherki revolutsionnogo dvizheniia v Zakavkaz'e (Tiflis, 1927), pp. 300, 307
- ↑ Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951
- ↑ "1948-1953-cü illər deportasiyasının bəzi məqamları". 1905.az (in azərbaycanca). Retrieved 2020-12-05.
- ↑ Waal 2004, pp. 10–12.
- ↑ Remnick, David (September 6, 1989). "Hate Runs High in Soviet Union's Most Explosive Ethnic Feud". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2013. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Hosking, Geoffrey A. (1993). The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 475. Search this book on
- ↑ Kenez, Peter (2006). A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 272. Search this book on
- ↑ Армения-Азербайджан: это уже просто война (in русский). Kommersant. 20 August 1990. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ↑ Cullen, Robert. "A Reporter at Large, Roots." The New Yorker. 15 April 1991.
- ↑ АРМЕНИЯ – АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН: ЭТО УЖЕ ПРОСТО ВОЙНА. Vlasts (in русский). 20 August 1990.
- ↑ Barrington, p. 230
- ↑ Barrington, Lowell (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press. p. 231. ISBN 0472068989. Search this book on
- ↑ Окунев, Дмитрий. ""Меня преследует этот запах": 30 лет армянским погромам в Баку". Газета.Ru (in русский). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Svante E. Cornell (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Silkroadstudies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 199. ISBN 978-1409436300. Search this book on
- ↑ Admin. "Civil War: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1992-1994)". omnilogos.com. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ↑ A., Huseynbala (13 January 2009). "Госкомиссия Азербайджана по делам военнопленных, заложников и пропавших без вести обнародовала отчет". Trend News Agency (in русский). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Aliyev, Heydar (13 January 1993). "Əsir və itkin düşmüş, girov götürülmüş vətəndaşlarla əlaqədar Dövlət Komissiyası haqqında Əsasnamənin təsdiq edilməsi barədə" [On approval of the Regulations on the State Commission on Captives, Missing and Hostages]. E-qanun.az (in azərbaycanca). Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ↑ Haider, Hans. "Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"". Weltpolitik Nachrichten - Wiener Zeitung Online (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ↑ Cornell, Svante (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. p. 48. ISBN 978-0765630032. Search this book on
- ↑ Terian, Artur (16 January 2003). "Kocharian Says Armenians, Azeris 'Ethnically Incompatible'". Radio Azatutyun. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ↑ "Azerbaijani Film Festival Canceled In Armenia After Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 13, 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ↑ Soghoyan, Yeranuhi (April 11, 2012). "Gyumri Mayor Permits Anti-Azerbaijani Film Protest; Bans Local Environmentalists". Hetq online. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan accuses Armenian forces of shelling the towns of Tartar, Barda and Beylagan". france24.com. France 24. 6 October 2020.
- ↑ Julia Hahn (26 October 2020). "Civilians suffer amid Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". dw.com. DW News.
- ↑ "Two civilians killed in Armenian forces' shelling, Azerbaijan says". TASS. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ↑ Safi, Michael; agencies (2020-10-05). "Azerbaijan and Armenia accuse each other of shelling cities". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ↑ Qazi, Anealla Safdar,Ramy Allahoum,Shereena. "Diplomatic efforts fail to calm Nagorno-Karabakh clash: Live news". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
- ↑ "Shelling of civilians by Armenian armed forces after humanitarian ceasefire agreement – another clear example of barbarism, Azerbaijani MFA says". trend.az. 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
- ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh: 'Three dead' in attack at Azerbaijan cemetery". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ↑ "Armenian side continues to shell Fuzuli, Tartar districts". Trend News Agency. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ↑ "Prosecutor General's Office: Three civilians injured as a result of enemy's shelling of Garabagh village, Fuzuli district". Azerbaijan State News Agency. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ↑ "Война в Карабахе. Обстрел Степанакерта и удар по Гяндже – Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская служба (in русский). Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-04. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Armenia Azerbaijan: Reports of fresh shelling dent ceasefire hopes". BBC News. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ↑ "Armenia/Azerbaijan: First confirmed use of cluster munitions by Armenia "cruel and reckless"". Amnesty International. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ↑ "General Prosecutor's Office: Death toll from Armenia's missile attack on Azerbaijan's Barda rises to 21, about 70 people wounded – Updated – 2". Azeri Press Agency. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ↑ Carlotta Gall (28 October 2020). "In Azerbaijan, a String of Explosions, Screams and Then Blood". The New York Times.
In the morning, we had visited Garayusifli, a sleepy farming village just outside Barda, where people were burying victims of another rocket attack. Four people died, including a 7-year-old girl, and more than a dozen were wounded. Children had been playing on their bikes, and their parents sitting in the shade of their gardens, when the missile exploded, scattering cluster bomblets over the houses of several neighbors.
- ↑ Carlotta Gall (28 October 2020). "In Azerbaijan, a String of Explosions, Screams and Then Blood". The New York Times.
In all, 21 people died in downtown Barda in the rocket strike and 70 people were wounded, the government said in the evening, adding that the rockets were fired from a Russian-made Smerch multiple-rocket system and unleashed cluster bomblets. Designed to be used against armies in open spaces, cluster bombs are banned in much of the world because of their danger to civilians in residential areas.
- ↑ "Armenia: Unlawful Rocket, Missile Strikes on Azerbaijan". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 11 December 2020.
- ↑ "ACNUDH | Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Bachelet warns of possible war crimes as attacks continue in populated areas". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
- ↑ "Armenia: Cluster Munitions Kill Civilians in Azerbaijan". Human Rights Watch. 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
- ↑ "Live updates: Day 35 of Nagorno-Karabakh fighting". OC Media. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Ismayilova, Vafa (3 November 2020). "Armenia actively using phosphorus shells against civilian objects". AzerNews. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ↑ "Удерживаемые армянами Дильгам Аскеров, Шахбаз Гулиев и Амин Мусаев рассказали об учиненных над ними зверствах (ВИДЕО)". Trend (in русский). 7 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ↑ "Armenia couldn't come to terms with defeat and took revenge, by torturing us - Amin Musayev, freed from Armenian captivity". Trend News Agency. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ↑ "I was insulted, beaten by Armenians – Azerbaijani soldier released from captivity". News.az. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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