Jixia
Content taken from Dragon King[edit]
Ritual process[edit]
An ancient procedural instruction for invoking five-colored dragons to conduct rainmaking rites occurs in the Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, under its "Seeking Rain" chapter (originally 2nd century B.C.). It prescribes earthenware figurines of greater and lesser dragons of a specific color according to season, namely blue-green, red, yellow, white, black, depending on whether it was spring, summer, late summer (jixia), autumn, or winter. And these figures were to be placed upon the alter at the assigned position/direction (east, south, center, west, or north).[2]
This Chinese folk rain ritual later became incorporated into Daoism.[3] The rituals were codified into Daoist scripture or Buddhist sūtras in the post-Later Han (Six Dynasties) period,[4] but Dragon King worship did not come into ascendancy until the Sui-Tang dynasties.[5] The rain rituals in Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang dynasty was actually an adaptation of indigenous Chinese dragon worship and rainmaking beliefs, rather than pure Buddhism.[3]
As a point of illustration, a comparison can be made against Buddhist procedures for rainmaking during the Tang dynasty. The rainmaking tract in the Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras[lower-alpha 1] (Book 11, under the chapter for "Rain Prayer Altar Method, qiyu tanfa; 祈雨壇法) prescribes an altar to be built, with mud figures of dragon kings placed on the four sides, and numerous mud-made lesser dragons arranged within and without the altar.[3][7]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Translated by Atikūṭa 阿地瞿多.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ↑ Monta (2012), p. 14.
- ↑ "... that is to say, canglong [blue-green dragon] to the east in spring, the red dragon tp the south in summer, the yellow dragon to the center in late summer (jìxià), white dragon to the west in autumn, and black dragon to the north in winter ..すなわち、春は蒼龍を東に、夏は赤龍を南に、季夏は黄龍を中央に、秋は白龍を西に、冬は黒龍を北にそれぞれ配置するとされている".[1]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sakade (2010), pp. 61–65.
- ↑ Monta (2012), p. 13.
- ↑ Zhang (2014), p. 44.
- ↑ Ariga (2020), p. 173.
- ↑ Raiyu's edited work Hishō mondō 秘鈔問答 quotes from this sutra: "As the Collected Dhāraṇī Sūtras, 11 states, this altar should have a single-walled and four-gated boundary be made around its field. And on the East gate of the altar, the gate officer should be crafted out of mud, in the embodiment of the dragon king 其壇界畔作一重而開四門。壇之東門将以泥土作、龍王身".[6]
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<ref> tag with name "yamaguchi.kenji" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.Sources[edit]
- Ariga, Natsuki (March 2020). "Kongō-ji zō 'Ryūō-kōshiki' no shikibun sekai: shakuronchūshaku to kiugirei wo megutte" 金剛寺蔵『龍王講式』の式文世界 : 釈論注釈と祈雨儀礼をめぐって [The study of Ryūō-kōshiki at Kongō-ji Temple : Consideration into the influence of Syakumakaenron and its commentaries and the rituals to pray]. Jinbun / Gakushuin University Research Institute for Humanities-journal. 18: 166–180. hdl:10959/00004813.
- Faure, Bernard R. (June 2005). "Pan Gu and his descendants: Chinese cosmology in medieval Japan" 盤古及其後代：論日本中古時代的中國宇宙論. Taiwan Journal of East Asian Studies. 2 (1): 71–88. doi:10.7916/D8V40THT. pdf @ National Taiwan Normal University
- Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1845190866. Search this book on
[dead link] - Iwata, Masaru (1983). Kagura genryū kō 神楽源流考. Meicho shuppan. Search this book on
- Monta, Seiichi (2012-03-30), "Nihon kodai ni okeru gohōryū kankei shutsudo moji shiryō no shiteki haikei" 日本古代における五方龍関係出土文字史料の史的背景 (PDF), Bukkyō Daigaku Shūkyō Bunka Myūjiamu Kenkyūj Kiyō, 8
- Nikaido, Yoshihiro (2015). Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3847004851. Search this book on
- Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs (PDF). Leiden, South Holland; Boston, Massachusetts: Brill. ISBN 9789047429364. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2018-03-03. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) Search this book on - Ruppert, Brian O. (November 2002). "Buddhist Rainmaking in Early Japan: The Dragon King and the Ritual Careers of Esoteric Monks". History of Religions. 42 (2): 143–174. doi:10.1086/463701. JSTOR 3176409. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Sakade, Yoshinobu (2010). Nihon to dōkyō bunka 日本と道教文化. Kadokawa shoten. Search this book on
- Tom, K. S. (1989). Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824812859. Retrieved 2023-09-25. Search this book on
- Trenson, Steven (2018). "Rice, Relics, and Jewels" (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 35 (2): 269–308. JSTOR 26854486.
- Trenson, Steven (2002). "Une analyse critique de l'histoire du Shōugyōhō et du Kujakukyōhō : rites ésotériques de la pluie dans le Japon de l'époque de Heian" (PDF). Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie (in français). 13: 455–495. doi:10.3406/asie.2002.1191.
- Zhang Lishan (2014-03-31). Higashi ajia ni okeru Dokō shinkō to bunka kōshō 東アジアにおける土公信仰と文化交渉 (Thesis). Kansai University. doi:10.32286/00000236.
Worship of the Dragon God[edit]
Dragon Kings of the Four Seas[edit]
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