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COVID-19 pandemic at the University of Notre Dame

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic

Since the late winter of 2020, the operations of the University of Notre Dame, a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana, have been affected by the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On February 28, 2020, the University of Notre Dame issued its first coronavirus-related suspension of in-person academic program, that of a study abroad program in Rome, Italy.[1] On March 11, 2020, Notre Dame announced that it would suspend all in-person academic programs,[2][3] and the university began virtual instruction on March 23, 2020.[4] In May 2020, the university announced that in-person instruction would resume during the fall semester 2020.[5][6][7][8] Notre Dame resumed in-person instruction in August 2020,[9][10] temporarily suspended in-person instruction later that month following a surge in COVID-19 cases,[11][12] and once again returned to in-person instruction by early September.[13][14]

The fall semester of 2020 was a time marked by changes at Notre Dame. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, which had previously been independent since its 1887 inaugural season, joined the Atlantic Coast Conference for the duration of the 2020 college football season.[15][16] Students returned to school two weeks early and did not have their usual fall break.[8] The university implemented mandatory testing, contact tracing, and quarantine measures for students, faculty, and staff,[5] though the quality of these services has been the subject of controversy.[12][17][18]

In October 2020, university president Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., tested positive for COVID-19 after having attending the White House Supreme Court nomination ceremony for Notre Dame professor Judge Amy Coney Barrett.[19] Jenkins had been photographed at the ceremony while not wearing a mask, leading to mixed reactions from students and faculty.[20][21]

Students experienced high levels of stress throughout the fall semester, with an October survey conducted by Notre Dame revealing that over two-in-five undergraduate students experienced moderate to severe stress throughout the semester.[22] Notre Dame's measures to combat widespread student feelings of loneliness, isolation, anxiety, and depression were deemed ineffective.[22] By the end of the fall semester 2020, 15% of undergraduate students attending the University of Notre Dame had been diagnosed with COVID-19.[23]

During the spring semester 2021, Notre Dame continued to hold classes in-person.[24] Mass gatherings of students towards the beginning of the semester posed a challenge to Notre Dame's COVID-19 response.[24] In March 2021, Notre Dame revealed that it had been allocated enough doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to vaccinate all students prior to the end of the spring semester, with the first doses to be given in April 2021.[25][26]

Academics and student life[edit]

Initial response[edit]

On February 28, 2020, the University of Notre Dame issued its first coronavirus-related suspension of in-person academic program, that of a study abroad program in Rome, Italy.[1] On March 11, 2020, Notre Dame announced that it would suspend all in-person academic programs at its main campus,[2][3] and that the University would begin virtual instruction on March 23, 2020.[4] Initially, the university announced that the suspension of in-person classes would be a temporary measure lasting until April 11, 2020.[2] One week later, the university announced that it had decided to cancel in-person classes for the remainder of the academic term on March 18, 2020, opting to move all classes to virtual instruction.[3]

On March 18, 2020, Notre Dame announced that a student who had returned to the United States after studying at Notre Dame's campus in London had tested positive for COVID-19 while quarantining in the United States.[27] The student had not returned to the university's main campus after arriving in the United States.[27]

On March 27, 2020, a postdoctoral fellow was removed from the university after posting racist comments on social media that blamed Chinese students at the university for spreading COVID-19.[28][29][30] At the time, a university spokesman stated that the comments "clearly violate Notre Dame's underlying principle that affirms the transcendent dignity and worth of every person, from conception to natural death, regardless of race."[29]

Preparations to return to in-person learning[edit]

Photo of Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. from 2017
Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. (Photo from 2017)

On May 18, 2020, university president Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. announced that Notre Dame would return to in-person instruction on its main campus beginning August 10, 2020.[5][31][32] On May 26, Jenkins published an op-ed in The New York Times in which he argued that, by following precautions and scientific advice, Notre Dame would be able to "keep our campus environment healthy".[7] In his op-ed, Jenkins wrote that Notre Dame would work to create testing contact tracing, and quarantining protocols, and that the university would emphasize preventive measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, including mask-wearing, physical distancing, and hand-washing.[7] On June 15, Jenkins said in an email that protocols for testing, contact tracing, quarantining and isolation, and other COVID-19 safety measures would be "fully operational" upon return to campus in August.[17] According to a study written solely by University Notre Dame faculty that was published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report investigating the COVID-19 response at the University of Notre Dame,[33] the university's preparations for the fall semester also included "rearranging physical infrastructure in high-traffic areas, reducing population density in classrooms and common spaces, [and] enhancing cleaning and disinfection protocols."[34]

On July 27, 2020, the university announced that it would no longer host the first 2020 United States presidential debate, due to concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.[35]

Return to campus[edit]

Notre Dame began returning students to campus in August 2020 to attend in-person classes.[12][36] On August 7, Notre Dame had sent an email to students announcing that an active case of COVID-19 had been identified.[13][37] In-person classes began on August 10.[38][37]

Social gatherings and initial outbreak[edit]

On August 11, the South Bend Tribune reported that, at the request of the Dean of the Notre Dame Law School, several law students abandoned prior plans to host a mask-optional, bring-your-own-beer gathering in their apartment.[39] At that time, Dr. Mark Fox, the St. Joseph County deputy health officer, told the South Bend Tribune that off-campus behavior would be an urgent threat to campus and that [i]If a bunch of people get sick because of off-campus behavior, it's going to pose a threat to the entire university community and the continued operations, at least in person. The potential ramifications are huge."[39]

Notre Dame struggled to contain the spread of COVID-19 when students returned to campus.[40] On August 13, the university said in an email that a spike in cases was emerging and that cases could "be traced to a single off-campus gathering" where "individuals at the gathering were both outside and inside, together for some time, not wearing masks, in a crowded space, and drinking".[13] At that point in time, the university did not issue surveillance tests—random tests of asymptomatic students not known to have contacted an individual who had tested positive with COVID-19—but instead relied on contact tracing and self-reporting of symptoms to control the spread of COVID-19.[13] On August 17, the university identified that 102 students had tested positive.[13]

According a report from local television news station WSBT, a student was denied a COVID test during the first week of classes after he had spent hours with his girlfriend, who tested positive for COVID-19 one day after the student and her had spent hours together and talked.[17] A nurse reportedly told the student that Notre Dame was "not testing asymptomatic students who have been in contact with people who are COVID positive" and a university spokesman stated that the decision of whether a student was a close contact or not was up to "medical experts".[17] According to the South Bend Tribune, "students and faculty members complained about slow testing on campus, slow response to calls to the university health system and a lack of warning about positive cases" during August 2020.[38]

Officials would later tell ABC News that the campus's initial outbreak of COVID-19 was tied to multiple off-campus parties where students did not wear masks and that no other super-spreader events contributing to the initial outbreak were detected through testing.[41]

Temporary suspension of in-person classes[edit]

On August 18, University President Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C. announced that, in response to high rates of transmission associated with an ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, in-person classes would be suspended until September 2.[11][12][13][38][41] During this time, student life was heavily restricted: students not living in on-campus housing facilities were prohibited from entering the campus grounds, while students living in on-campus housing facilities were prohibited from leaving the campus and were generally restricted from entering campus buildings other than their respective dormitory.[13]

In response to the outbreak, the university expanded COVID-19 testing to include testing of students who believe they have had direct contact with someone infected with COVID-19 and randomized testing of its student body to identify cases of COVID-19 that had not yet shown symptoms.[41] Prior to this point, the university only encouraged individuals showings symptoms of COVID-19 to get a test,[41] though university officials had communicated over the summer that Notre Dame would have an on-campus testing center "for those who have been in close contact with someone who has tested positive."[17]

On August 24, a student who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 during the initial outbreak wrote to the student paper pleading with students to follow COVID-19 protocols.[41][42]

On August 28, Jenkins announced that eighty-seven students were being made subject to campus disciplinary proceedings due to violations of campus rules regarding COVID-19 in a video message to address to students, faculty, and staff.[38]

Return to in-person classes[edit]

On August 28, Jenkins announced that in-person instruction would partially resume on September 2, with a full return to in-person classes to take place on September 7.[13][38]

Students experienced high levels of stress throughout the fall semester, with an October survey conducted by Notre Dame revealing that 41% of undergraduate students experienced moderate to severe stress throughout the semester.[22] Notre Dame had attempted to mitigate student burnout and stress, though there was evidence its measures were not enough to counteract widespread student feelings of loneliness, isolation, anxiety, and depression.[22]

In response to a second outbreak of cases that began in October 2020, Notre Dame lowered the permitted size of informal students gatherings to no more than ten people, citing the spread of COVID-19 associated with student parties.[43] In the week prior to the announcement, Notre Dame had seen a significant uptick in the number of cases diagnosed.[43]

By the end of the fall semester 2020, 1871 cases of COVID-19 were diagnosed at the University of Notre Dame,[24] with 15% of Notre Dame's undergraduate student body having tested positive for COVID-19.[23]

Spring semester 2021[edit]

Mass gatherings[edit]

Students engaged in several mass gatherings during the spring semester 2021, posing new challenges to Notre Dame's attempts to control the spread of COVID-19.[24]

On February 10, 2021, over 300 students were present at a special event held at crowded bar in South Bend, Indiana.[24][44] According to local health officials, only 20% of students in attendance were wearing masks and most students were failing to abide by physical distancing guidelines.[44] The owner of the bar later told the South Bend Tribune that he does not believe that masks are effective disease control measures.[44] A university spokesman told the South Bend Tribune that this event was "the most flagrant violation" that Notre Dame had dealt with up to that point.[44] Though the spokesman initially told the South Bend Tribune that Notre Dame would not seek to identify and punish students simply for attending the event, he later told the paper that Notre Dame would indeed seek to identify the students who attended.[44]

On February 19, 2021, police responded to a scene at a local Mexican restaurant and bar, whose owner wrote in a statement that a mob of students caused significant damage to the restaurant.[24][45][46][47][48] Over 300 students were reported to have been at the restaurant,[47] with hundreds of students being spotted on video fleeing from the restaurant as police arrived,[24] with some escaping individuals being spotted while climbing onto the restaurant's roof to get away.[46][47]

Vaccination plans[edit]

In March 2021, Notre Dame published a statement saying that it had been allocated enough doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to vaccinate all students prior to the end of the spring semester, with the first doses to be given in April 2021.[25][26][49] Students would not be required to receive the vaccine, though they would be encouraged to do so through an on-campus vaccination clinic.[26] Faculty and staff were encouraged to attempt to obtain vaccinations from other local clinics as soon as they could.[26][49] For faculty and staff that were otherwise unable to obtain a vaccination from a local clinic, Notre Dame's on-campus vaccination clinic would accommodate them using available doses.[26][49] Students were administered their first doses of the vaccine between April 8 and April 15, with second doses to be administered between April 29 and May 6.[50]

The University of Notre Dame will require all students to be vaccinated for COVID-19 in order to matriculate for the fall semester 2021.[50][51][52] Notre Dame was one of the first universities within the United States to announce its plans to mandate COVID-19 vaccination as a requirement for enrollment.[52]

Graduation[edit]

Notre Dame will host its annual commencement in-person on May 23, with attendance limited due to COVID-19 disease control protocols.[53]

Athletics[edit]

Notre Dame Stadium

Football[edit]

See also: 2020 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, which had previously been independent since its first season in 1887, joined the Atlantic Coast Conference for the duration of the 2020 college football season.[15][16] Early on in the season, the Fighting Irish had developed contingency plans for cases in which personnel, including coaches, were to be placed under quarantine.[40]

The Fighting Irish were forced to postpone a football game scheduled against the Wake Forest Demon Deacons due to an outbreak of COVID-19 among its players.[54]

Students at the University of Notre Dame and members of the university community were permitted to purchase season football tickets and to attend home football games alongside their roommates, with six feet between groups [13] After the Fighting Irish defeated the Clemson Tigers in a November 2020 football game, thousands of students stormed the football field of Notre Dame Stadium in celebration of their victory over the then top-ranked football team in the nation.[24][55] After the field storming, every student at the University of Notre Dame was required to receive a COVID-19 test before leaving campus for their winter break.[55]

Reception[edit]

Disease control measures[edit]

According to the South Bend Tribune, "students and faculty members complained about slow testing on campus, slow response to calls to the university health system and a lack of warning about positive cases" during August 2020.[38]

On August 21, one of Notre Dame's independent student newspapers, The Observer, published an editorial titled, "Don't Make us Write Obituaries," in which the paper criticized Notre Dame's administration for what it called "flaws in testing, contact tracing and isolation and quarantine accommodations."[56][57][58][59][60][61] The editorial noted that, "the University administration has largely blamed the COVID-19 outbreak on students attending off-campus parties."[56][57] According to The Washington Post, the editorial focused "critical eyes at administrators rather than their peers, at whom school officials wag their fingers, chastising their weakness for answering the siren call of a party."[59]

On September 15, Notre Dame's other student newspaper, The Irish Rover, reported that "before, throughout, and after the [initial] outbreak, the university has remained adamant in its enforcement of the following four provisions: that students all wear masks, remain physically distant from students not in their households, wash their hands, and complete their daily health checks."[13] The Irish Rover also reported that the extent to which these measures succeed would ultimately fall "in the hands of students."[13]

Student life[edit]

Campus dining[edit]

Students had mixed reactions to changes made to the dining halls for the fall semester 2020 in response to COVID-19, noting that the food served by the dining halls had decreased in quality over prior years.[62] Students responded to the lower quality food, which was served take-out only until October,[63] by reducing the frequency by which they went to dining halls for their meals.[62] Students noted that the quality of meals improved as the fall semester progressed.[62]

Student petitions[edit]

Students petitioned the university multiple times throughout the academic year regarding Notre Dame's response to the challenges posed by COVID-19. In August 2020, students launched a petition to call for the university to increase testing and make COVID-19 testing available to the entire student population.[41]

In October 2020, a study conducted by the University of Notre Dame found that 41% of undergraduate students were experiencing "moderate to serious psychological distress."[22] Following this, a petition was released for the university to implement an option for students to elect to take their classes as pass/no-credit, citing challenges to mental health posed by the pandemic and the campus response thereto.[22][64] The petition gathered over 1000 signatures in the day following its release, gathering a total of 1300 signatures before Notre Dame's student senate passed a resolution in support of the petition by a vote of 30-4 with one abstention.[22]

In February 2021, students petitioned the university to call for additional due process in light of what they saw as due process deficiencies in the campus compact—Notre Dame's COVID-19 disciplinary plan.[65] Students particularly took issue with requirements that students present their full defense to allegations against them within 24 hours of receiving them.[65] In an interview with WSBT-TV, the writer of the student petition said that "the university has every right to enforce coronavirus protocols to keep us safe and here" and called upon the university to do so "in a manner that does not jeopardize the students' ability to be heard" before they are disciplined.[65] Notre Dame's student senate unanimously approved a resolution in support of the petition.[65]

University leadership[edit]

University leaders attended the nomination ceremony of Judge Amy Coney Barrett, a Notre Dame Law School professor and alumna, to the Supreme Court. The ceremony took place in the White House Rose Garden.
See also: Rose Garden COVID-19 outbreak

In October 2020, university president Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., tested positive for COVID-19 after having attending the White House Supreme Court nomination ceremony for Notre Dame professor Judge Amy Coney Barrett.[19][14] Jenkins had been photographed at the ceremony while not wearing a mask, leading to mixed reactions from students and faculty.[20][21]

Student reactions[edit]

As of November 2, 2020, a student-authored petition that called upon Jenkins to resign gathered 213 signatures—a number equal to approximately 2.5% of the size of Notre Dame's undergraduate student body.[66] On that day, which was one month after Jenkins tested positive for COVID-19, the majority of Notre Dame's undergraduate student senate voted in opposition to the petition.[66] While debating the merits of the petition, many members of the student senate said that the motion was too extreme and expressed concerns that only a very small fraction of Notre Dame's undergraduate students had signed the petition calling for Jenkins' resignation.[66]

Faculty reactions[edit]

On October 8, 2020, a faculty senate motion to consider a vote of no confidence was postponed by a 21 to 20 vote and after a raucous debate so that more feedback could be gathered.[67] Jenkins was also criticized by the faculty for not following the strict health policy he imposed on campus while in Washington, for traveling while he had forbidden the faculty and students to do so, and for opening Notre Dame's reputation to political exploitation.[67][68]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Caruso, Annacaroline (3 March 2020). "University Of Notre Dame Taking Precautions Over Coronavirus". WFYI-FM. The university cancelled its Rome study abroad program Friday after the CDC issued a travel advisory to Italy. One hundred six students and some faculty who were in Rome are back now. They are required to stay home for 14 days and to be cleared by a doctor. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Observer Staff Report (11 March 2020). "Notre Dame cancels in-person classes until April 13, suspends all study abroad programs". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Observer Staff Report (18 March 2020). "Notre Dame to extend suspension of in-person classes to conclusion of spring semester, pro-rate students for room, board". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nolan, Shannon (20 March 2020). "Members of Notre Dame community among St. Joseph County COVID-19 patients". WBND 57. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kirkman, Allie (19 May 2020). "Notre Dame to bring back students in August, with several coronavirus precautions". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Yan, Holly (19 May 2020). "Notre Dame plans to bring students back to campus 2 weeks early and will skip fall break". CNN. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Jenkins, John I. (26 May 2020). "We're Reopening Notre Dame. It's Worth the Risk". The New York Times. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cherney, Elyssa (19 May 2020). "Fearing a winter coronavirus resurgence, colleges including Notre Dame and Marquette will start fall classes early and shorten breaks". Chicago Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Pagones, Stephanie (19 May 2020). "Notre Dame bringing students back to campus 2 weeks early". Fox Business. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Guffey, Alysa (11 March 2021). "Here, there and here again: A look at the year since COVID-19 shut down the tri-campus". The Observer. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Triesman, Rachel (18 August 2020). "Michigan State And Notre Dame Suspend In-Person Learning Over COVID-19 Concerns". NPR. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Kirkman, Allie (20 August 2020). "Parties, missteps and slow testing: How Notre Dame's COVID-19 plan unraveled". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 Missigmann, Sydney; Sylva, Antonia (15 September 2020). "COVID Dashboard Updates". The Irish Rover. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Svrluga, Susan; Firozi, Paulina (2 October 2020). "Notre Dame's president tests positive for coronavirus, had attended White House ceremony". The Washington Post. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Burke, Peter (29 July 2020). "Notre Dame to join ACC in football for 2020 season". WPTV. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kercheval, Ben (29 July 2020). "ACC football schedule 2020: Team-by-team breakdown of opponents, including Notre Dame, amid COVID-19 shakeup". CBS Sports. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Taylor, Tolly (17 August 2020). "Operation Education: Notre Dame students share coronavirus testing struggles". WSBT-TV. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "COVID-19 on Campus". WFYI. 17 September 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Romero, Simon (2020-10-02). "The president of Notre Dame tests positive, less than a week after a White House visit". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-10-02. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gray, Kathleen; Hubler, Shawn. "Notre Dame's President Faces an Angry Campus After Getting the Coronavirus". Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Stockrahm, Bridget (15 October 2020). "Father Jenkins tests positive for COVID-19". The Irish Rover. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Taylor, Tolly (16 November 2020). "Operation Education: Notre Dame students experiencing high stress levels due to pandemic". WSBT-TV. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lu, Hannah; Weintz, Cortney; Pace, Joseph; Indana, Dhiraj; Linka, Kevin; Kuhl, Ellen (13 January 2021). "Are college campuses superspreaders? A data-driven modeling study". Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. Taylor and Francis Online. doi:10.1080/10255842.2020.1869221.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 Lanich, Carley (24 Feb 2021). "Notre Dame faces new COVID challenge of regulating behavior off university grounds". Indy Star. South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "ISDH to give Notre Dame enough COVID-19 shots to fully vaccinate all students". WTHR. 30 March 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 "Notre Dame says it can vaccinate all students for COVID-19 by end of spring semester". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. 29 March 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Tribune Staff Report (18 March 2020). "Notre Dame student who studied abroad in London tests positive for coronavirus". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Lee, Tommie (31 March 2020). "Notre Dame Ph.D student removed from program over racist posts". 95.3 MNC. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rush, Mariah; Zacharias, Serena; Wang, Zixu (27 March 2020). "ND postdoctoral fellow removed from program after posting racist comments". The Observer. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Redden, Elizabeth (30 March 2020). "Racist Posts Target Chinese Students at Notre Dame". Inside Higher Ed. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona; Levin, Dan (18 May 2020). "Notre Dame Plans to Reopen Its Campus in the Fall". The New York Times.
  32. ↑ Strauss, Valerie (22 May 2020). "Notre Dame vs. Princeton: Two very different approaches on when and how to reopen college during covid-19". The Washington Post.
  33. ↑ Taylor, Tolly (8 February 2021). "Operation Education: Notre Dame CDC coronavirus paper raises questions". WSBT-TV. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Fox, Mark D.; Bailey, David C.; Seamon, Michael D.; Miranda, Marie Lynn (29 January 2021). "Response to a COVID-19 Outbreak on a University Campus — Indiana, August 2020". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (4).
  35. ↑ LeBlanc, Paul (27 July 2020). "Notre Dame withdraws from hosting first presidential debate due to coronavirus". CNN.
  36. ↑ Korn, Melissa (10 August 2020). "Reopening Schools: College Orientation at Notre Dame Welcomes Students to a Strange New World". The Wall Street Journal.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Cherney, Elyssa; Smith, Kelli (10 August 2020). "As fall classes begin at Notre Dame, campus sees first case of COVID-19 and school president apologizes for social distancing error in group photo". Chicago Tribune.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Kirkman, Allie (29 August 2019). "Notre Dame students will return to in-person classes after COVID-19 cases drop". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Parrott, Jeff (11 August 2020). "Notre Dame law students scrap party after dean's concerns about coronavirus". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Greenstein, Teddy (18 August 2020). "Notre Dame football's COVID-19 backup plan includes altered practices and a possible replacement for coach Brian Kelly". Chicago Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Deliso, Meredith (27 August 2020). "University of Notre Dame changes 'battle plan' after rise in COVID-19 cases". ABC News. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Murdock, Ryan (24 August 2020). "A plea to the people, part II". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Deliso, Meredith (17 October 2020). "Notre Dame sounds alarm, limits gatherings after spike in COVID cases tied to parties". ABC News.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Parrott, Jeff (16 February 2021). "Health officials: South Bend bar, ND students violated COVID measures at 'packed' event". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ Stutsman, Carl (20 February 2021). "Mishawaka restaurant suffers damage from invading mob". 95.3 MNC. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Horner, Zach (22 February 2021). "St. Joseph Co. Health Department to investigate Monterrey Mob". WNDU. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Murphy, Monica (20 February 2021). "DEVELOPING: Party mob at Monterrey Bar and Grill in Mishawaka". WNDU. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Sandleben, Tony (20 Feb 2021). "Large crowd at Monterrey Mexican Bar and Grill prompts police investigation". ABC 57. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Johns, Samantha (25 March 2021). "Notre Dame plans to vaccinate all students". ABC 57. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Coleman, Justine (9 April 2021). "Notre Dame to require COVID-19 vaccination for fall attendance". The Hill.
  51. ↑ "Notre Dame to require students to be vaccinated for COVID-19". WNDU. 7 April 2021.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Cherney, Elyssa (7 April 2021). "University of Notre Dame will require COVID-19 vaccines for all students next fall". Chicago Tribune.
  53. ↑ White, Christopher (14 March 2021). "It's Laetare Sunday: Here is the 2021 Laetare Medal recipient". National Catholic Reporter. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  54. ↑ Higgins, Lanie (23 September 2020). "Notre Dame Postpones Game, the Latest Virus Disruption for ACC Football". The Wall Street Journal.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Notre Dame implements mandatory coronavirus testing after fans storm field". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 9 November 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Observer Editorial Board (21 August 2020). "Observer Editorial: Don't make us write obituaries". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Notre Dame's student newspaper runs front-page plea: 'Don't make us write obituaries'". CNN. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  58. ↑ "Boston University, other schools deploy robots so campuses can safely reopen during pandemic". NBC News. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Student papers say administrators share blame for virus outbreaks: 'Don't make us write obituaries'". Washington Post. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  60. ↑ "'Don't Make Us Write Obituaries': Student Run Newspaper Pleads With Administrators Amid Reopening". Newsweek. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  61. ↑ Kirkman, Allie (22 August 2020). "Notre Dame student newspaper's message to the campus: 'Don't make us write obituaries'". South Bend Tribune. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 O'Malley, Aiden (18 September 2020). "Changes to campus dining met with mixed response and some improvement". Scholastic Magazine. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  63. ↑ Peters, Ryan (30 September 2020). "Campus dining to reopen dining halls for indoor seating". The Observer. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  64. ↑ Eastland, Maggie (27 October 2020). "Students circulate petition for pass/no-credit grading options". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Guevara, Selina (29 March 2021). "Operation Education: Notre Dame's strict campus compact aims to curb virus cases". WSBT-TV. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Eastland, Maggie (2 October 2020). "Senate discusses student union investment in forced labor, rejects proposal on petition for Jenkins' resignation". The Observer (Notre Dame). Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Gray, Kathleen; Hubler, Shawn. "Notre Dame's President Faces an Angry Campus After Getting the Coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-10-08. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  68. ↑ Hamburger, Tom; Swaine, Jon. "Notre Dame faculty who attended White House event await test results amid concern on campus of exposure". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-10-04. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)


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