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Comparison of crewed space vehicles

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

A number of different spacecraft have been used to carry people to and from outer space.

Table code key

Spacecraft under development
Spacecraft is operational
Retired spacecraft
double-dagger Payload To / From the ISS
§ Crewed (Uncrewed)
[Includes failures]

Orbital and interplanetary space vehicles

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Range Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Recovery method Payload (kg) double-dagger First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
Mercury  USA McDonnell Aircraft
North American Aviation 		LEO
attained 		Redstone MRLV
Atlas LV-3B 		1 3.34 1.89 1,400 Batteries Parachute splashdown (one drogue, one main) 1961 (1960) 1963 6
(12)[note 1]
Gemini  USA McDonnell Aircraft
Martin 		LEO Titan II GLV
Titan IIIC[note 2] 		2 5.56 3.05 3,790 Fuel cells Parachute splashdown (one drogue, one main) 1965 (1964) 1966 10
(2)[note 3]
Apollo  USA North American Aviation
Grumman and Douglas 		Lunar Saturn IB
Saturn V 		3 8.5 3.91 5,500 CM + 14,700 LM +
24,500 Service Module 		Fuel cells Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots, three mains) 1967 (1966) 1975 15
(4)[note 3]
Space Shuttle orbiter  USA Rockwell International LEO Space Shuttle 8[note 4] 37.24 4.8[note 5] 109,000 Fuel cells Runway landing (with one pilot and one drogue chute from mid-1990s) 12,500/16,000 1981 2011 135[note 6]
Soyuz 7K-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz
Soyuz-U 		2 7.48 2.72 6,830 Batteries Parachute landing 1973 1981 26 (4)[note 7]
Voskhod  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Voskhod 3[note 8] 5 2.4 5,682 Batteries Parachute landing 1964 (1964) 1965 2 (3)
Vostok  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO
first 		Vostok-K 1 4.4 2.43 4,725 Batteries Parachute landing 1961 (1960) 1963 6 (7)[note 9]
Soyuz 7K-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 6,560 Solar panels Parachute landing 1967 (1966) 1970 8 (8)[note 10]
Soyuz 7KT-OK  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 3 7.48 2.72 6,790 Solar panels Parachute landing 1971 1971 2[note 11]
Soyuz 7K-T-AF  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz 2 7.48 2.72 6,570 Solar panels Parachute landing 1973 1973 1
Soyuz 7K-TM  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 6,570 Solar panels Parachute landing 1974 1975 2 (2)
Soyuz 7K-MF6  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U 2 7.48 2.72 6,510 Solar panels Parachute landing 1976 1976 1
Soyuz-T  Soviet Union OKB-1 LEO Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U2 		3 7.48 2.72 6,850 Solar panels Parachute landing 1978 1986 15 (6)[note 12]
Soyuz-TM  Soviet Union
 Russia 		RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U 		3 7.48 2.72 7,250 Solar panels Parachute landing 1986 2002 33 (1)
Buran  Soviet Union RKK Energia LEO Energia 10 36.37 4.65 [note 13] 105,000 Fuel cells Runway landing with three drogue chutes 30,000 [note 14] N/A (1988) (1988) 0 (1)
Soyuz-TMA
11F732 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,250 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2002 2012 22
Soyuz TMA-M
11F747 		 Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-FG 3 7.48 2.72 7,150 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2010 2016 19
Shenzhou  China China Academy of Space Technology LEO Chang Zheng 2F 3 9.25 2.80 7,840 Solar panels Parachute landing 2003 (1999) Active 12 (5)
Soyuz MS
  Russia RKK Energia LEO Soyuz-2.1a 3 7.48 2.72 7,080 Solar panels Parachute landing with retrorockets 2016 Active 22 (2)
Crew Dragon  USA SpaceX LEO Falcon 9 4[1] 8.1[2] 3.7[3] 12,055[4] Solar Panels Parachute splashdown (two drogues, four mains), propulsive landing or splashdown for emergencies[5] 3,307/2,507 2020 (2019) Active 19 (1)
CST-100 Starliner  USA Boeing LEO Atlas V 7 [note 15][6] 5.03 [7] 4.56 [7] 13,000 Solar panels Parachute landing (two forward cover chutes, two drogues, three pilots and three mains) with airbags 2024 (2019) Active 1 (2)
Orion  USA Lockheed Martin
Astrium 		Lunar, Mars Space Launch System 4[note 16] 3.3 5 8,900 capsule +
12,300 service module 		Solar panels Parachute splashdown (two drogues, three pilots and three mains) 2025 (2014) Active 1 (2)[note 17]
Mengzhou  China China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation LEO, Lunar Long March 10 7 8.8 4.5 21,600 Solar panels 2026 (2020) Testing 0
(1)
Gaganyaan  India Indian Space Research Organization LEO GSLV Mk III 3 7 3.5 7,800 Solar Panels Parachute splashdown (with drogues and mains) (Planned: 2024) Planned 0
Starship  USA SpaceX Solar System[8][note 18] Starship 100 [note 19] 55 [8] 9 [8][note 20] 1,335,000 [8] Solar Panels Propulsive landing (booster stage caught by mechanical arms on the launch tower when landing on launch site) 2023[9] Testing 0 (11)
Orel
  Russia RKK Energia LEO,Lunar Irtysh (rocket)
Angara A5 		6 6.1 37,478 Solar panels (Planned: 2028) Planned 0
Dream Chaser  USA Sierra Nevada Corporation LEO Vulcan Centaur 7 [10][11] 9 [12] 7 [note 21] 11,300 [13] Solar panels Runway landing TBA Planned 0
Biconic Space Vehicle  USA Blue Origin LEO New Glenn 7 98 7 TBA Planned 0
Nyx  Germany  France The Exploration Company LEO,Lunar Ariane 6 or Falcon 9 4 8,000 Solar panels 4,000 LEO, 2,000 Lunar TBA Planned 0

Suborbital space vehicles

Spacecraft Origin Manufacturer Altitude Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system Generated power (W) Recovery method First spaceflight § Last spaceflight Flights §
SpaceShipOne  USA Scaled Composites 112 km
X Prize 		White Knight
Hybrid Motor 		1 8.53 8.05 3,600 Batteries Runway landing 2004 2004 3[note 22]
X-15  USA North American Aviation 108 km
altitude 		B-52
Ammonia-LOX 		1 15.45 6.8 15,420 Two 28 volt-300 amp DC generators Runway landing 1963[note 23] 1963 2[note 24]
SpaceShipTwo  USA Virgin Galactic 90 km White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo 		8[note 25] 18.3 8.3 9,740 Batteries Runway landing December 13, 2018 2024 2[note 26]
New Shepard  USA Blue Origin 119 km New Shepard
BE-3 		6 18 3.7 75,000 [note 27] Batteries Parachute landing (three drogues, three mains) with retrorockets 2021
(2015) 		14 (34)
Spica Rocket  Denmark Copenhagen Suborbitals 105 km BPM100 1 13 1 4,100 Batteries Parachute splashdown Planned Early Development 0

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Including 2 suborbital flights, not including boilerplate tests
  2. ↑ One uncrewed launch on Titan IIIC ahead of proposed use in MOL programme
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Not including boilerplate tests
  4. ↑ No missions carried more than eight astronauts, although higher crew sizes were theoretically possible, for example recovering the crew of a stranded orbiter.
  5. ↑ Wingspan 23.79m
  6. ↑ Includes two fatal accidents; STS-51-L disintegrated during ascent, STS-107 damaged during ascent, disintegrated during reentry.
  7. ↑ Crewed flights include one launch failure - abort during third stage flight, recovered after suborbital flight
  8. ↑ Able to carry three cosmonauts without spacesuits, or two with spacesuits; both combinations flown
  9. ↑ Uncrewed flight count includes two launch failures
  10. ↑ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 1 lost due to parachute failure upon landing.
  11. ↑ Crewed flights include one fatal in-flight failure; Soyuz 11 depressurised during reentry.
  12. ↑ Crewed flights include one launch failure (SAS (launch escape system) used ~70 seconds before planned liftoff due to fire on launch pad - crew survived)
  13. ↑ Wingspan 23.92m
  14. ↑ planned payload, never used
  15. ↑ Each mission in the Commercial Crew Program will send up to four astronauts to the ISS
  16. ↑ Originally set to launch up to 6 astronauts, when designed for transportation of crew to the ISS under the Constellation Program
  17. ↑ Including uncrewed test in 2014
  18. ↑ Designed to land almost everywhere in the Solar System
  19. ↑ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
  20. ↑ Plus delta wings
  21. ↑ Including wings
  22. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  23. ↑ Does not include only-U.S.-recognized spaceflights
  24. ↑ Does not include atmospheric flights, or missions considered spaceflights by the US definition but not the FAI's definition
  25. ↑ 2 crew + 6 passengers
  26. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  27. ↑ to date only 45,000

See also

References

  1. ↑ Clark, Stephen (7 December 2019). "After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020. 'With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us". Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX's Crew Dragon ready for first test flight – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  5. ↑ McCrea, Aaron (2024-10-10). "Dragon receives long-planned propulsive landing upgrade after years of development". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  6. ↑ Reichhardt, Tony (August 2018). "Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  9. ↑ Wattles, Jackie; Strickland, Ashley (April 20, 2023). "SpaceX's Starship rocket lifts off for inaugural test flight, but explodes midair". CNN. Archived from the original on April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2012-08-29. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2012-08-29. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.


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