Cherokee verbal stem morphology

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Cherokee or Tsalagi (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi [dʒalaˈɡî ɡawónihisˈdî]) is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people.

Its verbs are highly complex and inhibit several stem changes depending on class, tense and person marking. In contrary to Cherokee grammar, which gives an basic overview of suffixes and prefixes, this page will also show vowel length and tone variation and may seem a bit complex to an untrained eye. It does not simply represent the sillabary. All forms given are taken from the Oklahoman Dialect of Cherokee.

Latin Orthography

Consonants

	manner	bilabial	lateral	alveolar	post alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
Nasals	breathy			hn
	voiced	m		n
Plosives	aspirated			t			k	7
	voiced			d			g
Affricates	unvoiced		tl	ts	ch
	voiced		dl		j
Fricates			hl	s		hy	hw	h
Approximants			l			y	w

Some of these consonants do not exist in other varieties, some are not distinguished in the syllabary.

Vowels

	front	mid	back
high	i		u
mid	e	v	o
low	a

In the syllabary dummy vowels are written when writing words that end in some consonants, these are not there in speech.

Tones

short			long
low	mid	high	low	mid	high	rising	falling
è	e	é	èè	ee	éé	eé	ée

Tones are not represented in the syllabary.

For everything that follows from here

Verbal Structure

A Cherokee verb is structured as follows.

VERB
Pronominal Prefix	Stem
	Theme		Tense Suffix
	Base	Theme Suffix

Tense Suffixes

The tense suffixes just delay the meaning of when something is happening, but some are a mix between real tense and mood; the imperatives. As multiple tense suffixes look alike, they are distinguished by theme suffixes for necessity.

Tense:	Immediate Past	Remote Past	Reported Past	Present	Habitual	Present Imperative	Future	Future Imperative	Infinitive
Suffixes:	-a -i -none	-vv́7i -v́v́7i	-éé7i -é7i	-a	-óó7i -ó7i	-a -i -none	-i	-vv7i -v́v́7i	-di
Abbreviation:	IMM	REM	REP	PRE	HAB	PRE.IMP	FUT	FUT.IMP	INF

Theme Suffixes

The theme suffixes are used to distinguish the tenses. They vary from word to word.

Theme Suffix:	1	2	3	4	5
Tenses:	Present	Habitual	Future Imperative Remote Past Reported Past Future	Immediate Past Present Imperative	Infinitive

Verb Bases

Each Cherokee verb consists of seven different bases used for different tenses.

Verb Base:	1	2	3a	3b	4a	4b	5
Theme Suffix:	1	2	3		4		5
Tenses:	Present	Habitual	Future Imperative Remote Past Reported Past	Future	Immediate Past	Present Imperative	Infinitive

Example Verb "to greet someone" -yo-li-

This example shows that in most cases several bases and theme suffixes are identical.

Verb Base:	1	2	3a	3b	4a	4b	5
	yóóli		yoólíi	yóólìì	yoólí	yooli	yoólíi
Theme Suffix:	1	2	3		4		5
	-h-		-l-		-g-		-s-

"hii-yóoli-h-óó7i" (2S>3S-to_greetTC_BASE2-THEME_SUFFIX2-HAB) "You always greet him"

"hii-yoólíi-l-vv7i" (2S>3S-to_greetTC_BASE3a-THEME_SUFFIX3-FUT.IMP) "Greet him later!"

Pronouns

Abbreviations

English Equivalent	Abbreviation
I	1s
you	2s
he/she/it	3s
we two (I and thou)	Id
we two (without thee)	Ed
you two	2d
we (We and you)	Ip
we (without you)	Ep
you people	2p
they	3p

Pronouns can induce additional changes to the base and vary according to the class AND the tense of the verb they are prefixed to.

Verb Classes

There are different verb classes like there are different conjugational patterns in Spanish. They are sorted first into transitive 'T' versus intransitive 'I', then into consonant 'C' or vowel 'V' base initial. Afterwards the groups are numbered. Differences lie mainly in the shape of the pronominal prefixes. Thus there are TC, TV, IC and IV groups. The 'de-' prefix denotes plurality (but also the dual number), it may be given separately to show how it surfaces when in use. Some verbs use different classes with different tenses.

IC Classes (10)

Class IC1a and IC1b are identical, but IC1b does not denote de- prefixes. Both may have different forms if the corresponding stem is one-syllabic, these and the inducing stem tense are marked in italic.

IC1a + IC1b (no de- forms)	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	FUT	REM+REP	INF
1s	ji-	jí-	da-ji-	ààgi-	agi-
2s	hi-		ti-	ja-
3s	ga-	wi-ga- wi-gá-	da-ga-	ùù-	uu- u-
Id	ììnii- ììnií- déé-nií-	ììnií- d-ììnií-	dàà-nií- doo-dáa-nií	ginii- deé-gínií-	ginii- gini- di-ginii-
Ed	òòsdii- òòsdií- d-òòsdií-	w-oósdíí- wi-d-oósdíí-	day-oósdíí- doo-day-oósdií-	òòginii d-òòginií-	oginii- ogini- j-ooginii-
2d	sdii- sdií- deé-sdíí-	sdii- sdií- di-sdií-	da-sdií- doo-da-sdíí-	sdii- deé-sdíí-	sdii- sdi- di-sdii-
Ip	ììdii- ììdií- déé-dií-	ììdií- d-ììdií-	dàà-dií- doo-dáa-dií-	ììgii- déé-gií-	ììgii- ììgi- d-ììgii-
Ep	òòjii- òòjií- d-òòjií-	w-oójíí- wi-d-oójíí	day-oójíí- doo-day-óójií-	òògii- d-òògií-	oogii- oogi- j-oogii-
2p	ììjii- ììjií- déé-jií-	ììjii- ììjií- d-ììjií-	dàà-jií- doo-dáa-jií-	ììjii- déé-jií-	ììjii- ììji- d-ììjii-
3p	àànii- àànií- d-ààniì-	w-aníí- wi-d-aníí-	dvv́-níí- doo-dvv́-níí-	ùùnii- d-ùùnií-	uunii- uuni- j-uunii-

IC2	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	REM+REP	INF	FUT
1s	ji-		ààgi-	agi-	da-ji-
2s	hi-		ja-		tí-
3s	ga-	wi-gá-	ùù-	u-	da-gá
Id	ììni-	ììnií-	gini-		dàà-nií-
Ed	òòsdi-	w-oósdí-	òògini-	oogini-	day-oósdí
2d	sdi-				da-sdií-
Ip	ììdi-	ììdií-	ììgi-		dàà-dií-
Ep	òòji-	w-oójí-	òògi-	oogi-	day-oóji-
2p	ììji-				dàà-jií-
3p	ààni-	w-aníí-	ùùni-	uuni-	dvv́-ní-

IC3	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	INF	FUT	REM+REP
1s	jí-		agi-	da-jí-	ààgí-
2s	hí-	hi-	ja-	tí-	já-
3s	gá-	wi-gá-	u-	da-gá-	ù-
Id	ììní-		gini-	dàà-ní-	?
Ed	òòsdí-	w-oósdí-	oogini-	day-oósdí-	?
2d	sdí-	sdi-		da-sdí-	?
Ip	ììdí-		ììgi-	dàà-dí-	?
Ep	òòjí-	w-oójí-	oogi-	day-oójí-	?
2p	ììjí-	ììji-		dàà-jí-	?
3p	ààní-	w-aní-	uuni-	dvv́-ní-	?

Class IC4 and IC5 are identical if not for some forms, these (of IC5) are marked italic.

IC4 + IC5	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jii- jìì-	ààgii-	agii-	jií- jìì- jíi-	da-jií-
2s	hii-	jaa-			tií-
3s	gaa-	ùùwaa-	uwaa-	wi-gaá-	da-gaá-
Id	ììnii-	ginii-			dàà-nií-
Ed	òòsdii-	òòginii-	ooginii-	w-oósdíí-	day-oósdíí-
2d	sdii-				da-sdií-
Ip	ììdii-	ììgii-		ììdií-	dàà-dií-
Ep	òòjii-	òògii-	oogii-	w-oójìì-	day-oójíí-
2p	ììjii-			ììjii- ììjií-	dàà-jií-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii-	uunii-	w-aníí	dvv́-níí-

Class 6a and 6b are also almost identical, only the 1SgPreImp-prefix is different for 6b (marked in italic).

IC6a and IC6b	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	REM+REP	INF	FUT
1s	ji-	jí- ji-	ààgi-	agi-	da-ji-
2s	hi-		ja-		ti-
3s	àà-	w-a-	ùù-	uu-	dvv́-
Id	ììnii-	ììnií-	ginii-		dàà-nií-
Ed	òòsdii-	w-oósdíí-	òòginii-	ooginii-	day-oósdíí-
2d	sdii-				da-sdií
Ip	ììdii-	ììdií-	ììgii-		dàà-dií-
Ep	òòjii-	w-oójíí-	òògii-	oogii-	day-oójíí-
2p	ììjii-				dàà-jií-
3p	àànii-	w-aníí-	ùùnii-	uunii-	dvv́-níí

For IC6a and IC6b there are some irregularities depending on the phonological context.

Tense:	IMM		PRE.IMP	FUT.IMP	REM/REP	FUT	FUT	INF
Conditions on the verb stem/base:	monosyllabic		monosyllabic	intrusive -7-	intrusive -7-	initial h-/7- alternation	monosyllabic & intrusive -7-	monosyllabic
	a	b
1s	ji-	jí-			ààgí-	da-jí-		agi-
2s	hi-	hí-	hi-	hí-	já-	tí-		ja-
3s	àà-		w-á-	à-	ù-	dvv́-	dv́-	u-
Id	ììnií-			ììní-	giní-	dàà-nií	dàà-ní	gini-
Ed	òòsdií-		w-oósdíí-	òòsdí-	òòginí-	day-oósdíí-	day-oósdí-	oogini-
2d	sdií-			sdí-		da-sdií-	da-sdí-	sdi-
Ip	ììdií-			ììdí-	ììgí-	dàà-dií-	dàà-dí-	ììgi-
Ep	òòjií-		w-oójíí-	òòjí-	òògí-	day-oójíí-	day-oójí	oogi-
2p	ììjií-			ììjí-		dàà-jií-	dàà-jí-	ììji-
3p	àànií-		w-aníí-	ààní-	ùùní-	dvv́-níí-	dvv́-ní-	uuni-

IC7	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	REM+REP	INF	FUT
1s	jìì-	jíi-	ààgi-	agi-	da-jíi-
2s	hi		ja-		ti
3s	àà-	w-a-	ùù-	uu-	dvv́-
Id	ììnii-	ììnií-	ginii-		dàà-nií
Ed	òòsdii-	w-oósdíí-	òòginii-	ooginii-	day-oósdíí-
2d	sdii-				da-sdií-
Ip	ììdii-	ììdií-	ììgii-		dàà-dií-
Ep	òòjii-	w-oójíí-	òògii-	oogii-	day-oójíí-
2p	ììjii-				dàà-jií-
3p	àànii-	w-aníí-	ùùnii-	uunii-	dvv́-níí-

Some IC7 verb bases trigger special forms.

Tense:	REM/REP	INF	REM/REP
Conditions on the verb stem/base:	initial hl-		initial 7-
1s	ààg-	ag-	jì-
2s	ts-		hi-
3s	ùù-		àà-
Id	ginii-		ììnii-
Ed	òòginii-	ooginii-	òòsdii-
2d	sdii-
Ip	ììgii-		ììdii-
Ep	òògii-	oogii-	òòjii-
2p	ììjii-
3p	ùùnii-	uunii-	àànii-

Class IC8 has unusually few forms, though there are some alternations on the prefix if the present stem is monosyllabic (shown in italic).

IC8	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	FUT	REM+REP	PRE.IMP	INF
1s	ààgi- ààgí-			ji-	?
2s	ja- já-			hi-
3s	ùù- uú-			wi-ga-
Id	ginii- ginií-			iinii-
Ed	òòginii- òòginií-			w-oosdii-
2d	sdii- sdií-			sdii-
Ip	ììgii- ììgií-			iidii-
Ep	òògii- òògií-			w-oojii-
2p	ììjii- ììjií-			iijii-
3p	ùùnii- ùùnií-			w-anii-

IV Classes (3)

If an IV class prefix ends in a vowel, this usually means it deletes the initial vowel of the stem.

IV1	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	PRE.IMP	INF	FUT
1s	g-	ààgw-	g-	agw-	da-g-
2s	h-	j-	h-	j-	t-
3s	àà-	ùù-	w-	uu-	dvv́-
Id	ììn- déé-n-	gin- dee-gín-	ììn- d-ììn-	gin- di-gin-	dàà-n- doo-dáa-n-
Ed	òòsd- d-òòsd-	òògin- d-òògin-	w-oósd- wi-d-oósd-	oogin- j-oogin-	day-oósd- doo-day-oósd-
2d	sd- dee-sd-		sd- di-sd-		da-sd- doo-da-st-
Ip	ììd- déé-d-	ììg- déé-g-	ììd- d-ììd-	ììg- d-ììg-	dàà-d- doo-dáa-d-
Ep	òòj- d-òòj-	òòg- d-òòg-	w-oój- wi-d-oój-	oog- j-oog-	day-oój- doo-day-óój-
2p	ììj- déé-j-		ììj- d-ììj-		dàà-j- doo-dáa-j-
3p	ààn- d-ààn-	ùùn- d-ùùn-	w-an- wi-d-an-	uun- j-uun-	dvv́-n- doo-dvv́-n-

Class IV2 has some alternate forms if 1. the stem begins with -o- and 2. if the stem begins with -v-.

IV2	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	PRE.IMP	INF	FUT
1s	g-	ààgw-	g-	agw-	da-g-
2s	h-	j-	h-	j-	t-
3s	g-	ùù- ùùw- ùùwaa-	wi-g-	uu- uw- uwaa	da-g-
Id	ììn- déé-n-	gin- deé-gín-	ììn- d-ììn-	gin- di-gin-	d-ààn doo-d-áan-
Ed	òòsd- d-òòsd-	òògin- d-òògin-	w-oósd- wi-d-oósd-	oogin- j-oogin-	day-oósd- doo-day-óósd-
2d	sd- deé-sd-		sd- di-sd-		da-sd- doo-da-sd-
Ip	ììd- déé-d-	ììg- déé-g-	ììd- d-ììd-	ììg- d-ììg-	dàà-d- doo-dáa-d-
Ep	òòj- d-òòj-	òòg- d-òòg-	w-oój- wi-d-oój-	oog- j-oog-	day-oój- doo-day-óój-
2p	ììj- déé-j-		ììj- d-ììj-		dàà-j- doo-dáa-j
3p	ààn- d-ààn-	ùùn- d-ùùn-	w-an- wi-d-an-	uun- j-uun-	dvv́-n- doo-dvv́-n-

IV3	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	PRE.IMP	INF	FUT
1s	ààgw-		w-agw-	agw-	dvv́-gw-
2s	j-				da-j-
3s	ùù-		w-uú-	uu-	day-uú-
Id	gin-				da-gin-
Ed	òògin-		w-oógín-	oogin-	day-oógín-
2d	sd-				da-sd-
Ip	ììg-				dàà-g-
Ep	òòg-		w-oóg-	oog-	day-oóg-
2p	ììj-				dàà-j-
3p	ùùn-		w-uún-	uun-	day-uún-

TC Classes (7)

TC1	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jii-			jií-	da-jií-
2s	hii-				tií-
3s	ga-	ùù-	uu-	wi-ga-	da-ga-
Id	èènii-		eenii-	eéníí-	day-eéníí-
Ed	òòsdii-		oosdii-	w-oósdíí-	day-oósdíí-
2d	èèsdii-		eesdii-		day-eésdíí-
Ip	èèdii-		eedii-	eédíí-	day-eédíí-
Ep	òòjii-		oojii-	w-oójíí-	day-oójíí-
2p	èèjii-		eejii-		day-eéjíí-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii-	uunii-	w-aníí-	dvv́-níí-

TC2	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	PRE.IMP	INF	FUT	REM+REP
1s	jìì-	jíi-	ji-	da-jíi-	jì-
2s	hìì-	hì-	hi-	tíi-	hì-
3s	ga-	wi-ga-	uu-	da-ga-	ùù-
Id	èènìì-	eéníi-	eenì-	day-eéníi-	èènì-
Ed	òòsdìì-	w-oósdíi-	oosdì-	day-oósdíi-	òòsdì-
2d	èèsdìì-	eesdì-		day-eésdíi-	èèsdì-
Ip	èèdìì-	eédíi-	eedì-	day-eédíi-	èèdì-
Ep	òòjìì-	w-oójíi-	oojì-	day-oójíi-	òòjì-
2p	èèjìì-	eejì-		day-eéjíi-	èèjì-
3p	àànii-	w-aníí-	uunii-	dvv́-níí-	ùùnii-

TC3	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jii-			jií-	da-jií-
2s	hii-				tií-
3s	àà-	ùù-	uu-	w-a-	dvv́-
Id	èènii-		eenii-	eéníí-	day-eéníí-
Ed	òòsdii-		oosdii-	w-oósdíí-	day-oósdíí-
2d	èèsdii-		eesdii-		day-eésdíí-
Ip	èèdii-		eedii-	eédíí-	day-eédíí-
Ep	òòjii-		oojii-	w-oójíí-	day-oójíí-
2p	èèjii-		eejii-		day-eéjíí-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii-	uunii-	w-aníí-	dvv́-níí-

TC4	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jii-yàà-			jií-yáa-	da-jií-yáa-
2s	hii-yàà-				tií-yáa-
3s	gaa-	ùù-waa-	u-waa-	wi-gaá-	da-gaá-
Id	èènìì-		eenìì-	eéníi-	day-eéníi-
Ed	òòsdìì-		oosdìì-	w-oósdíi-	day-oósdíi-
2d	èèsdìì-		eesdìì-		day-eésdíi-
Ip	èèdìì-		eedìì-	eédíi-	day-eédíi-
Ep	òòjìì-		oojìì-	w-oójíi-	day-oójíi-
2p	èèjìì-		eejìì-		day-eéjíi-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii-	uunii-	w-aníí-	dvv́-níí-

TC5	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jìì-			jíi-	da-jíi-
2s	hìì-				tíi-
3s	àà-	ùù-	uu-	w-a-	dvv́-
Id	èènìì-		eenìì-	eéníi-	da-y-eéníi-
Ed	òòsdìì-		oosdìì-	w-oósdíi-	da-y-oósdíi-
2d	èèsdìì-		eesdìì-		da-y-eésdíi-
Ip	èèdìì-		eedìì-	eédíi-	da-y-eédíi-
Ep	òòjìì-		oojìì-	w-oójíi	da-y-oójíi-
2p	èèjìì-		eejìì-		da-y-eéjíi-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii	uunii-	w-aníí-	dvv́-níí-

TC6	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jì-			jíi-	da-jíi-
2s	hì-				tíi-
3s	ga-	ùù-	uu-	wi-ga-	da-ga-
Id	èènì-		eenì-	eéníi-	day-eéníi-
Ed	òòsdì-		oosdì-	w-oósdíi-	day-oósdíi-
2d	èèsdì-		eesdì-		day-eésdíi-
Ip	èèdì-		eedì-	eédíi-	day-eédíi-
Ep	òòjì-		oojì-	w-oójíi-	day-oójíi-
2p	èèjì-		eejì-		day-eéjì-
3p	àànii-	ùùnii-	uunii-	w-aníí-	dvv́-níí-

TC7	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	ji-			jí-	da-jí-
2s	hi-				tí-
3s	gá-	ù-	u-	wi-gá-	da-gá-
Id	èèni-		eeni-	eéní-	day-eéní-
Ed	òòsdi-		oosdi-	w-oósdí-	day-oósdí-
2d	èèsdi-		eesdi-		day-eésdí-
Ip	èèdi-		eedi-	eédí-	day-eédí-
Ep	òòji-		ooji-	w-oójí-	day-oójí-
2p	èèji-		eeji-		day-eéjí-
3p	ààni-	ùùni-	uuni-	w-aní-	dvv́-ní-

TV Classes (3)

If a TV Class prefix ends in a vowel, this usually means it deletes the initial vowel of the stem. All TV Class are mostly identical, differing TV2 forms will be given in italic, differing TV3 forms in bold. Class TV3 prefixes may also have a second form if the stem begins with a -v-, these will be given in a combination of bold and italic.

TV1	PRE+HAB+IMM+FUT.IMP	REM+REP	INF	PRE.IMP	FUT
1s	jii-y-			jíi-y-	da-jií-y-
2s	hii-y-				tií-y-
3s	àà- g-	ùù- ùù-waa-	uu- u-waa-	w- wa- wi-g-	dvv́- da-g-
Id	èèn-		een-	eén-	day-eén-
Ed	òòsd-		oosd-	w-oósd-	day-oósd-
2d	èèsd-		eesd-		day-eésd-
Ip	èèd-		eed-	eéd-	day-eéd-
Ep	òòj-		ooj-	w-oój-	day-oój-
2p	èèj-		eej-		day-eéj-
3p	aán- ààhn- ààn-	ùùn- ùùhn-	uun- uhn-	w-an- w-áhn-	dvv́-n- dv́v-hn-

Transitive Prefixes

The prefixes of the TV and TC classes simply imply a third person object, for the prefixes denoting objects other than that, the following simplicised table without tones will show the basic forms. Vowel length and tones must be taken from the respective classes. The first form given will be for TC and the second for TV classes. The forms differ for if the object is animate (A) or inanimate (I). Many forms are identical.

Object -> Subject | v	1s	Ed	Ep	Id	Ip	2s	2d	2p	3s A	3s I	3p A	3p I
1s						gv- gv-y-	sdv- sdv-y-	ijv- ijv-y-	ji- ji-y-	ji- g-	ga-ji- ga-ji-y-	de-ji- de-g-
Ed						sdv- sdv-y-			osdi- osd-		g-osdi- g-osd-	d-osdi- d-osd-
Ep						ijv- ijv-y-			oji- oj-		g-oji- g-oj-	d-oji- d-oj-
Id									eni- en-	ini- in-	g-eni- g-en-	de-ni- de-n-
Ip									edi- ed-	idi- id-	g-edi- g-ed-	de-di- de-d-
2s	sgi- sgw-	sgini- sgin-	isgi- isgi-y-						hi- hi-y-	hi- h-	ga-hi- ga-hi-y-	de-hi- de-h-
2d	sgini- sgin-								esdi- esd-	sdi- sd-	g-esdi- g-esd-	de-sdi- de-sd-
2p	isgi- isgi-y-								eji- ej-	iji- ij-	g-eji- g-ej-	de-ji- de-j-
3s	agi- agw-	ogini- ogin-	ogi- og-	gini- gin-	igi- ig-	ja- j-	sdi- sd-	iji- ij-	a-\ u- ga-\ uw- g- \		de-gi- de-g-
3p	gv-gi- gv-gw-	g-ogini- g-ogin-	g-ogi- g-og-	ge-gini- ge-gin-	ge-gi- ge-g-	ge-ji- ge-j-	ge-sdi ge-sd-	ge-ji- ge-j-	ani- \ uni- an- \ un-

List of Verbs

bend something -> IC7

Tense	Base	Theme Suffix	Tense Suffix
PRE	-hyvh.gwi.dv-	´-7vs.g-	-a
HAB			-óó.7i
IMM		´-7v̀.g-	-a
FUT.IMP		´-v.n-	-vv7i
REM			-vv́.7i
REP			-éé.7i
PRE.IMP		-7v̀v̀.g-	-a
INF		`-v̀-	-di
FUT	-hyv́h.gwi.dv-	`-v̀.n-	-i

This article "Cherokee verbal stem morphology" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Cherokee verbal stem morphology. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

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