ESCAP Green Growth
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ESCAP Green Growth is a path of improving economic that uses natural resources in a sustainable manner,and the concept of ESCAP Green Growth was proposed by Asia and the Pacific region at the Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development (MCED) held in Korea in 2005, in the meeting, they issued the ministerial declaration on environment and development, this declaration set green growth is an opportunity to achieve sustainable development, which mean that develop the economy without destroying the environment, making “green” as the engine of economic growth, allowing ecology become sustainable. This concept was agreed by 52 countries and other organizations, which come from the area of Asia and the Pacific. The secretariat's analysis work, policy spark-plug and capacity-building activities pay attention to develop economic growth and promote sustainable development of the social environment.
Background of ESCAP Green Growth[edit]
resource[edit]
The Asia-pacific region has the highest population density, thus in order to improve economic growth, the Asia – Pacific region suffer from heavy cost, and it has negative effect on people’s health and living. To be specific, a great number of resources will be consumed by individuals, such as water, energy and material resources use. Firstly, for water aspect, because of natural hazard, the water supply is unstable, what’s more, Asian and Pacific region is major grain production base, which need a large water supply. In the other hands, economic growth need a number of factories to produce, which will cause wastewater pollution, therefore, this can lead to water shortage. Secondly, for energy aspect, energy is an important factor to improve economic, energy play a necessary role in people’s life, which included traffic, service and living condition. Total primary energy supply (TPES) in this region have increase a lot, which is double global rate, there is increase by 102 per cent from 1990 to 2014. As the development of economic, energy consumption is faster than energy renewable.
Environment condition[edit]
Environmental condition has become extremely serious in Asia and Pacific region. Compared to other region in the world, there are more than half of the world population living in Asia and Pacific region, which mean that in order to allow living quality become better, improving economic had become a urgent task for leader from difference countries in Asia and pacific region. Some economic policies in order to improve economic of some sections, they ignore the cost of environment. For example, there are seven counties in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) with more than 50% of their land covered by forest, however, due to some companies are forest degradation, especially in Southeast Asia, compared with the world , where is one of the highest deforestation rates, it will cause 1.2 per cent of the forest disappearing evert years. [1]. The environmental condition is unoptimistic, green growth is necessary to improve economic and reduce damage from environment.
Pollution[edit]
Pollution is one of most important part of aspect that should be concerted by government who come from ESCAP. Pollution is caused by human activates, such as bad personal habits, manufacturing, some industries.
Water pollution[edit]
Water pollution and air pollution is extremely serious in Asia and Pacific region. Water pollution primarily involves ocean, river, and groundwater. China has a mass of population, which occupied about one fifth of the World. However, only over six percent of fresh water of global water resource can be used, water’s more, the quality of China’s water was polluted. More than 70 percent of China’s water in shallow and deep groundwater has been pollution a lots, What's more serious is that 60 percent of Chinese mainly depend on those water resources as drinking water. [2]Though China contributed to about half of Asia’s manufacturing output, which negative impact cannot ignore, it can cause a mass of air and water pollution. In China, the most polluting industries are the food, pulp and paper, textile, and chemical manufacturing industries.
Air pollution[edit]
Air pollution is one of most important factor that causes climate change. In recent decades, economic in Asia and Pacific region has increasing a lot. However, when individual feel pride about this result, air pollution has reached a serious condition. Air pollution is mainly caused by many factors, such as an economic boom, motorized vehicles growth, increasing in population and manufacturing output and many Natural disasters. Form the statistics in the world which Twenty cities with the worst air pollution, there are sixteen cities located in China. [3] For example, as an increasing of economic, more individuals has ability to buy motorized vehicles, the air pollution in city will be increasing, there are about 70 percent of city’s pollution come from emissions of motorized vehicles. What’s more, though many factories contribute to economic growth, they mainly depend on outdated and inefficient technologies; therefore this will cause air pollution.
Impacts of ESCAP Green Growth[edit]
Renewable energy[edit]
ESCAP green growth play an important role on Sustainable development, therefore, many countries use Green Growth as the target to solve difficult, which is air pollution, resource limited and so on. In the past, the way to improve economic is extremely terrible, there is damage to the environment to improve it. Gradually, people realized that the cost of environment can not to undertake, if people do not pay attention to protect environment, it not only to block economic growth, but also damage individual’s health. Therefore, changing the direction of economic development is necessary. at the G20 Seoul Summit in 2010, more leaders of countries realized that Green Growth is an important part of sustainable development, which mean that more countries can change their old technologies in many sectors. For example, some counties like China, India and Australia; they invest more money to develop renewable energy, the using of some energy like fossil fuels and nuclear power will be reduced, more countries will turning to water, wind and solar.
Improve the service sectors[edit]
Changing the way of improve economic is necessary. Due to some countries was more focus on developing industrial sector in the past, what’s more, the cost of labor in Asia and pacific region is extremely lower, therefore, this region has a great number of factories, which lead to many pollution. However, the service sector like tourism, it satisfy Sustainable development----clean, green, ethical and improve economy. Tourism has become a key sector in transformation of green growth; it will change people’s lifestyles to low-carbon, at the same time, it can help underdeveloped areas escape poverty. [4]. Asia and pacific region is very suitable to develop tourism, because it has many beautiful views.
Circular economy[edit]
Circular economy is convert waste into resources and become a cyclic process; circular models are useful for reducing emissions from landfills and efficiently managing waste and wastewater.it will create many jobs, and reduce demand for natural resources, therefore, it has a positive effect on innovation. More job supply and reduce using resource, which also ease the pressure of population ageing. What’s more, circular economy is beneficial to save material cost in production. Circular economy will help some major consumer goods sectors save material resource up to 706 billion.[5]
Measure of ESCAP Green Growth[edit]
The Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and Pacific[edit]
This roadmap is mainly emphasized the important of green growth to Asia and pacific region, and talking about how many opportunities that t he Low Carbon Green Growth path can offer. Counties from this region will pursue low carbon green growth as a target to improve economic. This Roadmap is divided into three parts, first of all, showing the challenge and opportunities in this region and Institutional change required to adapt to Low Carbon Green Growth path. Secondly, proving five racks as core elements of green growth, and talking about how to do. Thirdly, proving detailed information and analyse some successful case.
Environmental tax reform[edit]
3.2 Environmental tax reform
Environmental tax reform is a positive way to improve economic and it is a part of sustainable development, especially collect tax form some companies which are cause a number of pollution. The GDP in East Asia are increase tripling in last 20 years, however most of developing countries improve their GDP with an unsustainable growth mode. A great number of fossil energy was consumed, which lead to resource degradation, all of these problems can be solved by Environmental tax reform.. If collect environmental tax, it will has a positive effect on reducing pollution from factories, at the same time, it also can stimulus economic development. The statistic show that if developing countries in Asia and Pacific region collect a tax of CO2 emission, which is $10 per ton, it can reduce 8 per cent CO2 emission and increase economic up to 2.8 per cent.[6]
The challenge of ESCAP Green Growth[edit]
Natural disasters[edit]
Asia and Pacific region suffer from natural disasters is more than other area. For example, Some parts of China, japan and Southeast Asia where locate in the junction of plates, which means that it is easier occurs earthquake, what’s more, extreme weather like flooding and drying, which often effect people who live in coastal and inland areas. From 2014 to 2017, Asia and pacific area suffer form 55 earthquakes, 217 storms and cyclones, and 236 times of serious flooding, these natural disasters cause about 33,000 people deaths and influence 650 million people’s life.[7] Natural disasters is a challenge that people have to faced, it can destroy their hours, crops and so on, it will Cause a great damage to property.
Population[edit]
A great number of population also a challenge of green grow, as rapid economic and urban growth, which will cause a severely pressure for natural resources and environmental condition. Due to combination of population increase and migrate to urban, overcrowding, Shortage of water supply, noise and pollution will occur. [8] these are the essence of people's lives. However, many countries in Asia and Pacific region do not have ability to solve these problems right now, because they do not have enough ability to solve them. A mass of population will consume many resource and cause a various of pollution. It makes limited resource in Asia and Pacific region become fewer.
population ageing[edit]
Due to a sharp decline in the birth rate and increase in life expectancy, population ageing has become extremely common phenomenon in Asia and Pacific region. It will lead to a lack of productivity, decreasing in individual’s life quality. It is estimated that there are about 60 percent of old population live in Asia and Pacific region in 2019, what's more, it will reach 13 million old population in 2030, by then, there are about 25 percent of population in this region will over 60 years old. [9] Population ageing will cause many issues, for example, healthcare in many counties cannot get enough support. Due to ageing increasing, old people are more easier suffer from illness, they do not have enough financial support them, because they cannot get enough resource and service in the society. In addition, Labor shortage also is a huge challenge. Population ageing has an increase trend in Asia and Pacific region, which means that many jobs will be vacant, it will limit economic growth.
Poverty and inequality[edit]
Reducing poverty and inequality is a global challenge, it also an important part of sustainable development. Although economic in Asia and Pacific region increase a lot, millions of population are also out of poverty, the poverty and inequality still exit. In the past twenty years, the rich had become richer, and poor had become poorer. Inequality has become a very common phenomenon in this region, especially in opportunities, in this region, there are nearly about 400 million people live in a extremely poor condition, and they cannot affordable for health care, and nearly 18 million population lack of education. [10] Poverty makes them only can obtain few opportunities of education, which means that they do not have awareness of environmental protection. It will cause a challenge for Green Growth.
External link[edit]
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- ↑ "New Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement Lacks Protections for One-Sixth of World's Forests | World Resources Institute". www.wri.org. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- ↑ "Tackling Industrial Water Pollution" (PDF).
- ↑ Lower, Brian H.; Shaul, Travis R.; Clark, Brian H. Lower and Edited by Kylienne A.; Shaul, Travis R.; Clark, Edited by Kylienne A. (2015), "4.2 Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in Beijing, China", Environmental ScienceBites, The Ohio State University, retrieved 2019-05-29CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑ "Signing into eresources, The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- ↑ "Circular Economy – Making Sustainability Part of the Solution in Asia-Pacific | United Nations ESCAP". www.unescap.org. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ↑ "Signing into eresources, The University of Sydney Library". login.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
- ↑ "Why Asia-Pacific is especially prone to natural disasters". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
- ↑ Khan, A. (September 1994). "Interrelationships between demographic factors, development and the environment in the ESCAP region". Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 9 (3): 37–54. ISSN 0259-238X. PMID 12319090.
- ↑ "Ageing Societies | United Nations ESCAP". www.unescap.org. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ↑ "Poverty and Inequality | United Nations ESCAP". www.unescap.org. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
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