Decolonization of Europe

The decolonization of Europe occurred after World War II. Nations in Europe achieved independence by either transitioning from British rule to Dominion status then to full independence or directly by decolonisation.

Country^[1]	Colonial name	Colonial power^[2]	Independence declared^[3]	First head of state^[4]	War for independence
France	Unification as Francia		486^[5]	Clovis I	-^[6]
Denmark	Unification as the Kingdom of Denmark		700s^[7]	Gorm the Old^[8]	-^[9]
Andorra	Paréage of Andorra 1278 signed		8 September 1278	Roger-Bernard III Pere d'Urtx	-
Austria	Ferdinand I is elected King of Bohemia and Hungary		16-17 December 1526^[10]	Ferdinand I	Battle of Mohács^[11]
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	Holy Roman Empire	12 July 1806	Johann I Joseph	War of the Third Coalition
Luxembourg	Forêts	French Empire	15 March 1815^[12]	Adolphe^[13]	Hundred Days
Greece	Ottoman Greece	Ottoman Empire	25 March 1822^[14]	Alexandros Mavrokordatos	Greek War of Independence^[15]
Belgium	Antwerp East Flanders Hainaut Limburg Liège Namur South Brabant West Flanders	United Kingdom of the Netherlands	25 August 1830^[16]	Leopold I	Belgian Revolution^[17]
Monaco	History of Monaco	Second French Empire	1861	Charles III	-
Italy	Unification as Kingdom of Italy		17 March 1861	Victor Emmanuel II	Expedition of the Thousand
Bulgaria	Ottoman Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	5 October 1908^[18]	Alexander I	April Uprising
Albania	Ottoman Albania	Ottoman Empire	28 November 1912^[19]	Ismail Qemali	Albanian revolt of 1912^[20]
Ireland	Ireland	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland	24 April 1916	Éamon de Valera	Irish War of Independence^[21]
Finland	Grand Duchy of Finland	Russian Empire	6 December 1917	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	Finnish Civil War
Alash Autonomy^[22]	Russian Turkestan		13 December 1917	Alikhan Bukeikhanov	Russian Civil War^[23]
Belarusian People's Republic	Northwestern Krai		25 March 1918	Jan Sierada
Democratic Republic of Georgia^[22]	Caucasus Viceroyalty		26 March 1918	Noe Ramishvili
First Republic of Armenia^[24]			28 May 1918	Hovhannes Kajaznuni	Armenian national liberation movement^[23]
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic^[22]			28 May 1918	Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh	Russian Civil War^[23]
Iceland	Iceland	Denmark	1 December 1918^[25]	Jón Magnússon	-^[26]
Hungary	Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen	Austria-Hungary	4 June 1920	Miklós Horthy	World War I^[27]
Cyprus^[24]	British Cyprus	British Empire	16 August 1960	Makarios III	-^[28]
Malta	Crown Colony of Malta	British Empire	21 September 1964	George Borg Olivier	-^[29]
Lithuania	Northwestern Krai File:Flag of Lithuanian SSR.svg Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic	Russian Empire Soviet Union	16 February 1918 11 March 1990^[30]	Antanas Smetona Algirdas Brazauskas	Lithuanian Wars of Independence^[31]
Latvia	File:Livonian colours.svg Governorate of Livonia Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic	Russian Empire Soviet Union	18 November 1918 4 May 1990^[30]	Kārlis Ulmanis Guntis Ulmanis	Latvian War of Independence^[31]
Belarus	Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic	Soviet Union	27 July 1990	Stanislav Shushkevich	-^[32]
Georgia^[22]	File:Flag of Georgian SSR.svg Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic	Soviet Union	9 April 1991	Zviad Gamsakhurdia	-^[33]
Croatia	Socialist Republic of Croatia	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	25 June 1991	Franjo Tuđman	Croatian War of Independence
Estonia	File:Eestimaa värvid.svg Governorate of Estonia Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic	Russian Empire Soviet Union	24 February 1918 20 August 1991^[30]	Konstantin Päts Lennart Meri	Estonian War of Independence^[31]
Moldova	Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic	Soviet Union	27 August 1991	Mircea Snegur	-^[32]
Macedonia	Socialist Republic of Macedonia	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	8 September 1991	Kiro Gligorov	-^[34]
Armenia^[24]	Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic	Soviet Union	21 September 1991	Levon Ter-Petrosyan	-^[32]
Azerbaijan^[22]	File:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR.svg Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic		18 October 1991	Ayaz Mutallibov	-^[35]
Kazakhstan^[22]	Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic		16 December 1991	Nursultan Nazarbayev	-^[32]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	File:Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svgSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	1 March 1992	Alija Izetbegović	Bosnian War
Czech Republic	Czech Socialist Republic	Czechoslovak Socialist Republic	1 January 1993	Václav Havel	-^[36]
Montenegro	Republic of Montenegro	Serbia and Montenegro	21 May 2006	Filip Vujanović	-^[37]

References

↑ Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly or where the current state is formed by merger of previously decolonized states.
↑ Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and United Nations trust territories.
↑ Date of decolonization. Dates for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes. Subsequent mergers, secessions and civil and other wars in the period after decolonization and the resulting states and federations are not part of this list - see the list of sovereign states by formation date.
↑ First head of state after independence. For current and former Commonwealth realms instead of first head of state is listed the first head of government.
↑ Between 1940 and 1944, France was occupied by Nazi Germany and was administered under the name Military Administration in France.
↑ See the French Resistance and Free France for the restoration of French sovereignty.
↑ Between 1940 and 1945, Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany.
↑ First king to be historically verified.
↑ See the Danish resistance movement for the restoration of Danish sovereignty.
↑ Between 1938 and 1945, Austria was annexed into Nazi Germany until World War II. It was later occupied by the Allies until 1955 after declaring permanent neutrality.
↑ See the Austrian Resistance for the restoration of Austrian sovereignty.
↑ From 1815 to 1890, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was in a personal union with the Netherlands until the death of William III. Luxembourg was later occupied by Germany in both World War I and World War II.
↑ First Grand Duke not to be the King of Netherlands.
↑ Between 1941 and 1944, Greece was occupied by the Axis under the name Hellenic State.
↑ See the Greek Resistance for the restoration of Greek sovereignty.
↑ In both World War I and World War II, Belgium was occupied by Germany. During World War II, Belgium was ruled under the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France.
↑ See the Yser Front for the restoration of Belgian sovereignty under World War I and the Belgian Resistance for the restoration of Belgian sovereignty under World War II.
↑ de facto 3 March 1878
↑ Albania has been occupied by Italy twice in the periods of 1917-1920 and 1939-1943. After the second occupation by Italy, it was then occupied by Nazi Germany until 1944.
↑ See Vlora War for restoration of Albanian sovereignty during the first period of occupation, and the Albanian Resistance for restoration of Albanian sovereignty during the second period.
↑ See list of Irish uprisings.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 Transcontinental country, partially located in Asia.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 First period of independence lasted less than five years before the Bolshevik takeover.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 Transcontinental country, located in Asia, but usually considered European.
↑ From 1918 to 1944, the Kingdom of Iceland was in a personal union with Denmark until it voted to become a republic in the aftermath of German's occupation of Denmark.
↑ See the Icelandic sovereignty referendum, 1918, the invasion of Iceland, and the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944.
↑ See Rákóczi's War of Independence and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
↑ Armed struggles by the EOKA (Greek) and TMT (Turkish) organizations.
↑ See Maltese constitutional referendum, 1964.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 The establishment of Soviet socialist republics in the Baltic states and the subsequent annexation by the Soviet Union is seen by most countries (especially the current Baltic governments) as an illegal occupation that lasted between 1940 to 1991.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 See the Singing Revolution and the dissolution of the Soviet Union for the Baltic states' restoration of sovereignty.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 See the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
↑ See April 9 tragedy and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
↑ See breakup of Yugoslavia.
↑ See Black January and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
↑ See Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
↑ See Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006.

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[1] Timeline list arranged according to current countries. Explanatory notes are added in cases where decolonization was achieved jointly or where the current state is formed by merger of previously decolonized states.

[2] Some territories changed hands multiple times, so in the list is mentioned the last colonial power. In addition to it the mandatory or trustee powers are mentioned for territories that were League of Nations mandates and United Nations trust territories.

[3] Date of decolonization. Dates for territories annexed by or integrated into previously decolonized independent countries are given in separate notes. Subsequent mergers, secessions and civil and other wars in the period after decolonization and the resulting states and federations are not part of this list - see the list of sovereign states by formation date.

[4] First head of state after independence. For current and former Commonwealth realms instead of first head of state is listed the first head of government.

[5] Between 1940 and 1944, France was occupied by Nazi Germany and was administered under the name Military Administration in France.

[6] See the French Resistance and Free France for the restoration of French sovereignty.

[7] Between 1940 and 1945, Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany.

[8] First king to be historically verified.

[9] See the Danish resistance movement for the restoration of Danish sovereignty.

[10] Between 1938 and 1945, Austria was annexed into Nazi Germany until World War II. It was later occupied by the Allies until 1955 after declaring permanent neutrality.

[11] See the Austrian Resistance for the restoration of Austrian sovereignty.

[12] From 1815 to 1890, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was in a personal union with the Netherlands until the death of William III. Luxembourg was later occupied by Germany in both World War I and World War II.

[13] First Grand Duke not to be the King of Netherlands.

[14] Between 1941 and 1944, Greece was occupied by the Axis under the name Hellenic State.

[15] See the Greek Resistance for the restoration of Greek sovereignty.

[16] In both World War I and World War II, Belgium was occupied by Germany. During World War II, Belgium was ruled under the Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France.

[17] See the Yser Front for the restoration of Belgian sovereignty under World War I and the Belgian Resistance for the restoration of Belgian sovereignty under World War II.

[18] de facto 3 March 1878

[19] Albania has been occupied by Italy twice in the periods of 1917-1920 and 1939-1943. After the second occupation by Italy, it was then occupied by Nazi Germany until 1944.

[20] See Vlora War for restoration of Albanian sovereignty during the first period of occupation, and the Albanian Resistance for restoration of Albanian sovereignty during the second period.

[21] See list of Irish uprisings.

[:0-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 ^22.3 ^22.4 ^22.5 Transcontinental country, partially located in Asia.

[:1-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 First period of independence lasted less than five years before the Bolshevik takeover.

[:2-24] 24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 Transcontinental country, located in Asia, but usually considered European.

[25] From 1918 to 1944, the Kingdom of Iceland was in a personal union with Denmark until it voted to become a republic in the aftermath of German's occupation of Denmark.

[26] See the Icelandic sovereignty referendum, 1918, the invasion of Iceland, and the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944.

[27] See Rákóczi's War of Independence and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

[28] Armed struggles by the EOKA (Greek) and TMT (Turkish) organizations.

[29] See Maltese constitutional referendum, 1964.

[:3-30] 30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 The establishment of Soviet socialist republics in the Baltic states and the subsequent annexation by the Soviet Union is seen by most countries (especially the current Baltic governments) as an illegal occupation that lasted between 1940 to 1991.

[:4-31] 31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 See the Singing Revolution and the dissolution of the Soviet Union for the Baltic states' restoration of sovereignty.

[:5-32] 32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 See the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

[33] See April 9 tragedy and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

[34] See breakup of Yugoslavia.

[35] See Black January and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

[36] See Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

[37] See Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006.

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Decolonization of Europe

References

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