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Anti-Turkism in Armenia

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Anti-Turkism or Turkophobia, hostility, intolerance, or racism against Turkic people, Turkish culture and Turkic countries,[1][2] is widespread in Armenia. According to a 2007 survey, 78% of Armenians see Turkey as a threat[3] while 63% of Armenians perceive Azerbaijan as "the biggest enemy of Armenia."[4]

Early period[edit]

Early 20th century[edit]

There have been numerous cases of anti-Turkism in Armenia throughout history. During the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07, 158 Azerbaijani villages were destroyed or pillaged (compared to 128 destroyed or pillaged Armenian villages),[5] and 3,000 to 10,000 civilians were killed from both sides, with Azerbaijanis suffering higher losses,[6] which stemmed from Azerbaijani mobs being organized poorly and Dashnaks on the Armenian side being more effective.[7] On 26 December 1905, 500 Azerbaijani civilians were murdered by the Dashnaks in Ümüdlü.[8] According to the history professor Firuz Kazemzadeh, "it is impossible to pin the blame for the massacres on either side. It seems that in some cases the Azerbaijanis fired the first shots, in other cases the Armenians."[9]

During the World War I, many massacres and atrocities against Turks were carried out by the Armenian irregulars allied with Russians.[10] Historian Uğur Ümit Üngör noted that during the Caucasus Campaign, many atrocities were carried out against the local Turks and Kurds by the Russian army and Armenian volunteers.[11] At least 128,000 and possibly much as 600,000 Turks and Kurds were killed by Russian troops and Armenian irregulars during the period between 1915 and 1916. A further 400,000 Turks and Kurds were killed by Armenian troops in the occupied region between 1917 and 1918.[12]

From 1948 to 1953, Azerbaijanis living in the Armenian SSR were deported. The deportations were carried out by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 23 December 1947 on the resettlement of Azerbaijanis from their settlements in the territory of present-day Armenia. The decision was carried out by force, and more than 150,000 Azerbaijanis were deported from 24 regions and the city of Yerevan.[13]

First Nagorno-Karabakh War[edit]

Further information: First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Azerbaijani victims of the 26 February 1992 massacre in Khojaly

In February 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia SSR, demonstrations demanding the incorporation of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR into the Armenian SSR occurred. Nagorno-Karabakh's regional council voted to secede from Azerbaijan and join with the Armenian SSR.[14] These events led to a grew for anti-Turkism in Armenia, leading to massacres, expellings and human right violations of Azerbaijani people both in Armenia and lands occupied by Armenian forces in Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijani refugees after the massacre in Khojaly

On 19 September 1988, Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert was attacked by Armenian mobs. Many houses and other properties owned by Azerbaijanis were set on fire, Azerbaijani civilians were beaten and Azerbaijani population of city was expelled to Shusha. 16 Azerbaijanis were wounded in violence.[15][16][17] On 4 October 1988, Azerbaijani population of Khojaly was attacked, many Azerbaijanis were beaten and population was threatened with massacre if they don't leave.[18] On 24 November 1988, Azerbaijani populated Eyvazlı village of Qubadli was burned to the ground by Armenian mobs.[18] On 26 November 1988, 14 Azerbaijanis were burned to death by a group of Armenians in Gugark village of Lori.[18] On 12 January 1990, a group of 500 Armenian irregulars attacked Quşçu village of Lachin and murdered tens of Azerbaijani civilians.[19] On 26 March 1990, the Bağanis Ayrum of Qazakh was attacked by the Armenian military where about 20 houses were burned and 11 Azerbaijani civilians were massacred.[20][21][22] On 10 August 1990, possibly much as 20 Azerbaijani civilians were killed in a bombing in Goygol, perpetrated by 2 Armenians.[23][24][25] On 17 February 1992, Qaradağlı village was captured by Armenian forces and possibly much as 90 Azerbaijanis were killed.[26][27] On 8 April 1992, 67 Azerbaijani civilians were murdered by Armenian forces in Ağdaban village. Between 27 March–3 April 1993, during the Battle of Kalbajar, around 62,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced by Armenian forces.[28]

In the beginning of 1988 the first refugee waves from Armenia reached Baku. In 1988, Azerbaijanis and Kurds (around 167,000 people) were expelled from the Armenian SSR.[29] Following the Karabakh movement, initial violence erupted in the form of the murder of both Armenians and Azerbaijanis and border skirmishes.[30] As a result of these pogroms, Armenians have killed 214 Azerbaijanis and ethnically cleansed Azerbaijanis from all territory of Armenia between 1987 and 1990.[31] On June 7, 1988 Azerbaijanis were evicted from the town of Masis near the Armenian–Turkish border, and on June 20 five Azerbaijani villages were cleansed in the Ararat Province.[32] Henrik Pogosian was ultimately forced to retire, blamed for letting nationalism develop freely.[32] Although purges of the Armenian and Azerbaijani party structures were made against those who had fanned or not sought to prevent ethnic strife, as a whole, the measures taken are believed to be meager.[32] The year 1993 was marked by the highest wave of the Azerbaijani internally displaced persons, when the Karabakh Armenian forces occupied territories beyond the Nagorno-Karabakh borders.[33] The Karabakhi Armenians ultimately succeeded in removing Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh.

During the entire war, up to 16,000 Azerbaijani civilians were massacred by Armenian forces,[34] 841 Azerbaijani civilians went missing[35][36] and 724,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding areas.[37]

Post-1994 era[edit]

Until 2020[edit]

The borders of the conflict between 1994 and 2020, after the ceasefire was signed. Armenian forces of Nagorno-Karabakh currently control some of Azerbaijan's territory outside the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. Azerbaijani forces, on the other hand, control Shahumian and the eastern parts of Martakert and Martuni.

Anti-Turkism grew in Armenia after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[38]

In 2010 an initiative to hold a festival of Azerbaijani films in Yerevan was blocked due to popular opposition. Similarly, in 2012 a festival of Azerbaijani short films, organized by the Armenia-based Caucasus Center for Peace-Making Initiatives and supported by the U.S. and British embassies, which was scheduled to open on April 12, was canceled in Gyumri after protesters blocked the festival venue.[39][40]

On September 2, 2015, the Minister of Justice Arpine Hovhannisyan on her personal Facebook page shared an article link featuring her interview with the Armenian news website Tert.am where she condemned the sentencing of an Azerbaijani journalist and called the human rights situation in Azerbaijan "appalling". Subsequently, the minister came under criticism for liking a racist comment on the aforementioned Facebook post by Hovhannes Galajyan, editor-in-chief of local Armenian newspaper Iravunk; On the post, Galajyan had commented in Armenian: “What human rights when even purely biologically a Turk cannot be considered a human".[41]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War[edit]

Further information: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
An ANAMA employee standing among the ruins of a destroyed residential building in Ganja, second largest city of Azerbaijan after an Armenian missile attack targeting the city.

With the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, anti-Turkism grew both in Armenia and among the Armenian communities around the world.

Armenia struck many civilian Azerbaijani settlements outside of the conflict zone during the war, most frequently Tartar, Beylagan and Barda.[42][43] Reported attacks included an attack on Beylagan on 4 October, killing two civilians and injuring 2 others,[44][45] Goranboy on 8 October killing a civilian,[46] Hadrut on 10 October, seriously injuring a medical worker,[47] Tartar on 15 October, targeting a cemetery in the city resulting in three civilian deaths and at least five civilian injuries[48] and Fuzuli on 20 October, resulting in one civilian death and six injuries.[49][50] Subsequently, both a correspondent reporting from the scene for a Russian media outlet and the airport director denied that the airport had been hit,[51] while a BBC News journalist, Orla Guerin, visited the scene and found no evidence of any military target there.[52] Marie Struthers, Amnesty International's Regional Director for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, said that the "firing of cluster munitions into civilian areas is cruel and reckless, and causes untold death, injury and misery".[53] The Azerbaijani ombudsman called the attack a "terrorist act against civilians".[54] The use of cluster munitions was also reported by The New York Times.[55][56] On 11 December, Human Rights Watch released an extensive report about Armenia's unlawful rocket strikes on Azerbaijani civilian areas. The report investigated 18 separate strikes, which killed 40 civilians and wounded dozens more. During on-site investigations in Azerbaijan in November, Human Rights Watch documented 11 incidents in which Armenian forces used ballistic missiles, unguided artillery rockets, large-calibre artillery projectiles and cluster munitions that hit populated areas in apparently indiscriminate attacks. In at least four other cases, munitions struck civilians or civilian objects in areas where there were no apparent military targets. In addition to causing civilian casualties, the Armenian attacks damaged homes, businesses, schools, and a health clinic, and contributed to mass displacement. Human Rights Watch called the Armenian government to conduct transparent investigations into attacks by Armenian forces that violate international humanitarian law, or the laws of war.[57]

By 9 November, more than 93 Azerbaijani civilians were killed by Armenian forces,[58] while by 2 November the war had displaced approximately 40,000 Azerbaijanis.[59] Armenia reportedly used cluster munitions[60] and according to Azerbaijan, white phosphorus against Azerbaijani civilians.[61][62]

Incidents of torture and ill treatment of Azerbaijani POWs by Armenian forces were reported during the war. Most famously, in mid-November, videos of two wounded Azerbaijani soldiers, Amin Musayev and Bayram Karimov, receiving first aid by Ukrainian journalist Alexander Kharchenko and Armenian soldiers after the ceasefire came into force were spread on social media platforms. Following this, a video was released showing one of them being abused inside a vehicle. It is reported that Musayev was lying on the ground in the car and asked "where are we going?" In response, the alleged Armenian soldier said, "If you behave well, go home," and cursed, after which it became clear that the Azerbaijani soldier had been kicked and tortured. On 18 November, a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Yerevan said that information about these people was "being investigated." The ICRC's representative in Yerevan, Zara Amatuni, also declined to say whether she had any information about the two alleged Azerbaijani soldiers. The Artsakh's Ombudsman said he had no information about Musayev and Karimov, but that if they were injured, they were "probably in hospital in Armenia." The Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry said in a statement that the issue was being investigated and will be reported to the relevant international organizations. According to the ministry, "the information about the torture of prisoners is first checked for accuracy and brought to the attention of relevant international organizations."[63][64] On 25 November, ICRC's representatives visited Musayev and Karimov in Yerevan.[65] On 5 December, the families of Musayev and Karimov were informed of their condition thorough ICRC. According to a reported copy of the letter sent by Musayev, he stated that his condition was well. It was also reported that Karimov had sent a letter to his family, but his family denied this.[63]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). Modern Armenia: people, nation, state. Transaction Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-7658-0205-7. One consequence of the shift from anti-communism to anti-Turkism was that an important segment of the Diaspora lived through moments ... Search this book on
  2. ↑ Khalidi, Rashid (1991). The origins of Arab nationalism. Columbia University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-231-07435-3. In the first place, Arabist ideology, including a bitter anti-Turkism, was fully formulated long before the Young Turk revolution Search this book on
  3. ↑ "Armenia National Voter Study October 27 – November 3, 2007" (PDF). IRI, USAID, Baltic Surveys Ltd./The Gallup Organization, ASA. p. 34. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  4. ↑ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. p. 21. ISSN 1867-9323. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Cornell, Svante. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p. 69.
  6. ↑ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-07068-3 Search this book on ., ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3 Search this book on .
  7. ↑ Cornell, Svante. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, p. 56.
  8. ↑ "Azərbaycan Respublikası Qarabağ bölgəsi :: Tarixi xronologiya". garabagh.net. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  9. ↑ Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951
  10. ↑ Gerard, James W. (1922-11-14). "ARMENIA AND THE PRESIDENT; A Letter to Mr. Harding on the Problem of Effective Protection of Christian Minorities Under Turkish Rule. (Published 1922)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  11. ↑ Horne, John (2013). War in Peace. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–177. ISBN 9780199686056. Search this book on
  12. ↑ J. Rummel, Rudolph (1998). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 82, 83. ISBN 9783825840105. Search this book on
  13. ↑ "1948-1953-cü illər deportasiyasının bəzi məqamları". 1905.az (in azərbaycanca). Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  14. ↑ Waal 2004, pp. 10–12.
  15. ↑ Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144
  16. ↑ Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Том 1, by Uk Heo, Karl DeRouen, 2007
  17. ↑ "Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека" [Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council]. Karabakh Records (in русский). April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Nağı, Akif (2009). Qarabağ müharibəsi. (Qısa tarix). Search this book on
  19. ↑ "Xocəvənd rayon Qaradağlı kənd sakinlərinin əsir düşdüyü anın video görüntüləri –VİDEO FOTO". Dogruxeber.az (in Türkçe). Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  20. ↑ Армения-Азербайджан: это уже просто война (in русский). Kommersant. 20 August 1990. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  21. ↑ Cullen, Robert. "A Reporter at Large, Roots." The New Yorker. 15 April 1991.
  22. ↑ АРМЕНИЯ – АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН: ЭТО УЖЕ ПРОСТО ВОЙНА. Vlasts (in русский). 20 August 1990.
  23. ↑ "Azerbaijan bus blast kills at least 17". Chicago Tribune. 1990-08-11.
  24. ↑ van der Leeuw, Charles (1998). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history. United Kingdom: St. Martin's Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-312-21903-2. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Search this book on
  25. ↑ Keesing's record of world events. 36. United States: Longman. 1990. p. 102. Search this book on
  26. ↑ "20 killed in attack on Azerbaijani village". Deseret News. February 17, 1992. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  27. ↑ Газ. "Бакинский рабочий", Т. Чалалзе. Сострадание. 1995.
  28. ↑ Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Human Right Watch. 1994. pp. 35–54. ISBN 1-56432-142-8. Kalbajar. Search this book on
  29. ↑ Barrington, p. 230
  30. ↑ Barrington, Lowell (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press. p. 231. ISBN 0472068989. Search this book on
  31. ↑ Окунев, Дмитрий. ""Меня преследует этот запах": 30 лет армянским погромам в Баку". Газета.Ru (in русский). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Svante E. Cornell (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Silkroadstudies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 199. ISBN 978-1409436300. Search this book on
  34. ↑ Admin. "Civil War: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1992-1994)". omnilogos.com. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  35. ↑ A., Huseynbala (13 January 2009). "Госкомиссия Азербайджана по делам военнопленных, заложников и пропавших без вести обнародовала отчет". Trend News Agency (in русский). Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  36. ↑ Aliyev, Heydar (13 January 1993). "Əsir və itkin düşmüş, girov götürülmüş vətəndaşlarla əlaqədar Dövlət Komissiyası haqqında Əsasnamənin təsdiq edilməsi barədə" [On approval of the Regulations on the State Commission on Captives, Missing and Hostages]. E-qanun.az (in azərbaycanca). Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  37. ↑ Haider, Hans. "Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"". Weltpolitik Nachrichten - Wiener Zeitung Online (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  38. ↑ Cornell, Svante (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. p. 48. ISBN 978-0765630032. Search this book on
  39. ↑ "Azerbaijani Film Festival Canceled In Armenia After Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 13, 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  40. ↑ Soghoyan, Yeranuhi (April 11, 2012). "Gyumri Mayor Permits Anti-Azerbaijani Film Protest; Bans Local Environmentalists". Hetq online. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  41. ↑ "Armenian Newly Appointed Justice Minister Criticized for 'Liking' Racist Comment". Epress.am. 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  42. ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Azerbaijan accuses Armenian forces of shelling the towns of Tartar, Barda and Beylagan". france24.com. France 24. 6 October 2020.
  43. ↑ Julia Hahn (26 October 2020). "Civilians suffer amid Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". dw.com. DW News.
  44. ↑ "Two civilians killed in Armenian forces' shelling, Azerbaijan says". TASS. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  45. ↑ Safi, Michael; agencies (2020-10-05). "Azerbaijan and Armenia accuse each other of shelling cities". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  46. ↑ Qazi, Anealla Safdar,Ramy Allahoum,Shereena. "Diplomatic efforts fail to calm Nagorno-Karabakh clash: Live news". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  47. ↑ "Shelling of civilians by Armenian armed forces after humanitarian ceasefire agreement – another clear example of barbarism, Azerbaijani MFA says". trend.az. 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  48. ↑ "Nagorno-Karabakh: 'Three dead' in attack at Azerbaijan cemetery". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  49. ↑ "Armenian side continues to shell Fuzuli, Tartar districts". Trend News Agency. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  50. ↑ "Prosecutor General's Office: Three civilians injured as a result of enemy's shelling of Garabagh village, Fuzuli district". Azerbaijan State News Agency. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  51. ↑ "Война в Карабахе. Обстрел Степанакерта и удар по Гяндже – Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская служба (in русский). Archived from the original on 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-04. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ "Armenia Azerbaijan: Reports of fresh shelling dent ceasefire hopes". BBC News. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  53. ↑ "Armenia/Azerbaijan: First confirmed use of cluster munitions by Armenia "cruel and reckless"". Amnesty International. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  54. ↑ "General Prosecutor's Office: Death toll from Armenia's missile attack on Azerbaijan's Barda rises to 21, about 70 people wounded – Updated – 2". Azeri Press Agency. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  55. ↑ Carlotta Gall (28 October 2020). "In Azerbaijan, a String of Explosions, Screams and Then Blood". nytimes.com. The New York Times. In the morning, we had visited Garayusifli, a sleepy farming village just outside Barda, where people were burying victims of another rocket attack. Four people died, including a 7-year-old girl, and more than a dozen were wounded. Children had been playing on their bikes, and their parents sitting in the shade of their gardens, when the missile exploded, scattering cluster bomblets over the houses of several neighbors.
  56. ↑ Carlotta Gall (28 October 2020). "In Azerbaijan, a String of Explosions, Screams and Then Blood". nytimes.com. The New York Times. In all, 21 people died in downtown Barda in the rocket strike and 70 people were wounded, the government said in the evening, adding that the rockets were fired from a Russian-made Smerch multiple-rocket system and unleashed cluster bomblets. Designed to be used against armies in open spaces, cluster bombs are banned in much of the world because of their danger to civilians in residential areas.
  57. ↑ "Armenia: Unlawful Rocket, Missile Strikes on Azerbaijan". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 11 December 2020.
  58. ↑ "'Мы предупреждали Алиева!': Иран сбил азербайджанский военный самолёт". avia.pro. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-10-05. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ "ACNUDH | Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Bachelet warns of possible war crimes as attacks continue in populated areas". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  60. ↑ "Armenia: Cluster Munitions Kill Civilians in Azerbaijan". Human Rights Watch. 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  61. ↑ "Live updates: Day 35 of Nagorno-Karabakh fighting". OC Media. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  62. ↑ Ismayilova, Vafa (3 November 2020). "Armenia actively using phosphorus shells against civilian objects". AzerNews. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Amin Musayev və Bayram Kərimovdan ailələrinə xəbər çatdırılıb". BBC Azerbaijani Work (in azərbaycanca). 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  64. ↑ MENAFN. "Red Cross to undertake needed steps towards captured Azerbaijani soldiers". menafn.com. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  65. ↑ "Стало известно о судьбе двух захваченных в плен азербайджанских военнослужащих". VestiK Kavkaza (in русский). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.


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