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Auto-Tune

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

For correcting pitch in general, see Pitch correction. For automated optimization software, see Self-tuning.
Auto-Tune
File:Autotuneevo6.jpg
Auto-Tune running on GarageBand
Original author(s)Andy Hildebrand (as an Exxon employee)[1]
Developer(s)Antares Audio Technologies,
Andy Hildebrand (Exxon)
Initial releaseSpring 1997[2][3]
Stable release
8[4]
Engine
    Operating systemMicrosoft Windows and Mac OS
    TypePitch correction
    LicenseProprietary
    Websitewww.antarestech.com/product/auto-tune-pro/

    Search Auto-Tune on Amazon.

    Antares Vocal Processor AVP-1 (middle)

    Auto-Tune is an audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances.[5] It was originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectly tuned despite originally being slightly off-pitch.

    Starting with Cher's 1998 hit "Believe", producers began to use Auto-Tune as a sound effect, to deliberately distort vocals. By 2018, music critic Simon Reynolds observed that Auto-Tune had "revolutionized popular music", calling its use for effects "the fad that just wouldn’t fade. Its use is now more entrenched than ever."[6] The term auto-tune has become a generic term to describe audible pitch correction in music regardless of the method.

    The effect is not to be confused with a vocoder or the talk box.[7]

    Description[edit]

    Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for digital audio workstations used in a studio setting and as a stand-alone, rack-mounted unit for live performance processing.[8] The processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true, correct semitone (to the exact pitch of the nearest tone in traditional equal temperament). Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the human voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly,[9] such that the voice is heard to leap from note to note stepwise, like a synthesizer.[10]

    Auto-Tune has become standard equipment in professional recording studios.[11] Instruments like the Peavey AT-200 guitar are seamlessly using the Auto Tune technology for real time pitch correction.[12]

    History[edit]

    Auto-Tune was created by Andy Hildebrand, a geophysicist and former musician who had developed complex algorithms for Exxon to interpret data generated by a seismic wave to find underground oil deposits.[6] Hildebrand discovered that his methods for interpreting seismic data could be used to detect, analyze, and modify the pitch in audio files.[9] His method for detecting pitch involved the use of autocorrelation and proved to be superior to earlier attempts based on feature extraction that had problems processing certain aspects of the human voice such as diphthongs, leading to sound artifacts.[13] Music industry engineers had previously considered the use of autocorrelation impractical because of the extremely large computational effort required, but Hildebrand found a "simplification [that] changed a million multiply adds into just four. It was a trick — a mathematical trick.”[13] Over several months in early 1996, he implemented the algorithm on a custom Macintosh computer, and presented the result at the NAMM Show later that year, where "it was instantly a massive hit."[13]

    Hildebrand had come up with the idea for a vocal pitch correction technology on the suggestion of a colleague's wife, who had joked that she could use a device to help her sing in tune.[14][13] Originally, Auto-Tune was designed to discreetly correct imprecise intonations, in order to make music more expressive, with the original patent asserting that "When voices or instruments are out of tune, the emotional qualities of the performance are lost."[6]

    According to Chris Lee of the Los Angeles Times, Cher's 1998 song "Believe" is "widely credited with injecting Auto-Tune's mechanical modulations into pop consciousness".[15] Cher's producers used the device to "exaggerate the artificiality of abrupt pitch correction", contrary to its original purpose.

    While working with Cher on the song "Believe" in 1998, producers Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling discovered that if they set Auto-Tune on its most aggressive setting, so that it corrected the pitch at the exact moment it received the signal, the result was an unsettlingly robotic tone.

    — Greg Milner (2009)[16]

    In an early interview, the producers of "Believe" claimed they had used a DigiTech Talker FX pedal, in what Sound on Sound’s editors felt was an attempt to preserve a trade secret.[17] After the success of "Believe" the technique was initially referred to as the "Cher Effect".[18][19] In the year 2000, the single "Naive Song" performed by Mirwais Ahmadzai from his album Production was the first ever track using Auto-Tune on the complete vocals.[20][21]

    The use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect was bolstered in the late 2000s by hip hop/R&B recording artist T-Pain who elaborated on the effect and made active use of Auto-Tune in his songs.[22] He cites new jack swing producer Teddy Riley and funk artist Roger Troutman's use of the Talk Box as inspirations for his own use of Auto-Tune.[15] T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he had an iPhone App named after him that simulated the effect, called "I Am T-Pain".[23] Eventually dubbed the "T-Pain effect"[14], the use of Auto-Tune became a popular fixture of late 2000s music, where it was notably used in other hip hop/R&B artists' works, including Snoop Dogg's single "Sexual Eruption",[24] Lil Wayne's "Lollipop",[25] and Kanye West's album 808s & Heartbreak.[26] In 2009, riding on the wave of Auto-Tune's popularity, The Black Eyed Peas' number-one hit, "Boom Boom Pow", made heavy use of Auto-Tune and other artificial sound effects to create a futuristic sound.[14]

    The English rock band Radiohead used Auto-Tune on their 2001 album Amnesiac to create a "nasal, depersonalised sound" and to process speech into melody. According to singer Thom Yorke, the software "desperately tries to search for the music in your speech, and produces notes at random. If you've assigned it a key, you've got music."[27]

    The use of Auto-Tune in hip hop gained a resurgence in the mid-2010s, especially in trap music.[14] Hip hop artists like Future, Migos, Travis Scott, and Lil Uzi Vert use Auto-Tune to create a signature sound.[28]

    The effect has also become popular in raï music and other genres from Northern Africa.[29] According to the Boston Herald, country stars Faith Hill, Shania Twain, and Tim McGraw use Auto-Tune in performance, calling it a safety net that guarantees a good performance.[30] However, other country music singers, such as Allison Moorer, Trisha Yearwood, Vince Gill, Garth Brooks and Martina McBride, have refused to use Auto-Tune.[31]

    Reception[edit]

    Negative[edit]

    At the 51st Grammy Awards in early 2009, the band Death Cab for Cutie made an appearance wearing blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune in the music industry.[34] Later that spring, Jay-Z titled the lead single of his album The Blueprint 3 as "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)". Jay-Z elaborated that he wrote the song under the personal belief that far too many people had jumped on the Auto-Tune bandwagon, and that the trend had become a gimmick.[35][36] Christina Aguilera appeared in public in Los Angeles on August 10, 2009, wearing a T-shirt that read "Auto Tune is for Pussies". When later interviewed by Sirius/XM, however, she said that Auto-Tune wasn't bad if used "in a creative way" and noted her song "Elastic Love" from Bionic uses it.[37]

    Opponents of the plug-in have argued that Auto-Tune has a negative effect on society's perception and consumption of music. In 2004, UK's The Daily Telegraph music critic Neil McCormick called Auto-Tune a "particularly sinister invention that has been putting extra shine on pop vocals since the 1990s" by taking "a poorly sung note and transpos[ing] it, placing it dead centre of where it was meant to be".[38]

    In 2009, Time magazine quoted an unnamed Grammy-winning recording engineer as saying, "Let's just say I've had Auto-Tune save vocals on everything from Britney Spears to Bollywood cast albums. And every singer now presumes that you'll just run their voice through the box." The same article expressed "hope that pop's fetish for uniform perfect pitch will fade", speculating that pop-music songs have become harder to differentiate from one another, as "track after track has perfect pitch."[39] According to Tom Lord-Alge the device is used on nearly every record these days.[16]

    In 2010, the British television reality TV show The X Factor admitted to using Auto-Tune to improve the voices of contestants.[40][41] Simon Cowell, one of the show's bosses, ordered a ban on Auto-Tune for future episodes.[42] Also in 2010, Time magazine included Auto-Tune in their list of "The 50 Worst Inventions".[43]

    Neko Case in a 2006 interview with Pitchfork gave an example of how prevalent pitch correction is in the industry:

    I'm not a perfect note hitter either but I'm not going to cover it up with Auto-Tune. Everybody uses it, too. I once asked a studio guy in Toronto, 'How many people don't use Auto-Tune?' and he said, 'You and Nelly Furtado are the only two people who've never used it in here.' Even though I'm not into Nelly Furtado, it kind of made me respect her. It's cool that she has some integrity.[44]

    Used by stars from Snoop Dogg and Lil Wayne to Britney Spears and Cher, the use of Auto-Tune has been widely criticized as indicative of an inability to sing on key.[19][45][46][47][48] Trey Parker used Auto-Tune on the South Park song "Gay Fish", and found that he had to sing off-key in order to sound distorted; he claimed, "You had to be a bad singer in order for that thing to actually sound the way it does. If you use it and you sing into it correctly, it doesn't do anything to your voice."[49] Electropop recording artist Ke$ha has been widely recognized as using excessive Auto-Tune in her songs, putting her vocal talent under scrutiny.[32][45][50][51][52][53] Music producer Rick Rubin wrote that "Right now, if you listen to pop, everything is in perfect pitch, perfect time and perfect tune. That's how ubiquitous Auto-Tune is."[33] Time journalist Josh Tyrangiel called Auto-Tune "Photoshop for the human voice."[33]

    Big band singer Michael Bublé criticized Auto-Tune as making everyone sound the same – "like robots" – but admits he uses it when he records pop-oriented music.[54]

    Ellie Goulding and Ed Sheeran have called for honesty in live shows by joining the "Live Means Live" campaign. "Live Means Live" was launched by songwriter/composer David Mindel. When a band displays the "Live Means Live" logo, the audience knows, "there's no Auto-Tune, nothing that isn't 100 per cent live" in the show, and there are no backing tracks.[55]

    Positive[edit]

    Despite its negative reputation, some critics have argued that Auto-Tune opens up new possibilities in pop music, especially in hip-hop and R&B. Instead of using it as a crutch for poor vocals—its originally designed purpose—some musicians intentionally use the technology to mediate and augment their artistic expression. When French house duo Daft Punk was questioned about their use of Auto-Tune in their single "One More Time", Thomas Bangalter replied by saying, "A lot of people complain about musicians using Auto-Tune. It reminds me of the late '70s when musicians in France tried to ban the synthesizer... What they didn't see was that you could use those tools in a new way instead of just for replacing the instruments that came before."[56]

    Although Auto-Tune is used by a variety of artists, Regina Bradley states it can be particularly useful for black artists to have more control of their voice's sound and change it to fit the mood of the song. This is seen in two notable examples, in the works of Kanye West and T-Pain.[57]

    T-Pain, the R&B singer and rapper who reintroduced the use of Auto-Tune as a vocal effect in pop music with his album Rappa Ternt Sanga in 2005, says "My dad always told me that anyone's voice is just another instrument added to the music. There was a time when people had seven-minute songs and five minutes of them were just straight instrumental. ... I got a lot of influence from [the '60s era] and I thought I might as well just turn my voice into a saxophone."[58] Following in T-Pain's footsteps, Lil Wayne experimented with Auto-Tune between his albums Tha Carter II and Tha Carter III. At the time, he was heavily addicted to promethazine codeine, and some critics see Auto-Tune as a musical expression of Wayne's loneliness and depression.[59] Mark Anthony Neal writes that Lil Wayne’s vocal uniqueness, his "slurs, blurs, bleeps and blushes of his vocals, index some variety of trauma."[60] And Kevin Driscoll asks, "Is Auto-Tune not the wah pedal of today's black pop? Before he transformed himself into T-Wayne on "Lollipop", Wayne's pop presence was limited to guest verses and unauthorized freestyles. In the same way that Miles equipped Hendrix to stay pop-relevant, Wayne's flirtation with the VST plugin du jour brought him updial from JAMN 94.5 to KISS 108."[61]

    Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak was generally well received by critics, and it similarly used Auto-Tune to represent a fragmented soul, following his mother's death.[62] The album marks a departure from his previous album Graduation. Describing the album as a breakup album, Rolling Stone music critic Jody Rosen writes, "Kanye can't really sing in the classic sense, but he's not trying to. T-Pain taught the world that Auto-Tune doesn't just sharpen flat notes: It's a painterly device for enhancing vocal expressiveness and upping the pathos... Kanye's digitized vocals are the sound of a man so stupefied by grief, he's become less than human."[63]

    Impact and parodies[edit]

    The US TV comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied Auto-Tune using the fictional white rapper Blizzard Man, who sang in a sketch: "Robot voice, robot voice! All the kids love the robot voice!"[64][65]

    Satirist "Weird Al" Yankovic poked fun at the overuse of Auto-Tune, while commenting that it seemed here to stay, in a YouTube video commented on by various publications such as Wired.[66]

    Starting in 2009, the use of Auto-Tune to create melodies from the audio in video newscasts was popularized by Brooklyn musician Michael Gregory, and later by the band The Gregory Brothers in their series Songify the News. The Gregory Brothers digitally manipulated recorded voices of politicians, news anchors, and political pundits to conform to a melody, making the figures appear to sing.[67][68] The group achieved mainstream success with their "Bed Intruder Song" video, which became the most-watched YouTube video of 2010.[69]

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ Crockett, Zachary The Inventor of Auto-Tune Archived 2015-12-16 at the Wayback Machine Pricenomics. December 14, 2015
    2. ↑ ""Antares News"". Archived from the original on 2000-08-19. Retrieved 2016-10-22.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), AntaresTech.com
    3. ↑ Preve, Francis. "Antares Kantos 1.0 Audio Synthesizer (PC/Mac)." Keyboard 28, no. 10 (10, 2002): 92-95, 97.
    4. ↑ "Auto-Tune 8". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    5. ↑ US patent 5973252, Harold A. Hildebrand, "Pitch detection and intonation correction apparatus and method", published 1999-10-26, issued 1999-10-26, assigned to Auburn Audio Technologies, Inc. 
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Reynolds, Simon (2018-09-17). "How Auto-Tune Revolutionized the Sound of Popular Music". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
    7. ↑ Frazier-Neely, Cathryn. "The Independent Teacher--Live Vs. Recorded: Comparing Apples to Oranges to Get Fruit Salad." Journal of Singing - The Official Journal of the National Association of Teachers of Singing 69.5 (2013): 593-6. ProQuest. Web. 16 June 2014.
    8. ↑ "Antares product page". antarestech.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Frere Jones, Sasha. "The Gerbil's Revenge Archived 2012-09-09 at Archive.today", The New Yorker, June 9, 2008
    10. ↑ ANTARES KANTOS 1.0." Electronic Musician 18, no. 7 (June 2002): 26. Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015).
    11. ↑ Everett-Green, Robert. "Ruled by Frankenmusic," The Globe and Mail, October 14, 2007, p. R1.
    12. ↑ Robair, Gino. "Waves of Innovation" Mix. Jun 2013.Music Index, EBSCOhost (accessed February 21, 2015)
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Zachary, Crockett (2016-09-26). "The Mathematical Genius of Auto-Tune". Priceonomics. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
    14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Reynolds, Simon (September 17, 2018). "How Auto-Tune Revolutionized the Sound of Popular Music". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lee, Chris (November 15, 2008). "The (retro) future is his". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
    16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Milner, Greg (2009). Perfecting Sound Forever, p. 343. Faber and Faber. Cited in Hodgson (2010), p. 232.
    17. ↑ "Recording Cher's 'Believe'" Archived 2003-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
    18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Frere-Jones, Sasha (June 9, 2008). "The Gerbil's Revenge". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. In the manual accompanying Auto-Tune's fifth-release version, the zero speed setting is described as 'the Cher Effect.'
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Auto-Tune or How Anyone Can Sing". Up Venue. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    20. ↑ "Interview with Mirwais". www.geocities.ws. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    21. ↑ "Comment Auto-Tune a tué les fausses notes". Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    22. ↑ Farber, Jim (2007). "Singers do better with T-Pain relief Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine", New York DailyNews.
    23. ↑ "I Am T-Pain by Smule - Experience Social Music". iamtpain.smule.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-25. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    24. ↑ "The 50 Greatest Vocoder Songs - #50 Snoop Dogg - Sexual Eruption". Complex. Complex Media. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    25. ↑ Noz, Andrew. "The 100 Greatest Lil Wayne Songs - #3. Lil Wayne f/ Static Major "Lollipop"". Complex. Complex Media. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    26. ↑ Shaheem, Reid (2008-10-15). "Kanye West's 808s & Heartbreak Album Preview: More Drums, More Singing, 'No Typical Hip-Hop Beats'". MTV. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
    27. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (July 2001). "Walking on Thin Ice". The Wire. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
    28. ↑ Warwick, Jacqueline. "Pop". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
    29. ↑ Clayton, Jace (May 2009). "Pitch Perfect". Frieze. Retrieved 2014-09-16.
    30. ↑ Treacy, Christopher John. "Pitch-adjusting software brings studio tricks," The Boston Herald, February 19, 2007, Monday, "The Edge" p. 32.
    31. ↑ McCall, Michael. Pro Tools: A number of leading country artists sing off key. But a magical piece of software-Pro Tools-makes them sound as good as gold. Archived 2009-04-30 at the Wayback Machine"
    32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Brockington, Ryan (2010-11-12). "Kesha 'Blows'". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
    33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Tyrangiel, Josh (5 February 2009). "Auto-Tune: Why Pop Music Sounds Perfect". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    34. ↑ "Death Cab for Cutie protests Auto-Tune". Idiomag.com. 2009-02-12. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
    35. ↑ Reid, Shaheem (2009-06-06). "Jay-Z Premiers New Song, 'D.O.A.': 'Death Of Auto-Tune'". MTV. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
    36. ↑ Reid, Shaheem (2009-06-10). "Jay-Z Blames Wendy's Commercial—Partially—For His 'Death Of Auto-Tune'". MTV. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
    37. ↑ Vernallis, Carol; Herzog, Amy; Richardson, John (8 August 2017). The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media. OUP USA. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2017 – via Google Books. Search this book on
    38. ↑ McCormick, Neil (2004-10-13). "The truth about lip-synching". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
    39. ↑ Tyrangiel, Josh, "Singer's Little Helper Archived 2009-02-10 at the Wayback Machine," Time, 5 February 2009.
    40. ↑ "X Factor admits tweaking vocals". 23 August 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
    41. ↑ "X Factor 2010: Outraged viewers take to Twitter to complain 'auto-tune' technology was used on first episode". Daily Mail. London. 2010-08-22. Archived from the original on 2010-08-29.
    42. ↑ Sam-Daliri, Nadia (2010-08-26). "Angry Simon Cowell bans Auto-tuning". The Sun. London.
    43. ↑ Auto-Tune: The 50 Worst Inventions Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine.
    44. ↑ Ryan Dombal (2006-04-10). "Interview: Neko Case". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
    45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Anderson, Vicki. "Those who can't sing use auto-tune". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    46. ↑ Williams, Andrew. "Danny O'Donoghue: I hate Auto-Tune, it's for people who can't sing". Metro. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    47. ↑ "Britney unplugged: Can Spears (actually) sing without 'Auto-Tune'?". MSN. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    48. ↑ "Auto-Tune (Documentary)". NOVA. PBS. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    49. ↑ "Trey Parker on Auto-Tuning". Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
    50. ↑ Reed, James. "The pop star we love to hate". Boston Globe. NY Times Co. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    51. ↑ Adickman, Erika Brooke. "OMG! Ke$ha Admits To Using Auto-Tune". Idolator. Buzz Media. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    52. ↑ "I can sing without Auto-Tune- Kesha". BigPond. Telstra. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    53. ↑ Bosker, Bianca (10 May 2010). "Ke$ha Claims Not To Use Autotune (VIDEO): Does She Or Doesn't She?". The Huffington Post. AOL. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
    54. ↑ "Buble: Auto-Tune is 'overused'". 3 News NZ. April 2, 2013. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014.
    55. ↑ Hardeman, Simon (12 December 2014). "Live (ish) at a venue near you: Are miming rock stars undermining the music experience?: The rock band that plays completely live, with no pre-recorded backing tracks or extended samples, is becoming rarer and rarer". www.independent.co.uk. Independent. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
    56. ↑ Gill, Chris (2001-05-01). "ROBOPOP". Remix. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved 2014-10-06.
    57. ↑ http://search.proquest.com/docview/1528432317/
    58. ↑ Zachary Sniderman (2011-12-06). "T-Pain Talks Autotune, Apps and the Future of Music". Mashable.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
    59. ↑ "Twitter / noz: @YoPendleton @newbornrodeo". Twitter.com. February 22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
    60. ↑ "A Love Supreme?". Seeingblack.com. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
    61. ↑ "todo mundo » Blog Archive » Is that Lil Twane on the keytar?". Kevindriscoll.info. 2008-08-07. Archived from the original on 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
    62. ↑ "808s & Heartbreak Reviews". Metacritic. November 25, 2008. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
    63. ↑ Rosen, Joden. "808s & Heartbreak". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
    64. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2014-03-30.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
    65. ↑ "SNL Transcripts: Tim McGraw: 11/22/08: Blizzard Man". snltranscripts.jt.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
    66. ↑ Thill, Scott (16 November 2009). "Will Auto-Tune Die? Ask Know Your Meme and 'Weird Al'". Wired. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017.
    67. ↑ "Band's Parody Helps Keep Auto-Tune Alive" Archived October 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, John D. Sutter, Time Magazine, Sep 2009
    68. ↑ "Auto-Tune the News" Archived 2010-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, Claire Suddath, Time Magazine, Apr 2009
    69. ↑ "Double rainbows, annoying oranges, and bed intruders: the year on YouTube" Archived 2010-12-23 at the Wayback Machine YouTube Blog, Dec 2010

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