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Dhāraṇīsamuccaya Sūtra

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Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras zh:陀羅尼集經

Content taken from Dragon King[edit]

Ritual process[edit]

An ancient procedural instruction for invoking five-colored dragons to conduct rainmaking rites occurs in the Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, under its "Seeking Rain" chapter (originally 2nd century B.C.). It prescribes earthenware figurines of greater and lesser dragons of a specific color according to season, namely blue-green, red, yellow, white, black, depending on whether it was spring, summer, late summer (jixia), autumn, or winter. And these figures were to be placed upon the alter at the assigned position/direction (east, south, center, west, or north).[2]

This Chinese folk rain ritual later became incorporated into Daoism.[3] The rituals were codified into Daoist scripture or Buddhist sūtras in the post-Later Han (Six Dynasties [zh]) period,[4] but Dragon King worship did not come into ascendancy until the Sui-Tang dynasties.[5] The rain rituals in Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang dynasty was actually an adaptation of indigenous Chinese dragon worship and rainmaking beliefs, rather than pure Buddhism.[3]

As a point of illustration, a comparison can be made against Buddhist procedures for rainmaking during the Tang dynasty. The rainmaking tract in the Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras[lower-alpha 1] (Book 11, under the chapter for "Rain Prayer Altar Method, qiyu tanfa; 祈雨壇法) prescribes an altar to be built, with mud figures of dragon kings placed on the four sides, and numerous mud-made lesser dragons arranged within and without the altar.[3][7]

Notes[edit]

  1. Translated by Atikūṭa 阿地瞿多.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. Monta (2012), p. 14.
  2. "... that is to say, canglong [blue-green dragon] to the east in spring, the red dragon tp the south in summer, the yellow dragon to the center in late summer (jìxià), white dragon to the west in autumn, and black dragon to the north in winter ..すなわち、春は蒼龍を東に、夏は赤龍を南に、季夏は黄龍を中央に、秋は白龍を西に、冬は黒龍を北にそれぞれ配置するとされている".[1]
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sakade (2010), pp. 61–65.
  4. Monta (2012), p. 13.
  5. Zhang (2014), p. 44.
  6. Ariga (2020), p. 173.
  7. Raiyu's edited work Hishō mondō 秘鈔問答 quotes from this sutra: "As the Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras, 11 states, this altar should have a single-walled and four-gated boundary be made around its field. And on the East gate of the altar, the gate officer should be crafted out of mud, in the embodiment of the dragon king 其壇界畔作一重而開四門。壇之東門将以泥土作、龍王身".[6]

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Sources[edit]

Worship of the Dragon God[edit]

Dragon Kings of the Four Seas[edit]


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