Battle of Karnal
The Battle of Karnal (Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739)[18] was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, during his invasion of India. Nader's forces defeated the army of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah within three hours,[19] paving the way for the Iranian sack of Delhi. The engagement is considered the crowning jewel in Nader's military career as well as a tactical masterpiece.[17][20][21] The battle took place near Karnal in Haryana, 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Delhi, India.[1] As a result of the overwhelming defeat of the Mughal Empire at Karnal, the already-declining Mughal dynasty was critically weakened to such an extent as to hasten its demise. According to Axworthy, it is also possible that without the ruinous effects of Nader's invasion of India, European colonial takeover of the Indian subcontinent would have come in a different form or perhaps not at all.[17]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, 4th Ed., (HarperCollinsPublishers, 1993), 711.
- ↑ David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan) p. 142.
- ↑ Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 ISBN 978-9994086160 Search this book on
. pp. 158, 278.
- ↑ Zahiruddin Malik (1973). A Mughal Statesman Of The Eighteenth Century. p. 101. Search this book on
- ↑ Yadava, S. D. S. (2006). Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7062-216-1. Search this book on
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedarchive.org - ↑ Floor, Wiilem(2009). The rise & fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports 1730–1747, Mage Publishers.
- ↑ Floor, Willem(1998). new facts on Nadir Shah's campaign in India in Iranian studies, pp. 198–219.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jaques, Tony (2006), "Karnal-1739-Nader Shah#Invasion of India", Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Westport, CT: Greenwood, p. 512
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kaushik Roy, War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849, p. 32 "75,000"&pg=PA32.
- ↑ A Comprehensive History of India: 1712–1772, p. 69 "75,000".
- ↑ Sinha N.K, Bannerjee A.C., History of India, p. 458 "75,000".
- ↑ Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, Rare views of the world" 3 vols., Ed Amin Riahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374.
- ↑ "History of Nadir Shah's Wars" (Taarikhe Jahangoshaaye Naaderi), 1759, Mirza Mehdi Khan Esterabadi, (Court Historian).
- ↑ Sarkar, J., Nadir Shah in India, p. 51 [1].
- ↑ Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, p. 263. I. B. Tauris.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, p. 254. I. B. Tauris.
- ↑ "India vii. Relations: The Afsharid and Zand – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2015. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. A Study of Eighteenth Century India: Political history, 1707–1761 Saraswat Library, 1976. (Volume 1 of A) original from the University of Virginia. p. 115.
- ↑ Quoted in Christopher Bellamy, The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice (London, 1990), 214.
- ↑ Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein(2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab.
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