📜 Post with us on Reddit
📝 Create a new article
🏭 Create a company page
🇬🇧 - in English
🇫🇷 - en Français (FR)
🇵🇹 - em Português (PT)
🇩🇪 - auf Deutsch (DE)
🇯🇵 - 日本語で (JA)
Sponsored articles

You can edit almost every page by Creating an account and confirming your email.

Bitsa forest

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Bitsa Forest
Битцевский лес
File:Радуга Битцевского леса на Лысой горе.jpg
LocationRussia
Nearest cityMoscow
Coordinates55°37′6.8″N 37°33′51.9″E / 55.618556°N 37.564417°E / 55.618556; 37.564417Coordinates: 55°37′6.8″N 37°33′51.9″E / 55.618556°N 37.564417°E / 55.618556; 37.564417
Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed.


Area2,188.7 ha (8.451 sq mi)
www.mospriroda.ru/where_to_go/territorii/bittsevskiy_les/

Natural and historical park "Bitsa Forest" (Битцевский лес) – specially protected natural area, the second largest Moscow forest area (2188.7 ha), second in size only to the national park Losiny Ostrov..[1]. The length of the forest from north to south is 10 km, from west to east – 1.5-4 km[2]. The forest is named after the river Bitsa (Битца), which crosses the southern edge of the forest in an easterly direction.

Bitsa forest has environmental, recreational, ecological and educational, historical and cultural significance as a particularly precious, large and integral natural complex, characterized by broad vegetation diversity, the presence of rare and vulnerable species of plants and animals in the urban conditions, and favorable conditions for recreational opportunities in the natural environment. The main value of the natural and historical park Bitsa Forest is its location in the middle of the city and being part of remaining "green belt", or lungs, of the city, which provides Muscovites with clean air.

Origin of name

The name comes from the name of the river Bitsa. The etymology of hydronym is unclear[3], there are several versions. The origin of the name was assumed to be from Baltic languages based on comparison with the Lithuanian hydronym Abista and Upper Dnieper Abesta (Obista). According to the toponymist R. A. Ageeva (2003), the most likely origin is from *obitok – "flow around, island", reconstructed on the basis of the southern Russian names of the rivers Obitok, Obytochka. In Sumsko-Chernihiv Polesia, the existence of the word obytok – "an island on the river" was recorded[4]. Another option is from the word obisesti, which means "to surround, bypass"[5].

Location

The area of the forest is incorporated into the Yasenevo district (South-Western Administrative Okrug). On the north, the forest is bordered by the district Zyuzino through Balaklavsky avenue; on the south – settlement Sosensky (Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug); on the west – the area Konkovo, residential development of the area Yasenevo and Sosensky Settlement; on the east – the districts Chertanovo South, Chertanovo Central, Chertanovo North (Southern Administrative Okrug), and Northern Butovo.

Relief

The Bitsa Forest is located in the southeastern, most elevated part of the Teplostanskaya Upland, which rises significantly above the surrounding area. It is a separate natural region, formed on the pre-glacial remnant. The regional dip is a gentle one to the east. The surface of the forest area is crossed by deep river valleys, stretching in the latitudinal direction and being tributaries of the rivers Moskva and Pakhra. A dense network of branching ravines and gullies cut almost in the meridional direction and attached to the river valleys. The ravines are characterized by steep, more than 6° slopes, with a depth of 2 to 5 m, and up to 10–15 m in the headwaters. The total area of ​​the ravine network encompasses 120 hectares. The valleys of the rivers Chertanovka, Gorodnya and Bitsa, originating in the area of the forest, have been significantly developed by ancient and modern erosion. At present, deep erosion is observed in most of the ravines, which determines and enhances the role of the vegetation in slope stability situation. Along the banks of the Chertanovka and Bitsa rivers, within the borders of the forest, in some places there are above floodplain terrace composed of alluvial deposits of ancient origin (Late Quaternary). The rest of the area is a slightly undulating surface, mostly wooded, partly covered with herbaceous vegetation. The flattest watersheds are confined to the western part of the area of the sanatorium Uzkoe with absolute elevations of 246–256 m and 225–236 m and to the interfluve of the Dubinkinskaya and Chertanovka rivers with absolute elevations of 190–206 m. At the edge of the Bitsa river in the southeast – 171 m. The maximum excess of the surface above the level of the Moskva river up to 130 m determines the high intensity of erosion processes in the forest. The amplitude of relative heights is 35–60 m. At the base of the geological section there are rocks of Carboniferous age. But the depths of their occurrence – about 150 meters – are such that in practice they can be encountered only when solving the issue of water supply – when drilling deep wells. Only Early Cretaceous sands come to the surface (Gorodnya river valley). Out of the modern geological processes on the area of the forest, it should be noted ravine erosion, which is facilitated by the slight erosion of cover loam, as well as gravitational processes – scree, slush and landslides on steep slopes. The greatest number of landslides within the Bitsa forest is observed on both slopes of the Gorodnya valley.

Reservoirs

File:Bitza lysgor bottom.jpg
Bitsa forest. The bed of the Konkovsky stream, the left tributary of the Chertanovka, near Bald Mountain

Watercourses

Listed in order from north to south:

  • Derevlevsky stream
  • Konkovsky stream
  • Chertanovka river
  • Dubinkinskaya river
  • Gorodnya river
  • Bitsa river

Ponds

  • 4 ponds in quarter 3 – at Balaklavsky avenue, Sevastopolsky avenue
  • 4 ponds in quarter 7 – a cascade in the estate Uzkoye, with a total area of ​​2.6 hectares
  • 4 ponds in quarter 31 in the estate Znamenskoye-Sadki, with a total area of ​​7.9 ha
  • 2 ponds in quarter 20 – 0.01 ha and 0.11 ha
  • a pond in quarter 22 – 0.07 ha
  • Marble pond in quarter 19 – 0.43 ha
  • Dog pond in quarter 25 – 0.91 hectares at Varshavskoe highway, house 152
  • a pond in quarter 30 – 0.09 ha at Varshavskoe highway, house 158.

Flora and fauna

File:Живой луг Битцы.jpg
Bitsa meadow

In total, 648 vascular plants species belonging to 93 families were registered on the area of the Bitsa Forest in 1980–2008, while 10 families are represented exclusively by cultivated or invasive species. Of these, 16 species are spore plants, 10 – gymnosperms, 566 – angiosperms, including 113 – monocots, 453 – dicot. The largest number of species in the natural and historical park are the families asteraceae (64), rosaceae (58), cereal (51), legume (26), cruciferous (26), lamiaceae (22), buckwheat (20) and cloves

Representatives of these 8 families account for 48.5% of the species noted here. For 6 more families – sedge (17), willow (18), apiaceae (19), scrophulariaceae (18), ranunculaceae (17) – account for 15% of the vascular plant species of the natural park.

The average age of local forests is 84 years. The oldest of them oak forests, reaching 180-190 years in the Bitsa forest; The oldest linden forests of Bitsa are 90-100 years old, and their area is small. The main area occupied by lime stands is represented by 70-90-year-old plantations. Among the birch forests, the main area is occupied by plantations aged 60-70 years. A significant area compared to other forests of Moscow is occupied by aspen forests, mostly 50-60 years old. Most of the coniferous plantations of the Bitsa Forest are of artificial origin. More than half of the plantations of the Bitsa forest have a second layer of forest stand, which is mainly formed by linden. In this capacity, it is present in pine forests, oak forests, linden forests and birch forests. In birch and linden forests, in some places, spruce emerges into the second tier. Undergrowth in the Bitsa forest is represented by almost the entire area covered with forest. It is very diverse in composition: it is formed by rowan, buckthorn, hazel, honeysuckle, euonymus, as well as raspberry, sambucus, bird cherry and various types of shrub willows, but the predominant species – 70% – is hazel.

File:Лиса с добычей на Битцевской тропе.jpg
Fox with prey in the Bitsa forest
File:Пустельга на охоте в Битце.jpg
Kestrel hunting in Bitsa

At least 150 animal species inhabit the area of the Bitsa Forest: amphibians – common frog, common newt[6], crested newt, common toad and moor frog, reptiles – common snake, birds (109 species) and mammals (35 species). In 2022, among the birds of prey, it was possible to see buteo flying along the Chertanovka riverbed, and hunting kestrel on Luisaya Gora (Bald Mountain). Information about invertebrates is less complete: there are 80 species of invertebrates listed in the Red Book of the City of Moscow[7], of which 78 species are insects.

History

File:Bitsevsky-park.jpg
Recreation area "Bitsa"

Man lived in the area now covered by the Bitsa forest in ancient times, but settlements here have been known for certain since the 12th century, when Vyatichi moved to kurgan burials. Seven mound groups, which served as cemeteries for small settlements, have been preserved in this area. In the central part of the forest the remnants of two villages dating back to 13th-15th centuries are also known.

Starting from the end of the 16th century, estates, which were surrounded by villages, were built here. Currently, only three of the seven estates have survived. One can see that in form of ponds, old trees of manor parks and, very rarely, fragments of building foundations. In the 19th century, a brick factory was built in the village Yasenevo; the raw material for it was Quaternary loam mined in a quarry east of the village on the watershed of the Gorodnya and Bitsa rivers.

At the time, there was no continuous forest cover on the area of the future forest. More trees grew in the northern part, and there were some groves in the southern. All old trees here are stunted and spreading, which indicates their growth in open space. At the beginning of the 20th century, large-scale plantings of spruce were carried out to the north of the estate Znamenskoye Sadki.

In the first half of the 20th century, most of the area was used for agricultural purposes.

File:Пулемётный противоосколочный колпак (1941) в Битцевском парке 01.jpg
Machine-gun splinter cap (1941) in Bitsa Forest

In 1941, during the Great Patriotic War, a significant part of the forest was cut down to organize Antitank defence. Three lines of defence and two anti-aircraft batteries were equipped. In the forest, trenchs, communication passages, reinforced concrete caps of pillboxes, anti-tank ditches have been preserved. Until the middle of 1944, cutting down trees continued.

Starting from 1944, large-scale planting of broadleaf forest began. "Bitsa forest park" is part of the Leninsky forestry park.

In the early 1960s, the MKAD cut through the southern part of the forest and most of the forest park became part of Moscow. For the 1980 Summer Olympics in the northern part of the forest park, Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex was built.

In 1974, at the edge of the Bitsa forest park in Belyaevo, "unofficial" Soviet artists held a spontaneous exhibition of their works (the famous "Bulldozer Exhibition"), dispersed by the police[8].

In the 1980s, the Moscow Zoo was planned to be moved to the western side of the Bitsa Forest, but the project was rejected, also because of the dissatisfaction of local residents. During the construction of the Bitsevsky Park metro station (now "Novoyasenevskaya"), an eastern vestibule was provided for access to the zoo (currently used to transfer passengers to the station "Bitsevsky Park" Butovskaya line and exit to the city)[9]. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the environmental movement "Bitsa" became widely known[10].

In May 1992, on the entire area covered by the forest, the first natural park in Moscow, called "Bitsa Forest" was created, which includes two forest-parks – in the northern part of the Olympic (the name is associated with the Olympic equestrian sports complex) and in the southern part Yasenevsky. In 2005, the park was given the status of a "natural and historical park".

Attractions

File:Perun in Bitca.jpg
Idol of Perun on the Bald Mountain

Bitsa Forest is rich in historical and archaeological monuments, these are primarily Vyatichi mounds of the 11th-12th centuries and palace and park ensembles of noble estates of the 18th-19th centuries, which form a single natural and historical-cultural complex with the park. The estate complexes Uzkoe and Yasenevo include the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the Church of Peter and Paul, respectively. Churches as well as estates are declared cultural monuments.

  • The estate Uzkoe got its name from the former village, known since the 16th century. Its owners changed quite often. In the 17th – early 18th centuries, Uzkoe was in the possession of the boyars Streshnevs, in the 18th century – the princes Golitsyns, since the 1810s the estate belonged to Tolstoy, since 1883 – to the princes Trubetskoy. In Uzkoe there were idealist philosophers E. N. and S. N. Trubetskoy. In 1900, their friend, an outstanding Russian philosopher, died in the estate Vladimir Solovyov[11]. In 1922, the Uzkoe estate was given to the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (since 1931, the Commission for Assistance to Scientists), and in 1937 – Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. Until now, the estate has been used as a sanatorium for members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  • The estate Yasenevo got its name from the former village of Yasenevo, known since 1339 as the Grand Duke's, and then – the royal patrimony. In 1690-1790, Yasenevo belonged to the boyars (later princes) Lopukhins, from whose family came Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter the Great. After the Lopukhins, the estate was owned for a long time first by the princes Gagarins, and then by the Buturlins.
  • The history of the estate Znamenskoye-Sadki is associated with many prominent political and public figures of the Russian Empire. In the first half of the 19th century, many prominent figures of Russian culture visited or lived in the estate, including the historian M. P. Pogodin, N. V. Vsevolozhsky – founder of the society "Green Lamp", poet P. A. Vyazemsky and others. The wedding of the parents took place here L. N. Tolstoy, whose mother was the niece of the owner of the estate I. D. Trubetskoy. In 1865, M. N. Katkov is a well-known journalist, publicist, editor and publisher. Nowadays, the estate houses VNII for Nature Conservation[12].
  • In 1980, for the XXII Olympic Games near the park, the Equestrian center "Bitza" was built, which hosted the Olympic competitions in Equestrian and Modern Pentathlon. Horseback riding obstacles were built directly on the area of the Bitsa, and horse cross competitions were held[13].
  • On the area of the forest park there is the State Budgetary Institution Psychiatric boarding school No. 30, built in 1972 (Dnepropetrovskaya street, house 14).
  • The Luisaya Gora (Bald Mountain) is a dry meadow surrounded by forests, where rare herbaceous plants grow[14]. The landscapes of Bald Mountain are valuable as a habitat for animals, hares, characteristic of upland meadows. In the 1990s in the Bitsa forest nesting of goshawk was observed in the arch near Bald Mountain along the river valleys Chertanovka and Gorodnya. Not far from Bald Mountain, in the bed of the Chertanovka River, there are three Silver springs, from which, despite the prohibitions of experts, local residents take water. In 2000, wooden sculptures Slavic gods were installed on Bald Mountain, symbolizing the ancient temple[15].
  • Not far from Bald Mountain is the 1909 Boundary Post, a local monument to Stolypin's Reform. Similar obelisks were erected en masse in 1909, when, after the law of November 9, 1908, surveying Moskovsky uyezd was carried out, but only a few remained. The pillar is split in half, and a half-erased cross is scrawled on the round recess for the medallion[16].
File:Lysaya Gora, Bitsa Park 01.jpg
Bald Mountain[17]
  • On the area of the forest park is located cynological center "Yasenevo", founded in 1982.
  • There are Slavic Native Faith sanctuaries (temples) in the Bitsa Forest, meetings of Rodnovers are held, including rituals and holidays[20]. Rodnovers can also use the Vyatichi mounds located in the park as cult objects.

Environmental Issues

In the autumn of 2020, Bitsa Forest improvement plans were revealed. Potentially, that could damage the existing biodiversity. In violation of the status of the Bitsa Forest as a protected area, the Department of Capital Repairs of the city of Moscow, engaged in landscaping, allocated more than 91 million rubles from the city budget[21] to study business processes in the Bitsa forest with the subsequent determination of its new development strategy[22]

On November 3, 2021, the plans of the authorities were made public: to equip the forest with 10 km of storm sewers, 16 km of sidewalks, 4 tennis courts, 20 trade pavilions, 3 skate parks, 3 pump tracks, 13 sports grounds, a separate sports complex for 3 thousand m², a climbing wall , an urban eco-farm with a greenhouse, 300 aviaries for birds and small animals, and other facilities[23]. To justify that the official website of the Mayor of Moscow says: "The forest needs large-scale work to help with rehabilitation of its ecosystem"[24]

Several scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular Konstantin Yankauskas, and certain groups of ecologists made statements and appealed to the Moscow government with a request to protect specially protected natural areas of the city from the potential consequences of the industrialization of forests, but there were no changes in terms of urban improvement.

In 2021, a program for the improvement of the forestry area was launched, called by the city authorities "rehabilitation of the Bitsa Forest"[25][26]. This decision was criticized by citizens and a number of environmentalists, environmental organizations and initiatives[27][28]. An open letter to the Mayor of Moscow was issued by Greenpeace Russia, Wildlife Conservation Center, WWF Russia, etc.[29][30]

In 2022, despite numerous appeals[31], protests[32][33] by residents, and statutory notice passed by the prosecutor's office of the city of Moscow on June 14, 22[34] (due to many violations, such as illegal logging[35], destruction of natural meadows and blocking of riverbeds in protected areas), the developers of "Yug-2008" (Юг 2008)[36] and "Stroytandart" (Стройстандарт)[37] are still working (in order to spend more than 17 billion budgetary rubles[38]) even without certified projects that have been examined and got approval.

References

  1. ↑ "Метро через Битцевский лес". Россия, новости, общение, обсуждения. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  2. ↑ "О парке". ПИП «Битцевский лес». Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  3. ↑ "Топонимический словарь" (in русский).. Материал описан и систематизирован Р. А. Агеевой.
  4. ↑ Geographical names of the Moscow region, p. 153
  5. ↑ Коробко М. Ю., Насимович Ю. А., Ярославцев Е. И. (2002). "Загорье". Исторические усадьбы России. Archived from the original on 2011-01-17. Retrieved 2018-08-08.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Кидов А. А., Петровский А. Б. и др. (2021). "Современное распространение обыкновенного (Lissotriton vulgaris) и гребенчатого (Triturus cristatus) тритонов в «старой» Москве и перспективы их сохранения" (PDF) (in Russian) (25) (Экосистемы ed.): 114–124. ISSN 2414-4738. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-14.CS1 maint: Date and year (link) CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  7. ↑ Красная Книга Москвы. https://cicon.ru/krasnay-kniga-moskva.html
  8. ↑ "Бульдозерная выставка". Художественные выставки СССР. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  9. ↑ "Станция Битцевский парк". Станции метро Москвы. Московское метро. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  10. ↑ В. Левичева (April 1990). "Анатомия неформального движения". Izvestii︠a︡ T︠s︡k KPSS : Informat︠s︡ionnyĭ Ezhemesi︠a︡chnyĭ Zhurnal (Известия ЦК КПСС ed.). 4 (303): 150–157. ISSN 0235-7097.CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
  11. ↑ "History". PIP Bitsevsky Forest. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  12. ↑ Егорова Л. А. (2007). Окрестности Москвы. М.: ОЛМА Медиа Групп. ISBN 978-5-373-01253-9. Search this book on
  13. ↑ "Битцевской лесопарк". Достопримечательности Москвы и Московской области. Archived from the original on 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  14. ↑ "Олимпийский лесопарк". Центр содействия инициативам. Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  15. ↑ "Информация". ООО «Турометр». Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  16. ↑ "Битцевский лес. Достопримечательности — Путеводитель по Москве". Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  17. ↑ "Битцевский парк (лес) в Москве | Достопримечательности Москвы". Archived from the original on 2019-04-21. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  18. ↑ "Родник в Битцевском лесу около дирекции парка". Святой источник. Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  19. ↑ "Московские родники опасны для здоровья". Комсомольская правда. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  20. ↑ Григорьев, Андрей. "У московских язычников появились жертвы" (НГ-Религии ed.).
  21. ↑ "За 100 миллионов рублей в Битцевском лесу «благоустроят» все живое". newizv.ru (in русский). Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  22. ↑ Илья Смирнов (2020-12-01). "«Чужие» в Битцевском лесу". Центральная профсоюзная газета «Солидарность» (in русский). Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  23. ↑ "В Москве разгорается эпидемия благоустройства". Троицкий вариант — Наука (in русский). 2021-11-18. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ "В Москве разгорается эпидемия благоустройства". Троицкий вариант — Наука (in русский). 2021-11-18. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  25. ↑ "Реабилитацию Битцевского леса завершат до конца 2022 года". Официальный сайт Мэра Москвы (in русский). June 30, 2022. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ BFM.ru. "Собянин: комплексная реабилитация Битцевского леса завершится до конца года". BFM.ru - деловой портал (in русский). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  27. ↑ "Благоустройство Битцевского леса. Почему жители и экологи против асфальтированных дорожек, детских площадок и фонарей?". Экосфера (in русский). 2021-12-10. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  28. ↑ "«Могла случиться техногенная катастрофа». Как москвичи яростно борются с незаконной застройкой Битцевского леса". msk1.ru - новости Москвы (in русский). 2022-06-15. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  29. ↑ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220121072550/https://greenpeace.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/09112021_Open_Letter_to_Moscow_Mayor.pdf Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine Открытое письмо к мэру Москвы / Российские отделение Гринпис, Центр охраны дикой природы, Региональная общественная организация «Московское городское общество защиты природы», WWF России, Межрегиональная общественная экологическая организация «ЭКА». Москва, 09.11.2021.
  30. ↑ "Больше 10 тысяч человек требуют остановить «благоустройство» лесов и парков Москвы". Ведомости.Экология (in русский). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  31. ↑ https://nash-sever.info/2022/01/27/peticiya-protiv-blagoustrojstva/
  32. ↑ https://newizv.ru/news/politics/15-12-2020/milliardy-protiv-prirody-moskvichi-ne-hotyat-prevraschat-bittsevskiy-les-v-gorodskoy-park
  33. ↑ https://msk1.ru/text/gorod/2022/06/15/71410139/
  34. ↑ https://t.me/BitsaLes/62965
  35. ↑ https://zen.yandex.ru/media/pressobzor/vyrubka-bitcevskogo-lesa-neukliujee-blagoustroistvo-i-zastroika-polnaia-versiia-5fe78e139c06f6134fffd995
  36. ↑ https://sbis.ru/contragents/7724659915/500901001
  37. ↑ https://sbis.ru/contragents/7720598732/772701001
  38. ↑ https://zakupki.gov.ru/epz/order/notice/ok504/view/documents.html?regNumber=0173200001421001704


This article "Bitsa forest" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Bitsa forest. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.


Retrieved from "https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Bitsa_forest&oldid=5104000"
License CC BY-SA 3.0
Powered by MediaWiki