Electronic cigarette aerosol
The aerosol from electronic cigarettes, commonly known as vapor, contains various levels of chemicals.[1] The e-cigarette vapor resembles cigarette smoke.[1]
Chemicals[edit]
In e-cigarettes a liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55 °C to create an aerosolized vapor.[2] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[1][3] The vapor usually contains nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavors and aroma transporters.[4] The nicotine levels in the vapor varies either from puff-to-puff or among products of the same company.[1] E-cigarettes without nicotine are also available.[5] The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals.[4][6] Contamination with various chemicals has been identified.[3] Some products contained trace amounts of the drugs tadalafil and rimonabant.[3] E-cigarette makers do not fully disclose information on the chemicals that can be released or synthesized during use.[1]
A few metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals.[7] Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,[8] aluminum,[6] copper,[7] silver,[7] iron,[7] mercury,[9] and chromium have been found in the vapor.[1] The tin may originate from the e-cigarette solder joints.[6] The nickel and chromium nanoparticles in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette heating element.[6] The metals in the vapor have been found at concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.[4] The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than in cigarette smoke.[7] Lead and cadmium have been found in the vapor at 2–3 times greater levels than with a nicotine inhaler.[7] One study stated the levels of nickel have been found to be 100 times higher than in cigarette smoke.[10] The amounts and kinds of metals or other materials found in the vapor is based on the material and other manufacturing designs of the heating element.[11] Materials in e-cigarettes might include ceramics, plastics, rubber, filament fibers, and foams.[11] Some of these materials could be found in the vapor.[11] Silicate particles have been found in the vapor.[7]
Once vaporized the ingredients in the e-liquid go through chemical reactions that form new compounds not found in the initial liquid.[12] Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire (heating element) that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.[13] The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols.[13] Propylene glycol could produce propylene oxide when heated and aerosolized.[6][11] Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated at hotter temperatures.[4] Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the vapor, at greatly reduced amounts than in cigarette smoke.[4] Glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been found in the vapor.[13] The amount of carbonyls vary greatly among different companies and within various samples of the same e-cigarettes.[13]
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as NNK and N-Nitrosonornicotine and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,[8] comparable to amounts found in nicotine replacement products.[7] N-Nitrosoanabasine and N-Nitrosoanatabine have been found in the vapor at reduced levels compared to cigarette smoke.[14] Trace amounts of toluene,[8] xylene,[7] polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,[7] aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenolic compounds, flavors, tobacco alkaloids, o-Methyl benzaldehyde, and cresol have been found in the vapor.[1] Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.[6] Benzene and butadiene have been found in the vapor at many-fold lower than in cigarette smoke.[11]
Later-generation e-cigarette devices can create greater amounts of carcinogens.[10] Depending on the heating temperature, the compounds may surpass the levels of cigarette smoke.[12] E-cigarettes devices using higher voltage batteries can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.[15] The newer "tank-style" devices with higher voltages (e.g. 5.0 volts[12]) could create formaldehyde at comparable or greater levels than in cigarette smoke.[10] High-voltage e-cigarettes are capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.[13] Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.[13]
Comparison of levels of toxicants in e-cigarette aerosol[edit]
| Toxicant | Range of content in nicotine inhaler mist (15 puffs∗) | Content in aerosol from 12 e-cigarettes (15 puffs∗) | Content in traditional cigarette micrograms (μg) in smoke from one cigarette |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formaldehyde (μg) | 0.2 | 0.2-5.61 | 1.6-52 |
| Acetaldehyde (μg) | 0.11 | 0.11-1.36 | 52-140 |
| Acrolein (μg) | ND | 0.07-4.19 | 2.4-62 |
| o-Methylbenzaldehyde (μg) | 0.07 | 0.13-0.71 | — |
| Toluene (μg) | ND | ND-0.63 | 8.3-70 |
| p- and m-Xylene (μg) | ND | ND-0.2 | — |
| NNN (ng) | ND | ND-0.00043 | 0.0005-0.19 |
| Cadmium (ng) | 0.003 | ND-0.022 | — |
| Nickel (ng) | 0.019 | 0.011-0.029 | — |
| Lead (ng) | 0.004 | 0.003-0.057 | — |
μg, microgram; ng, nanogram; ND, not detected
∗Fifteen puffs were chosen to estimate the nicotine delivery of one traditional cigarette.[12]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
- ↑ Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
- ↑ Burstyn, I (9 January 2014). "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks". BMC Public Health. 14: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18. PMC 3937158. PMID 24406205.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Farsalinos, K. E.; Polosa, R. (2014). "Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
- ↑ Dagaonkar RS, R.S.; Udwadi, Z.F. (2014). "Water pipes and E-cigarettes: new faces of an ancient enemy" (PDF). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 62 (4): 324–328. PMID 25327035.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Bhatnagar, A.; Whitsel, L. P.; Ribisl, K. M.; Bullen, C.; Chaloupka, F.; Piano, M. R.; Robertson, R. M.; McAuley, T.; Goff, D.; Benowitz, N. (24 August 2014). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 130 (16): 1418–1436. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107. PMID 25156991.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Cooke, Andrew; Fergeson, Jennifer; Bulkhi, Adeeb; Casale, Thomas B. (2015). "The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 3 (4): 498–505. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.022. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 26164573.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.
- ↑ Sanford Z, Goebel L (2014). "E-cigarettes: an up to date review and discussion of the controversy". W V Med J. 110 (4): 10–5. PMID 25322582.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
- ↑ Collaco, Joseph M. (2015). "Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898. PMID 25546699.
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