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English schools in Tokyo

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki




During the pioneering years of the modern secondary education in Japan between 1867 (Keiwō 3) and 1885 (Meiji 17), the Japanese school system shifted from domain schools (藩校, hankō) run by each daimyō independently to centralized network of public schools. One group among them introduced English language classes as compulsory course, and those schools were named Eiwa gakkō, literally meaning school of English and Japanese, and Eigo gakkō standing for English language schools.[1][2] A national school, soon to be merged with the First Higher School of Japan, was among those, which was reformed to be the forerunner of the University of Tokyo.

There were schools offering Studies of English (Eigogaku) as well,[3] including Ume Tsuda’s Joshi Eigaku-juku (女子英学塾, Women's Institute for English Studies), or the present day Tsudajuku University. Tsuda was six years of age leaving Japan on Iwakura Mission in 1871, stayed in the U.S. for over ten years, where she revisited in 1889 to graduate from Bryn Mawr College in 1892. Back in Tokyo, Tsuda would become one among the pioneers working for women’s higher education in Meiji period Japan. It was in 1900, a year after the legislature of the 1899 Girl's Higher Education Law[4] was published to urge each prefecture to run one or more public middle school for girls, and Tsuda founded and presided as the schoolmaster[4] at a women’s school named the Joshi Eigaku-juku (女子英学塾, Women's Institute for English Studies) which was registered as a specialty school for women in 1904.[4]

Another line of school called English language schools (Eigo gakkō) as well in early Meiji period was started by Christian missionaries to Japan after 1871, and Aoyama Gakuin University, Meiji Gakuin University, and Tohoku Gakuin University as well as Kobe Jogakuin University are in this group of private schools.

There were pivot points in formal school system in Japan after Meiji restoration, firstly with "the Decree of Junior High Schools (中学校令)" of 1891 (Meiji 24) (wikidata) introduced by the first popularly elected national assembly, and the second in 1948 after the World War II as the Educational reform in occupied Japan. Revolution in school system of 1891 influenced those English schools as well.

Schools named English School/School of English[edit]

Tokyo Eigo gakkō (national school)[edit]

Tokyo English School (東京英語学校, Tokyo eigo gakkō) was a government sanctioned school established in 1873 as one of the forerunners to Eigo Gakkō (a chartered academia by the Meiji government in 1877). It had been amalgamated with older government schools and various traditional scholars.

In 1873, then National School for Foreign Languages (東京外国語学校) (re-established in 1899) was reformed along government policy to focus on English as the primary foreign language: All of so called eight foreign language schools (外国語学校, Gaikokugo gakkō) to English Schools (英語学校, Eigo gakkō)[5] including Sendai English School and Tokyo English School. As an national higher education facility, Tokyo English School became shortly after its renaming an independent entity to function as a preparatory school for Kaisei School (開成学校, Kaisei gakkō), it was merged with the junior college course at that school to form Tokyo University Junior College (東京大学予備門, Tokyo Daigaku yobimon), to be succeeded by the First Higher School, Japan (第一高等学校, Dai-ichi Kotogakko) that changed its name to University of Tokyo since 1947.

Tokyo English School[edit]

Tokyo English School was founded in 1885 (Meiji 18) which became the predecessor of present day Nihon School. Its board leader Masujima Rokuichiro (増島六一郎) would file registration petition with Japanese government for both Tokyo English School and the "British Law School" (present day Chuo University) on the same date. Masujima had studied law in London to become a barrister (at law) with sponsorship from Mitsubishi Congromate (wikidata). Patriot educators as well as politicians joined Masujima including Sugiura Shigetake as well as Miyazaki Michimasa who were the peer members of the Seikyosha (政教社), sharing membership with Matsushita Takeyoshi (松下丈吉), one among the founding members of Tokyo University of Science. Chikami Kiyo’omi (千頭清臣) and Yatabe Umekichi (谷田部梅吉) were proactively supporting channels for elitist students from their home prefectures, as the Domain sponsored school system of Edo period or the ex-hankō had been terminated at the wake of Meiji restoration. Those sons of laid off samurai class needed to enter higher education facilities when they aspired to work as public servants in the government, at either ex-han/prefecture or national level in Japan.[lower-alpha 1]

Setting its cornerstone in Kanda Nishikichō in the vicinity of present day Tokyo Station in central Tokyo, Tokyo English School started to accept those students who wished to enroll in its preparatory course for the University of Tokyo (東大予備門, Tōdai yobimon), or then the First Higher School ( 第一高等学校),[lower-alpha 2] as well as for other elitist national universities including Hokkaido University.[7] Soon The School enjoyed popularity as one of the highest level prep school sending students to national universities not only the University of Tokyo, against those studied at the elitist preparatory called Kyōritsu Gakkō (present day Kaisei Academy as well as an English language school named Seiritsusha.[8] Chuo University in early days received transfer students from Tokyo English School without admission examinations to its "British Law School".[lower-alpha 3] It was Hozumi Nobushige who was also a patriot donor to Chuo.

At the earliest point of the history of Tokyo English School, principal Sugiura set their vision as offering education based on Japanese tradition and spirit even in the time of globalization, aiming at sending out future leaders of the society who would raise the national influence with a strong sense of rivalry against national schools. On the other hand, Sugiura encouraged his students to advance to higher education at national universities. His plan was successful that once in the heyday of private school education during Meiji era, Sugiura|’s Nihon Middle School was a keen rival against German style Dokkyō-gaku kyōkai[lower-alpha 4] as well as municipal Tokyo First Middle School, a prominent Premier Lycée[lower-alpha 5], in terms of number of alumni who had enrolled in the University of Tokyo.[6]

However, as seen in any private schools at that time, Nihon Middle School struggled with funding. For inheriting traditions in the education under stronger pressure of modernization, it did not fair well nor those traditional private universities as Kokugakuin University (國學院大學, Kokugakuin) nor Enryo Inoue's Tetsugakukan.[9] Numbers of Tokyo English School alumni accepted at the elitist national universities had decreased in the latter half of the Meiji era.[10]

The trait of nationalist spirit found with Tokyo English School is inherited to its heir Nihon Gakuen: it had accepted transfer students from Kōdōgakusha judo school between 2008 and 2015. In March 2012, a Partnership was signed with Meiji University which will recommend Nihon Gakuen's students for the entrance examination at Meiji.[11]

Historical moments for Tokyo English School (Nihon Gakuen)
event
1885 Established as Tokyo English School in Kanda, Tokyo.
1892 Renamed to Nihon Middle School.
1916 Relocated to Yodobashi in west Shinjuku.
1936 Relocated to the present venue in Setagaya Ward.
1948 Renamed to Nihon Gakuen Junior and Senior High School †
1965 Terminated accepting new students to Junior High course.
1996 Resumed accepting students to Junior High course.
2008 Started to accept transfer students from Kōdōgakusha (講道学舎, Kōdōgakusha) (KodogakushaScript error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. (-2015).
2012 signed partnership with Meiji University.
†= Educational reform in occupied Japan

Masujima Rokuichiro[edit]

The founder of Tokyo English School was Dr. Masujima Rokuichiro (6 August 1857 [12] - 13 November 1948[13]) who had studied law at Inns of Court in Britain (ca.1879–1884, licensed Barrister at Law) and finished internship at a solocitor's office and returned to Japan. Masujima introduced a law school after British model in 1885, or British Law School (英吉利法律学校, Igirisu hōritsu gakkō), which would evolve to be called Chuo University today. When his peer patriots filed a petition to open a school for nationalist students, Masujima accommodated the idea to have a new prep school for government sanctioned universities, and instead of founding a special course in his law school plan, filed for a license as an individual entity. Tokyo English school started at classrooms in the British Law School, and it built its own hall on the property the Law School used to occupy.

Masujima and Mitsubishi Business School[edit]

Before Tokyo English School or British Law School, Masujima Rokuichiro taught law at the night school of {{nihongo|Mitsubishi Business School|三菱商業学校|Mitsubishi shōgyō gakkō (1878 – 1884), which had stood on the very location Masujima would establish two schools. The founder of Mitsubishi Business School sponsored Masujima to study law in England.

Mitsubishi Congromate founded its Business School in Kanda district in downtown Tokyo, and as Mitsubishi's founder Iwasaki Yataro had established Keio University, the Business School was positioned as an extention to Keio.[14] That school was renamed to Meiji Gijuku (明治義塾) in 1881 (Meiji 14), with a night law school attached. Due to financial difficulty of the main sponsor Mitsubishi, Meiji Gijuku was closed in 1884 (Meiji 17).

Missionary Schools named Eiwa[edit]

Translating Eiwa to "English School" matches as far as the school holds a theory to teach all classes of any subject in English, while Christian schools with the term Eiwa in their name could have been named on different theory.[lower-alpha 6]

Tokyo School of English (private)[edit]

Tokyo School of English, or Tokyo English and Japanese School (東京英和学校, Tokyō Eiwa gakkō), was founded originally in 1874 as a Methodist Episcopal Church missionary school in Tokyo, merging two schools, then expanded by adding another girls' school of missionary origin in 1927. Robert Samuel Maclay, was the founder who gained sponsorship of John Franklin Goucher envisioned to establish and name a Methodist university in Japan as “Anglo Japanese University of Tokio and Awoyama” (Tokyo Aoyama Eiwa University). It was fulfilled in two stages, firstly when Maclay and Julius Soper agreed to name the new merged school as "Tokyo School of English" (東京英和学校, Tokyo Eiwa Gakkō), then secondly again to Aoyama Gakuin University.[18]

Kaigan Girls' School[edit]

Kaigan jogakko had started as a "Girls' Elementary School" in 1874 near present day Roppongi in Tokyo by Dora E. Schoonmaker (14 November 1851 – 5 December 1934).[lower-alpha 7] The schoolmaster initially had named her seminar as Kyūsei gakkō (救世学校, Salvation School), then being persuaded by the school authorities and renamed it as Kaigan Girls' School (海岸女学校, Kaigan jogakkō) (wikidata), and eventually relocated it to Tsukiji in 1877. Julius Soper (wikidata) visited Japan on a missionary program preached there, while Schoonmaker left her school in the hands of her future brother-in-law with the financial support she had secured from Japanese politicians including Tsuda Sen, the father of Tsuda Umeko, another woman pioneer in girls’ education in Japan. Schoonmaker returned to the U.S. in 1879 finishing her tenure in Japan.

Tokyo School of English (private)[edit]

It started in 1878 as "Kōkyō Gakusha Boys' School (耕教学舎)" in Tsukiji, founded by Julius Soper. Soper baptized Tsuda Sen and his wife in 1875, who offered the lot of an nursery he had operated near Roppongi when Tsuda was impressed by Soper’s ideology as a visiting American missioner. Soper returned to the U.S. and came back to become the Dean of Theology at Aoyama Gakuin (1901 – 1908), where he taught Theology (1896 – 1911). Kōkyō Gakusha was renamed to Tōkyō eigakkō (東京英学校) or Tokyo School of English, sometime before the merger with Maclay's seminary in 1882.

Bikai Seminary[edit]

It was in 1873 when the Methodist Episcopal Church had dispatched missionaries from the United States to Yokohama, Tokyo, Nagasaki and Hakodate. Bikai Seminary (Japanese: 美會神学校), which literary means "school of the Methodist church", was founded in Yokohama by Robert Samuel Maclay , who made an agreement in 1882 with Soper's Kōkyō gakusha to merge into one entity, and the new school was named Toyo Eiwa Gakko (東洋英和学校). John Franklin Goucher had supported Maclay's seminary and became the largest donor in purchasing the Aoyama Campus in 1883. It was Goucher's vision to establish and name a Methodist university in Japan as "Anglo Japanese University of Tokio and Awoyama" (Tokyo Aoyama Eiwa University), which became the present day Aoyama Gakuin University.

Key persons[edit]

Following those English education pioneers, there were key persons representing their missionery.

Methodists[edit]

  • Mary Putnam Pruyn (ja) (31 March 1820 – 20 February 1885, American) for then Doremus School aka presentday Yokohama Kyōritsu Gakuen (横浜共立学園) and Kaisei Missionary Girls' School (偕成伝道女学校, Kaisei dendō jogakkō) which was renamed to Kyoritsu Biblical School (共立女子聖書学院, Kyōritsu Seisho gakuin); discontinued in 1980 by the merger of three schools into the Kyoritsu Christian Institute (共立基督教研究所, Kyōritsu Kirisutokyō kenkyūsho) (ja), Ibaraki prefecture. The Institute collaborates with Alister McGrath.
  • Harriet Brittan (1822 - 1897, American) held Brittan's Girls School (1881-) in Yokohama, being renamed to Yokohama Eiwa Gakuin (学校法人横浜英和学院).

Eiwa Schools and Methodist missionaries[edit]

See also: Article on the American Methodist Episcopal Churches (jawp)

As with the sample of John Franklin Goucher's vision to name a Methodist university in Japan as “Anglo Japanese University of Tokio and Awoyama” (Tokyo Aoyama Eiwa University) evolving from Tōkyō Eiwa Gakkō, it would be appropriate to group those schools connected with Methodist missionary as Tokyo Anglo-Japanese Schools, or to its equivalent in Japanese as Tōkyō Eiwa Gakkō. So far, schools throughout Japan called Eiwa are on the list as follows:[19]

Network of schools associated with Methodist Episcopal Church in Japan[edit]

  • Kaigan Girls' School (jawp) (1877-1888)
  • Tokyo Eiwa gakko (jawp) (1878-1894)
    • Aoyama Gakuin (1894-, wikidata) would merge both Kaigan Girls' School as well as Tokyo Eiwa gakko by 1894. Yokohama Eiwa Jogakko, or Britten’s Yokohama Eiwa Girls' School had become affiliated with Aoyama gakuin as well.
  • Britten's Girls School was renamed to Yokohama Eiwa Girls' School ( Ja:横浜英和女学校 1880-)[20]
  • Frederick Charles Klein (17 May 1857 – 27 December 1926) departed Washington State to Japan in 1883 when Britten decided to segregate her school and run a boys' school, which Klein would take charge of. The facilities were divided between Girls' and Boys' schools in 1886, and Klein, after founding a school in Yokohama (Yokohama Eiwa gakko (横浜英和学校)) and inaugurating Yokohama First Bifu Church (横浜第一美普教会) in 1886, came to Nagoya and laid stones for Nagoya Eiwa School[21] in November 1887; Klein reformed a language teaching Private Aichi English School (私立愛知英語学校, Shiritsu Aichi Eigo gakkō), having been founded a few months earlier that year, into a missionary school.[22]
Year History of schools that existed before Aoyama Gakuin
1874 Girls' Elementary School was opened in Azabu. Renamed to Kyusei gakko (救世学校) in 1875, then relocated to Tsukiji and was renamed as Kaigan jogakko (海岸女学校).
1878 Kokyogakusha (耕教学舎) was opened in Tsukiji, renamed to Tokyo English School (東京英学校, Tokyo eigakko).
1879 Bikai Seminary (美會神学校) was opened in Yokohama.
1882 Bikai Seminary merges into Tokyo English School.
1883 Tokyo English School moves to present day Aoyama, changing its name to Tokyo Eiwa Gakko (東京英和学校).
1888 Kaigan jogakko started to operate a separate upper course as Tokyo Eiwa Girls' School (東京英和女学校, Tokyo eiwa jogakko), and senior students were relocated to the new hall in Aoyama. Eventually Kaigan jogakko was closed in 1894 by merger into Tokyo Eiwa Girls' School.
1894 Tokyo Eiwa Gakko was renamed to Aoyama Gakuin (青山学院), with departments of Theology and Normal departments. The latter consisted of three courses of upper normal, English teaching, and preparatory.
1895 Tokyo Eiwa Girls' School was renamed to Aoyama Jogakuin (青山女学院), with departments of Theology and Normal, with a Handicraft course. Normal course consisted of three courses of upper school, normal, and preparatory. A kindergarten was opened to be closed in 1899.
1904 Granted license for managing two Advanced schools (semmon gakko): School of Theology, Aoyama Gakuin High School (青山学院高等科・神学部), Aoyama Jogakuin (English Study Course) (青山女学院英文専門科)
1923 1923 Great Kantō earthquake destroyed the auditorium, classroom buildings for high school (Katsuta Memorial), junior high, and the theological schools.
1927 Integrated Aoyama Girls' School (青山女学院, Aoyama Jogakuin) into Aoyama Gakuin. Reorganized Department of High School (高等科, Kotoka) into Advanced School (高等学部, Kotogakubu).
1935 Reorganized the Faculty of Higher Education into Faculties of Literature (Departments of English Literature, English Normal school) and that of Advanced Course in Commerce (Commerce Department).
1943 Discontinued School of Theology by the merger of Nihon Shingakko (ja) Nihon shingakko (日本神学校)[23], Schools of Theology at both Tohoku gakuin (東北学院) (ja)|東北学院]][24][25] and Meiji Gakuin University as well as Tokyo Shingakusha (東京神学社).[26] Those schools formed post-1945 Tokyo Union Theological Seminary (東京神学大学, Tokyo Shingaku Daigaku) (ja).
1944 Discontinued Advanced Schools (literature, advanced school of commerce) by merger to Meiji Gakuin University.

Opened Aoyama Gakuin School of Technology.

1946 Renamed to Aoyama Gakuin College from Aoyama Gakuin School of Technology, start offering courses in English Literature, Economics, Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture departments. Renamed to Aoyama Gakuin Women's College from Women's Advanced School.

A service minister Rikkar (リッカー) proposed to educate peace and democracy through Christian schools with advice from Colonel Decker, the 4th Commander of the United States Seventh Fleet; Ganjō Kosaka (古坂嵓城, Kosaka Ganjō) opens a Yokosuka branch.[27]

1947 Refurbished the facilities of the Imperial Navy College of Engineering (海軍工機学校, Kaigun kōki gakkō) to start the Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, as Aoyama Gakuin Yokosuka campus.

Schools associated with Methodist Church, Canada[edit]

Methodist Church of Canada founded schools starting in Yokohama. Isabella S. Blackmore (7 January 1863 - 2 January 1942, Canadian) was dedicated to education for girls as principal of several schools.

Ecumenical[edit]

Mary Putnam Pruyn (31 March 1820 – 20 February 1885, American)

  • Doremus School 横浜共立学園 (Yokohama Kyoritsu Gakuen)

Footnotes[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Sourced from Kambe Yasumitsu's writing[6] in which he discusses the pioneering years of the secondary education in Meiji era Japan, especially in the resource section introducing status by prefectures.
  2. ↑ Another school with identical name was a national school, soon to be merged with the First Higher School: That merged section would be reformed as the faculty of general education of the University of Tokyo.
  3. ↑ Tokyo English School and its sisterhood with British Law School of Chuo University has been remembered, however, as Tokyo English School changing its name to Nihon School, it is often mistaken to be under the umbrella of Nihon University.
  4. ↑ Dokkyō-gaku kyōkai was succeeded by present day Dokkyo Junior and Senior High School affiliated with Dokkyo University.
  5. ↑ The municipal Tokyo First Middle School is presently called Hibiya High School.
  6. ↑ According to a study analyzing thesauri for law in Meiji era Japan compared to the indices to law and legislature treatise of Japan[15] published during the period discussed herein, or between 1867 (Keiwō 3) and 1885 (Meiji 17), it notes both "Eigogaku" (Studies of English)[16] and "Eigo gakko" (English schools)[1] were applied to missionery schools.[17]
  7. ↑ Dora E. Schoonmaker (1851 – 1934) was a Methodist missionary from Olive, Ulster County, state of New York,OCLC 674971964 and returned to the US in 1879 and married with a Henry Martin Soper.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Horei zensho 2007, p. 1934.
  2. ↑ Romanized_thesaurus 1976.
  3. ↑ Horei Zenshu 2007, p. 1933.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Printing Bureau (1904). Ministry of Finance (Japan) [大蔵省印刷局], ed. "告示 / 文部省 / 第52号 / 東京府私立女子英學塾專門學校令ニ依ルノ件認可" [Notification / Ministry of Education / No. 52 / Eigaku-juku, a Private Women's English School in Tokyo Prefecture registered to inaugurate under the Legislature for Specialty Schools (Kokuji / Mombushō / Dai 52-gō / Tōkyō-fu shiritsu joshi eigaku-juku semmongakkō-rei ni yoru no ken ninka)]. Kampō [官報]. Japan Micro Images [日本マイクロ写真] (18 March 1904): 353. doi:10.11501/2949526 – via National Diet Library of Japan.
  5. ↑ Koike 1978, p. 878.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 2006 & Kanbe, pp. 222-, 62-.
  7. ↑ Duke 2009, p. 206.
  8. ↑ Nihon gakuen hyakunen-shi [Cenntenerary of Nihon Gakuen]. Nihon Gakuen. 1993. OCLC 704092916. Search this book on
  9. ↑ Nagai 1979, pp. 36, 42, 136.
  10. ↑ Okada 2004, p. 33.
  11. ↑ "Nihon Gakuen Koko to kyotei wo teiketsu" [Partnership with Nihon Gakuen High School]. Meiji University News (in 日本語). Meiji University (642): 11. April 1, 2012. Retrieved 2019-05-20. Both schools under this agreement aim to contribute to the neighborhood, deepen mutual understanding as Nihon Gakuen is a 5-minute walk from Meidaimae Station (Keio Line), in a close proximity to the Izumi Campus (of Meiji ).
  12. ↑ Jinji koshinroku 人事興信録 [Human Resources Letter] (in 日本語) (4th ed.). Jinjikoshinjo. 1915. pp. 83–&sect, ma (plate 708 L). Retrieved 2019-05-20. Search this book on
  13. ↑ "Masujima Rokuichiro : Digital Japan who's Who+Plus". kotobank.jp (in 日本語). Retrieved 2019-05-20., published on Digital Japan Who’s Who +Plus (デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus, Dejitaruban Nihon jinmeijiten +Plus)
  14. ↑ Miyagawa, Takayasu (2001). "Fukuzawa Yukichi kenkyu ronbun : Mitsubishi shogyo gakko to Meiji gijuku" [Fukuzawa Yukichi Study Paper : Mitsubishi Business School and Meiji Gijuku]. Fukuzawa Yukichi Nenkan (in 日本語). Keio University. 28: 21–56.
  15. ↑ "法令全書" [Findings on hard-to-read kanji characters from matching project of the modern "Japanese Law Index (volume: early Meiji)" against "Romanized thesaurus to the Treatise of Laws and Legislature : from October, 1867 (the 3rd year of Keio) to December, 1885 (the 17th year of Meiji)] (in 日本語). Missing or empty |url= (help)|ref=CITEREFHorei_zensho2007|pages=1933-1934 |publisher= National Diet Library|date=January 2007|doi= 10.11501/999230}}
  16. ↑ Horei zensho 2007, p. 1933.
  17. ↑ Kampō Division, Diet of Japan [内閣官報局], ed. (1976). イロハ別索引 [Romanized thesaurus]. Appendix #3, Japanese Law Index: October 1867 (Keiō 3)– December 1884 (Meiji 17) (法令全書 別巻ノ3 (慶応3年10月-明治17年12月) (in 日本語). 3. Tokyo: Hara Shobo [原書房]. Retrieved 2020-03-14. Search this book on
  18. ↑ Youngmin Park; Sangwoo Kang; Jungyun Seo (January 2014). "Title named entity recognition using wikipedia and abbreviation generation". 2014 International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BIGCOMP). IEEE: 169–172. doi:10.1109/bigcomp.2014.6741430. ISBN 978-1-4799-3919-0. Retrieved 31 March 2019. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.A template for “Association of Christian Schools in Japan” (present) and a template for missionary schools founded in Meiji period Japan categorize Christian schools, in enwp the article “Christian_school” is weak at distinguishing them.
  20. ↑ Yokohama History Museum, ed. (2015). 蒔田の吉良氏 : 戦国まぼろしの蒔田城と姫君 [Kira Clan of Maita region : The illusion of a castle and a princess] (in 日本語) (2nd ed.). Yokohama City Furusato Rekishi Foundation. Search this book on An exhibition catalog for Japanese: 横浜市歴史博物館.
  21. ↑ "名古屋中学校・高等学校" [Nagoya Junior and Senior High Schools]. www.meigaku.ac.jp (in 日本語). Nagoya Gakuin (名古屋学院)
  22. ↑ Nagoya Eiwa School was the forerunner of the present day Nagoya Gakuin Junior and Senior High Schools in Nagoya (wikidata).
  23. ↑ Nakamura, Satoshi. (2000) "Nihon ni okeru Fukuinha no rekishi : mō hitotsu no Nihon Kirisutokyō shi", Tōkyō : Inochi no Kotobasha, ISBN 4264018269 Search this book on . ISBN 9784264018261 Search this book on ., OCLC 52211477. (中村敏『日本における福音派の歴史』いのちのことば社、2000年).
  24. ↑ Centenary of Tohoku Gakuin (in 日本語). Tohoku Gakuin. 1989. Search this book on
  25. ↑ History of Tohoku Gakuin (in 日本語). Kahoku Shimpo Publication Center. 2017. ISBN 978-4-87341-366-2. Search this book on (学校法人東北学院 『東北学院の歴史』 河北新報出版センター、2017年).
  26. ↑ Amemiya, Eiichi (2009). Bokushi Uemura Masahisa (in 日本語). Tokyo: Shinkyō Shuppansha. Search this book on (雨宮栄一『牧師植村正久』新教出版社、2009年)
  27. ↑ Otsuka, Satoru. (1962) "The story of Shuyukan High School", Shuyu Tsushin. (大塚覚『修猷館物語』（修猷通信、1962年）)

Sources[edit]

Further readings[edit]

  • Japan pamphlets. (1874) OCLC 55184059 includes "Tokyo eigo gakko soku (The school laws of the Tokyo English School, Meiji 8 (1875)) --"
  • Timeline of Christianity in Japan (日本キリスト教史年表, Nihon kirisutokyō-shi nempyō). rev.ed., Tokyo: Kyobunkan, May 2006. OCLC 675020250.
  • Mineshige, Kiyoshi; 嶺重, 淑 (2011). キリスト教入門: 歴史・人物・文学 [Introduction to Christianity: History, People and Literature (Kirisuto-kyo nyumon: rekishi, jimbutsu, bungaku)] (in Japanese). Tokyo: United Church of Christ in Japan Publication. ISBN 978-4-8184-0770-1. OCLC 711039681.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on

See also[edit]


Article title may need to change: Tokyo English School[edit]


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