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Centeredness Theory

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Centeredness Theory (CT) is a systems model of individual and workplace wellbeing[1][2] developed and 2010 by MAP Biotech and its founder Zephyr Bloch-Jorgensen.

The theory addresses drivers of wellbeing and their interrelations across five core life domains—the self, family, relationships, community, and work.[1][3] It applies an open-systems perspective of human functioning to propose that an individual’s wellbeing[4] and self-actualization[5](centeredness) are facilitated when experiencing balance and compatibility of goals within and between these five domains.[1]

Centeredness theory is currently used to guide clinical interviews and support goal setting among populations suffering from traumatic brain injuries and aphasia by scientists at the University of Kentucky and Atlanta’s Center for Disease Control.[6]

In 2011 an e-health industry partnership study was created with Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), an independent, not-for-profit research institute based in Sydney, Australia. This partnership aimed to measure and improve mental health using the Centeredness Theory framework.[7][8] Centeredness Psychology has helped to facilitate better interventions for public health. For example, the "Centeredness Theory Interview"[9] is a new clinical treatment for people who have suffered traumatic brain injury.[10][11] In 2020, American Psychological Association reported the CT Scale and Psychological Test.[12]

Theoretical Foundations[edit]

Centeredness theory proposes a dynamic interplay between five domains of human experience that may affect an individual’s wellbeing.[1][3]

  1. Community: Connection to a group of people living in the same place or unified by a common interest (e.g., one's local community, the wider community, and the world as a body of the nation-states unified by common interests like climate related challenges, energy, and migration).
  2. Family: A sense of familial belonging; reflects the ability to respond effectively to emotionally difficult situations and foster mutually meaningful bonds within the family.
  3. Work: Active and productive contributions to a job or career; reflects the degree to which meaning and purpose are felt in one’s work.
  4. Relationship: The capacity for intimate and rich relationships and connection; reflects the degree to which meaning and satisfaction are felt in one’s primary relationship.
  5. Self: The durability of an individual’s sense of self and personal identity; reflects the likeliness that intrinsically rewarding goals[13] and aspirations will be achieved.

The community, family, work, and relationship dimensions represent the theory’s four external domains. The domain of self represents the fifth internal domain that must be balanced with the previous four to facilitate centeredness.[1] The theory proposes that individuals possess a homeostatic need for balance between these external and internal environments. Balance (or imbalance) within one domain is proposed to facilitate (or inhibit) balance in the others.[1] Each of the theory’s five domains comprises a further four sub-domains. Thus, the theory features 20 domains in total.[3] In addition to balance across domains, individuals can experience greater or lesser balance within domains (i.e., between sub-domains).[1][3] According to the theory, thoughts and actions exhibit bidirectional feedback within and between domains. Therefore, individuals experience greater centeredness when thoughts and actions taken in one domain produce minimal conflict with those in other domains.[1]

Centeredness[edit]

An individual’s centeredness reflects the balance within and between the theory’s five domains and suggests greater wellbeing.[1] With each arising instance of chaos (the collapsing of order) in a domain, individuals can develop their behavioral repertoire in response to such challenges.[1][14] The more a person does this, the more they can maintain centeredness despite exposure to trauma and adversity, leading to greater resilience.[1][15][16][17]

Centeredness theory argues that individuals can achieve greater centeredness through goal setting (thought) and goal pursuit (action).[18] When meaningful goals exist in all five domains, greater centeredness is facilitated.[1]

Theoretical Influences[edit]

Several humanistic psychologies, as well as multi-disciplinary and systems-theoretical approaches, inform centeredness theory.[1]

  • Open systems: Centeredness Theory’s five domains are viewed as interconnected systems. Balance or imbalance within one domain can facilitate or inhibit balance in the others.[19][20]
  • Productive orientation: The healthiest and most productive of six character orientations proposed by psychoanalytic theorist, Erich Fromm.[21] With increased centeredness comes a greater drive to be optimally productive across all domains.
  • Self-actualization: The highest level of psychological development in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.[22] As centeredness increases, an individual moves toward greater self-actualization.
  • Individuation: Put forward by Carl Jung, individuation is the process by which individuals recognize their uniqueness.[23] As centeredness increases, individuals increasingly discover this uniqueness of self.
  • Flow: The state of being wholly immersed in a state of energized focus.[24] As centeredness increases, individuals experience an increase in flow states.
  • Sensitive dependence on initial conditions: Drawn from chaos theory and fractal geometry, this principle suggests ‘butterfly effects’ occur within and between domains. According to centeredness theory, seemingly minor actions and thoughts (as well as inaction) can have large-scale, non-linear effects for the individual and the broader environment.[14][25][26]
  • Catastrophe Theory: Argues that self-intensification is inherent in natural systems and that stability in a system is a prerequisite for producing new pathways. An example is when a person leverages stability through stillness to fortify neural networks that support centeredness via mindfulness practice.[27]

Influencing Factors[edit]

Centeredness theory puts forward several factors that facilitate centeredness and characterize those high in centeredness. Centeredness increases when individuals reframe debilitative stress as a positive challenge or opportunity for growth.[28] This is done by leveraging self-awareness and goals to close the gap between a person’s current and ideal state of wellbeing when faced with difficult situations.[1]

Mindfulness practices have also been proposed to indirectly facilitate centeredness via meta-attention (attention to internal emotions and cognitions).[29] This form of attention supports centeredness by bringing receptive, non-judgmental awareness to present-moment experiences that can inform the creation and pursuit of meaningful goals across the five domains. A range of specific goal-setting strategies have also been proposed to aid centeredness.[1]

  • Intrinsically motivated: Goals should be driven by autonomous, intrinsically motivating factors, such as interest and one’s ‘true’ desires. In contrast, extrinsically motivated goals can reduce centeredness due to their basis in external standards (e.g., social status, wealth) rather than those of the self.[18]
  • Approach-oriented: Goals should emphasize a movement toward positive states, such as a desired future. In contrast, avoidance goals emphasize a movement away from negative outcomes and do not necessarily increase centeredness.[30]
  • Value-congruent: Goals should align with the individual’s personal beliefs and values. Goals that do not can misalign with the domain of self and reduce centeredness.[31]
  • Personally relevant: Goals should be personally relevant to an individual’s psychological needs or address demands presented by their environment.

History[edit]

Bloch-Jorgensen put forward a conceptualization of centeredness and draws on principles from philosophy, spirituality, psychology, and the natural sciences to present a new paradigm for mental health and wellbeing.[14] Data from users of MAP across 38 countries were analysed to validate the psychometric properties of the centeredness scale and establish centeredness theory as a mental health paradigm in theory and practice.[1] Since its validation, the theory has been adopted by scientists at the University of Kentucky and Atlanta’s Center for Disease Control to guide clinical interviews and support goal setting among populations suffering from traumatic brain injuries and aphasia.[6][32]

Meta-Analysis Profile[edit]

MAP is a scientifically validated wellbeing assessment and digital health intervention.[7][33] Data from this assessment were used to validate the theoretical principles on which it is based (i.e., Centeredness Theory) and enable further development of the tool.[7] The MAP assessment and intervention in combination enables users to measure and improve their wellbeing.[3]

Its aims are to assess an individual’s current levels of engagement and alignment with values, vision, goals, and purpose. The tool was developed and is distributed by MAP Biotech in Sydney, Australia.[3][34]

The five dimensions of MAP are represented as a geometric pattern of five spheres. The central middle sphere represents the endogenous self, which is surrounded by and overlaps with the four exogenous spheres. Each sphere comprises four subdimensions, reflective of the underlying factor structure of the assessment.[1]

  1. Community: Confidence, sympathy, empathy, and sensitivity.
  2. Family: Care, participation, communication, and receptiveness.
  3. Work: Innovation, supportiveness, engagement, and accountability.
  4. Relationship: Attentiveness, enrichment, connection, and understanding.
  5. Self: Inspiration, contentment, adaptability, and awareness.

Validation studies confirmed that each domain and sub-domain form part of an interconnected whole, whereby balance or imbalance in one domain affects the others.[1]

Applications[edit]

Centeredness theory is currently used as a framework for client-directed goal development in adolescents and adults with traumatic brain injury and aphasia by researchers and clinical practitioners at the University of Kentucky and Atlanta’s Center for Disease Control.[7]

It is applied as part of a "life participation approach to aphasia" (LPAA).[35] This approach aims to support and empower individuals to achieve long-term life goals and re-engage in life activities, reflecting an alternative to medicine’s traditional focus on pathology and risk factors.[36][35] Centeredness theory has been used to guide the development of a motivational interviewing schedule in this field, which explore life aspects that are important to patients and interact across the theory’s five domains.[37]

Centeredness has also been applied in discussions on domestic violence[38] and flourishing in education systems and schools.[3][34]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 Bloch-Jorgensen, Zephyr T.; Cilione, Patrick J.; Yeung, William W. H.; Gatt, Justine M. (2018). "Centeredness Theory: Understanding and Measuring Well-Being Across Core Life Domains". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 610. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00610. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5938389. PMID 29765344.
  2. ↑ Groenewold, Rimke (2021-06-15). "Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families". Aphasiology: 1–8. doi:10.1080/02687038.2021.1937917. ISSN 0268-7038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "IEU NSW / ACT - Wellbeing: The new frontier". IEU NSW / ACT. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  4. ↑ Ryff, Carol D.; Keyes, Corey Lee M. (1995). "The structure of psychological well-being revisited". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69 (4): 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 7473027.
  5. ↑ Maslow, A. H. (1943). "A theory of human motivation". Psychological Review. 50 (4): 370–396. doi:10.1037/h0054346. ISSN 1939-1471.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "ACRM 97th Annual VIRTUAL Conference". www.eventscribe.net. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 NeuRA (2016-04-19). "E-health industry partnership studies (2011-)". NeuRA. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  8. ↑ Meulenbroek, P., & Keegan, L. C. (2021). The life participation approach and social reintegration after traumatic brain injury. In A. Holland & R. J. Elman (Eds.), Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: The Social Imperative in supporting individuals and families (pp. 181–207). Plural Publishing Inc.
  9. ↑ Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families, by A. L. Holland, andR. J. Elman, Plural Publishing, Inc.; 1st edition, June 30, San Diego, CA 2020, $89,95, ISBN 978-1635502954 , Chapter 8
  10. ↑ Groenewold, Rimke (2021-06-15). "Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families". Aphasiology: 1–8. doi:10.1080/02687038.2021.1937917. ISSN 0268-7038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Holland, Audrey L.; Elman, Roberta J. (30 June 2020). Neurogenic Communication Disorders and the Life Participation Approach: The Social Imperative in Supporting Individuals and Families. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63550-289-3. Search this book on
  12. ↑ Bloch-Jorgensen, Zephyr T.; Cilione, Patrick J.; Yeung, William W. H.; Gatt, Justine M. (9 March 2020). "Centeredness Theory Scale". doi:10.1037/t75314-000.
  13. ↑ Kasser, Tim; Ryan, Richard M. (1996). "Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 22 (3): 280–287. doi:10.1177/0146167296223006. ISSN 0146-1672. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Bloch-Jorgensen, Zephyr (25 November 2015). MAP-Living-Centered-Zephyr-Bloch-Jorgensen/dp/1920918086. ISBN 978-1920918088. Search this book on
  15. ↑ "Resilience in Youth and Service Providers". WUN. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  16. ↑ "Resilience: why you need it and how to boost it". SBS News. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  17. ↑ "The Road to Resilience – American Psychological Association" (PDF).
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kasser, Tim; Ryan, Richard M. (1996). "Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 22 (3): 280–287. doi:10.1177/0146167296223006. ISSN 0146-1672. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Wallace, B. Alan; Shapiro, Shauna L. (2006). "Mental balance and well-being: Building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology". American Psychologist. 61 (7): 690–701. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.690. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 17032069.
  20. ↑ Laszlo, Ervin (1996). The Systems View of the World: A Holistic Vision for Our Time (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences). ISBN 1572730536. Search this book on
  21. ↑ "Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  22. ↑ Maslow, A. H. (1943). "A theory of human motivation". Psychological Review. 50 (4): 370–396. doi:10.1037/h0054346. ISSN 1939-1471.
  23. ↑ Schlamm, Leon (2014), "Individuation", in Leeming, David A., Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 866–870, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_329, ISBN 978-1-4614-6086-2, retrieved 2022-07-05 Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play. ASIN 0787951404. Search this book on
  25. ↑ Mandelbrot, Benoit B (1982). The fractal geometry of nature. ISBN 978-0-7167-1186-5. OCLC 7876824. Search this book on
  26. ↑ Peitgen, Heinz-Otto; Jürgens, Hartmut; Saupe, Dietmar (2004). Chaos and Fractals. doi:10.1007/b97624. ISBN 978-1-4684-9396-2. Search this book on
  27. ↑ Thom, Rene (21 January 1994). Structural Stability And Morphogenesis (Advanced Books Classics). ISBN 0201406853. Search this book on
  28. ↑ Folkman, Susan (2013), "Stress: Appraisal and Coping", in Gellman, Marc D.; Turner, J. Rick, Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1913–1915, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215, ISBN 978-1-4419-1005-9, retrieved 2022-07-09
  29. ↑ Loper, Ann B.; Hallahan, Daniel P. (1982-01-01). "Meta-Attention: The Development of Awareness of the Attentional Process". The Journal of General Psychology. 106 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9710970. ISSN 0022-1309.
  30. ↑ Elliot, Andrew J.; Sheldon, Kennon M.; Church, Marcy A. (1997). "Avoidance Personal Goals and Subjective Well-Being". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 23 (9): 915–927. doi:10.1177/0146167297239001. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 29506450. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Sheldon, Kennon M.; Kasser, Tim (1998). "Pursuing Personal Goals: Skills Enable Progress, but Not all Progress is Beneficial". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24 (12): 1319–1331. doi:10.1177/01461672982412006. ISSN 0146-1672. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Groenewold, Rimke (2021-06-15). "Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families". Aphasiology: 1–8. doi:10.1080/02687038.2021.1937917. ISSN 0268-7038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Bloch-Jorgensen, Zephyr T.; Cilione, Patrick J.; Yeung, William W. H.; Gatt, Justine M. (2020-03-09). "Centeredness Theory Scale". doi:10.1037/t75314-000.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Newsletter of The Riverina Anglican College - Issue 8: DIRECTOR OF STUDENTS REPORT". newsletters.naavi.com. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families".
  36. ↑ Groenewold, Rimke (2021-06-15). "Neurogenic communication disorders and the life participation approach: the social imperative in supporting individuals and families". Aphasiology: 1–8. doi:10.1080/02687038.2021.1937917. ISSN 0268-7038. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Sheldon, Kennon M.; Kasser, Tim (1998). "Pursuing Personal Goals: Skills Enable Progress, but Not all Progress is Beneficial". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24 (12): 1319–1331. doi:10.1177/01461672982412006. ISSN 0146-1672. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Ugwuzor, Miebi (2022-05-19). "Violence and Harassment Management: Towards a Workplace Policy on Domestic Violence in Nigeria". International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research. 4 (5): 244–252. doi:10.51594/ijmer.v4i5.334. ISSN 2664-3596. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)


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