Edwin Hall
| Edwin Hall | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Edwin Herbert Hall (1855-1938).jpg | |
| Born | Edwin Herbert Hall November 7, 1855 Gorham, Maine, US |
| 💀Died | November 20, 1938 (aged 83) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USNovember 20, 1938 (aged 83) |
| 🏫 Education | |
| 💼 Occupation | |
| Known for | Hall effect (1879) |
| Title | Rumford Professor of Physics (1914–21) |
| 🏅 Awards | Oersted Medal (1937) |
Edwin Herbert Hall (November 7, 1855 – November 20, 1938) was an American physicist who discovered the Hall effect. He also conducted thermoelectric research and wrote numerous physics textbooks and laboratory manuals.
Education and career
Born in Gorham, Maine, to his parents Joshua Emery Hall and Lucy Ann Hilborn Hall.[2] Hall started his undergraduate education at Bowdoin University at the age of 15 and graduated top of his class at 19, with a Bachelor of Arts degree.[3] He was the Principal of Gould Academy (1875–76) and the Principal of Brunswick High School (1876–77).[4] He did his graduate schooling and research, and earned his Ph.D. in 1880 at the Johns Hopkins University where his seminal experiments were performed.
Hall was appointed a professor of physics at Harvard University in 1895, and succeeded John Trowbridge to the Rumford Chair of Physics in 1914.[4] During the 1919 Boston police strike, Hall briefly volunteered as a strikebreaking police officer.[5] After returning to the Physics Department, Hall retired in 1921 and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1938.
Hall effect
The Hall effect was discovered by Hall in 1879, while working on his doctoral thesis in physics under the supervision of Henry Augustus Rowland.[4] Hall's experiments in electromagnetics consisted of exposing thin gold leaf (and, later, using various other materials) on a glass plate and tapping off the gold leaf at points down its length. The effect is a potential difference (Hall voltage) on opposite sides of a thin sheet of conducting or semiconducting material (the Hall element) through which an electric current is flowing. This was created by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the Hall element. The ratio of the voltage created to the amount of current is known as the Hall resistance and is a characteristic of the material in the element. In 1880, Hall's experimentation was published as a doctoral thesis in the American Journal of Science and in the Philosophical Magazine.
Hall-effect sensors use his Hall effect to detect the magnetic field. Hundreds of millions are sold every year and are present in a large number of devices, including high-efficiency electric propulsion systems on spacecraft.[6]
In the presence of large magnetic field strength and low temperature, one can observe the quantum Hall effect, the quantization of the Hall resistance. In 1990, it became a calibration standard for electrical resistance due to its low uncertainty (see Quantum Hall effect § Applications).[7]
Works
Hall made various contributions to scientific journals on the thermal conductivity of iron and nickel, the theory of thermoelectric action, and on thermoelectric heterogeneity in metals. His publications include:
- A Text-Book of Physics (1891; third edition, 1903), with J. Y. Bergen
- Elementary Lessons in Physics (1894; 1900)
- The Teaching of Chemistry and Physics (1902), with Alexander Smith
- College Laboratory Manual of Physics (1904; revised edition, 1913)
- Elements of Physics (1912)
See also
- Hall effect
- Henry Augustus Rowland
- Scientific phenomena named after people
Relevant lists
References
- ↑ "Edwin Herbert Hall - Physics Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ↑ Lyman, Theodore (November 1940). "Edwin Herbert Hall (1855-1938)". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 74 (6): 126–130 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Bridgman, P. W. (1939). "Edwin Herbert Hall". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 89 (2300): 70–71. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bridgman, P. W. (1939). Biographical Memoir of Edwin Herbert Hall. National Academy of Sciences. Search this book on
- ↑ Pendergrass, Drew C. (10 Nov 2016). "The Boys in Crimson: Boston's Police Strikebreakers". The Harvard Crimson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. para. 4. Archived from the original on 10 Nov 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
Students were not the only members of the Harvard community to join the force. Rumford Professor of Physics Edwin H. Hall was the first to volunteer.
Unknown parameter|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "How the Hall Effect Still Reverberates". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 2023-12-28.
- ↑ Aoki, H. (2011), "Integer Quantum Hall Effect", Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology, Elsevier, pp. 175–209, arXiv:2606.01744, doi:10.1016/B978-0-44-453153-7.00054-7, ISBN 978-0-444-53153-7, retrieved 2023-12-28.
External links
- Katz, Eugenii, "Hall". Biosensors & Bioelectronics.
- The President and Fellows of Harvard College, "Hall, Edwin Herbert, 1855–1938. Papers: Guide.". Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2002.
- "Edwin Hall image". aip.org.
- Hall, Edwin, "On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents". American Journal of Mathematics vol. 2 pp. 287–292, 1879.
- Template:NIE
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