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Exclusion diet in Autism

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Many cheeses, bread and milk are forbidden on a casein- and gluten-free diet.

Exclusion diets in the context of autism typically involve removing certain foods, particularly those containing gluten and/or casein (the major protein component of both cow and human milk), from an individual's diet. While some proponents claim such diets can alleviate or cure autism symptoms—often relying on anecdotal or non-scientific evidence—there is no conclusive scientific support for these claims. Studies employing rigorous methodology have not demonstrated significant benefits. Conversely, potential negative effects, including nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, and social isolation, are documented in the scientific literature.

Due to an unfavorable risk-benefit balance, exclusion diets—particularly those eliminating gluten and casein—are not recommended for autistic individuals by official health bodies such as the French Agency for Food Safety [fr] (AFSSA) and the French National Authority for Health [fr] (HAS), except in cases of confirmed allergies or food intolerances. Evidence supporting the ketogenic diet in autism is limited and pertains only to certain behavioral issues.

Exclusion diets are often implemented by parents of autistic children, notably in countries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France. While some parents report perceived improvements, claims of curing autism through dietary interventions are not supported by scientific evidence and are regarded as unsubstantiated.

Contextualization

Since the 1990s, dietary approaches have increasingly been considered by some as complementary to therapeutic care in autism.[1][2] Among these, gluten- and casein-free diets have gained popularity, particularly among parents of autistic children in France,[1][2] the United Kingdom, and North America.[3] These diets have been widely adopted since the early 2000s despite the lack of scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. The proliferation of such dietary interventions has occurred in a broader context of conflicting and abundant nutritional information.[4] According to Jean-Louis Schlienger, honorary professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Strasbourg, restrictive diets excluding products such as gluten, dairy, or meat lack a scientific basis at the population level and contradict established principles of dietary balance and diversity.[5] Critics of these approaches, including Dr. Julie Dachez, who holds a PhD in social psychology, argue that some proponents of exclusion diets and other so-called biomedical treatments for autism take advantage of parental anxiety by offering unproven solutions at significant financial cost.[6]

According to child psychiatrist Laurence Robel (Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital)[7] and sociologist Amandine Rochedy (University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès),[8] families often implement exclusion diets for autistic children based on personal testimonies, frequently found online, to alleviate autism-related symptoms. The researchers suggest that the popularity of such diets in France may be partly linked to the declining influence of psychoanalytic approaches [fr] and the broader uncertainty surrounding the causes of autism. This context has allowed for the emergence of various alternative theories, including those focused on nutrition.[9][10] Decisions to adopt exclusion diets are sometimes influenced by written accounts from other parents.[4]

These dietary interventions are typically carried out within the family setting and reflect a broader trend toward the deinstitutionalization of people with disabilities. As such, they constitute a form of home-based caregiving requiring ongoing parental oversight and control of the child's food intake.[11]

Theorization

Blood-brain barrier: type 1 astrocytes surrounding blood capillaries in the brain.

Exclusion diets for autistic individuals are sometimes motivated by the hypothesis of an imbalance in the gut microbiota, which is suspected to contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms.[12] However, according to Robel et al., the reported prevalence of such symptoms among autistic children may be overestimated.[13] A frequently cited causal explanation involves increased intestinal permeability, purportedly triggered by the consumption of gluten and casein.[7][14] This hypothesis suggests that undigested peptides, toxins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines could cross the blood-brain barrier and influence brain function. A 1996 study by P. D'Eufemia and colleagues is often cited in support of this theory, reporting lower intestinal permeability in autistic children compared to neurotypical peers.[15][16] Nonetheless, the scientific basis of this mechanism remains under debate.[12][17][14]

Peptides were implicated in a 1982 study by Professor Christopher Gillberg,[18] which suggested a possible link between peptide profiles and autism. However, these findings remain controversial, as a 1988 replication study by Le Couteur et al. did not identify a peptide profile specific to autistic individuals related to casein and gluten degradation.[19][20]

The opioid peptide hypothesis is often cited to support the use of gluten- and casein-free diets in autism.[12][21] As of 2020, this hypothesis remains unproven.[22] No conclusive evidence has demonstrated an effect of gluten or casein on gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic children.[23] According to Robel et al., the frequency of digestive disorders in autistic children is not significantly higher than in neurotypical children, suggesting that the co-occurrence of these conditions may be coincidental rather than causally linked.[24] Although isolated cases associate autism with celiac disease,[25] no consistent or proven correlation[26][27] has been established between autism and celiac disease or irritable bowel syndrome.[28]

The high prevalence of eating behavior disorders among autistic individuals has been identified as a potential factor contributing to digestive issues and imbalances in gut microbiota.[24] A study published in Cell in November 2021 by Chloé X. Yap et al. concluded that changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of autistic individuals are likely the result of selective dietary patterns, rather than a cause of autism-related symptoms.[29]

Efficacy studies

Studies on the effects of exclusion diets in the context of autism often exhibit significant heterogeneity and methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes and the absence of control groups.[30] A 2021 review of 26 studies on autism and dietary interventions by Zainab Taha and Khalid A. Abdalhai found no conclusive evidence supporting the efficacy of exclusion diets.[31] Additionally, emphasis on dietary approaches may divert financial and research resources from other potentially more effective interventions.[32]

On the gluten-free and casein-free diet

Since the 1970s, studies have examined the effects of casein- and/or gluten-free diets on autistic individuals,[32] partly influenced by an interpretation of a 1979 study by Jaak Panksepp.[3] Research findings have been mixed. A 2002 study involving two groups of autistic children found no significant positive effects from the diet.[33] A 2004 small-scale study reported possible improvements in autism-related behaviors but highlighted the need for further investigation.[34] In 2006, a preliminary double-blind clinical trial involving 15 children aged 2 to 16 showed no statistically significant effects, although some parents reported behavioral improvements.[35]

In 2012, a survey of 387 parents who had implemented gluten-free and casein-free diets for their autistic children reported perceived behavioral improvements.[36] However, a 2016 double-blind clinical trial involving 14 autistic children aged 3 to 5 did not demonstrate any significant effect from the dietary intervention.[37]

A first review of the scientific literature was conducted in 2010 by Dr. Austin Mulloy (University of Texas at Austin) and his team. Based on 15 previous studies, the review concluded: "A critical analysis of the methodological rigor and results of each study reveals that the current research body does not support the use of gluten-free and casein-free diets in treating ASD. Given the lack of empirical data and the often negative consequences associated with gluten-free diets [...] such diets should only be implemented if an autistic child exhibits acute behavioral changes that appear to be associated with dietary changes, and/or if healthcare professionals confirm through testing that the child has food allergies or intolerances to gluten and/or casein."[38]

In 2013, Dr. Timothy Buie of Boston Children's Hospital conducted a review of studies focusing on gluten and autism and concluded that the available evidence was insufficient to support the use of a gluten-free diet as a treatment for autism.[39] In 2014, Dr. Salvador Marí-Bauset and his team at the University of Valencia published a review in the Journal of Child Neurology, stating that few studies offered strong scientific evidence. They recommended implementing gluten-free and casein-free diets only in cases where food intolerances or allergies had been medically diagnosed. The review also emphasized the need for future studies with more robust designs and larger sample sizes.[40]

In 2015, a review conducted by Klaus W. Lange and colleagues at the University of Regensburg, published in Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, reached conclusions consistent with previous reviews, finding insufficient evidence to support the use of gluten-free and casein-free diets as a treatment for autism.[41]

In 2020, Busra Baspinar and Hulya Yardimci (University of Ankara) published a review of the scientific literature on gluten-free and casein-free diets in autism. Consistent with previous studies, they concluded that the available research was limited in both quantity and quality, and that the effect of such diets on autistic behaviors remained unclear.[22] They noted that behavioral changes were often assessed through parental self-reports rather than objective evaluation methods.[22]

On the ketogenic diet

See also: Ketogenic diet

A 2021 review of the scientific literature, comprising seven studies and conducted by a group of Italian researchers, evaluated the effects of the ketogenic diet in individuals with autism. The review concluded that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of this dietary intervention, particularly regarding behavioral outcomes, was limited and weak.[42]

Side effects of exclusion diets

Examples of foods forbidden on the casein-free diet (milk) and the ketogenic diet (sweet chocolate).

According to several studies, dietary interventions in autistic individuals are often perceived as harmless, particularly by parents of autistic children, while potential negative consequences may be underestimated, especially during the initial stages of implementation.[22][43]

Deficiencies and malnutrition

According to Baspinar and Yardimci, long-term use of restrictive diets such as gluten-free and casein-free regimens may result in micronutrient deficiencies.[22] These diets require ongoing monitoring to ensure adequate nutritional intake.[22] A 2005 study by Bernard Metz, James A. Mulick, and Eric M. Butter on controversial autism therapies also identified risks of malnutrition associated with such interventions.[44] Mulloy and colleagues reported reduced cortical bone thickness as a potential side effect following prolonged adherence to a casein-free diet in a child.[32] Research on the long-term use of these diets in non-autistic individuals has documented cases of severe malnutrition in the absence of consistent medical supervision.[1]

Cost and social isolation

Baspinar and Yardimci identify the economic burden, social isolation, and various social and psychological consequences associated with exclusion diets for families.[22] Sociologist Amandine Rochedy notes that excluding specific foods[45] can place additional demands on caregivers,[46] particularly in terms of increased mental load and time required for meal preparation.[45] The financial impact is further compounded by the need to purchase dietary supplements to prevent nutritional deficiencies.[45]

Consequences for children

Rochedy notes that exclusion diets may contribute to increased social isolation among autistic children, particularly in social settings such as birthday parties, family meals, or school cafeterias. This outcome appears contradictory to the objective of many autism interventions, which prioritize social integration.[45] Gastroenterologist Dr. Moschoutis highlights the potential psychological effects of restrictive diets, such as depriving children of typical pleasures, including sweets, in efforts to manage autism.[47] Rochedy also observes that excluding gluten and casein may remove preferred foods from the diets of autistic children with high food selectivity, potentially worsening existing eating challenges.[45]

Testimonies cited by Olivia Cattan describe the emotional strain such dietary restrictions may place on families.[47]

Official recommendations

According to Rochedy, the available scientific data do not support a definitive beneficial effect of exclusion diets in autism and suggest the need for caution in their implementation.[1]

The increase in the use of exclusion diets for autistic children led pediatricians from the French-speaking Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition to request a review by the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA).[1] In its April 2009 report, the agency concluded that there was insufficient evidence to confirm the safety of gluten- and casein-free diets in the short, medium, or long term. It also stated that the arguments commonly used to motivate such diets—such as excess exorphins, abnormal peptide excretion, and digestive disorders—were not supported by validated scientific data. As a result, the report did not recommend the use of these diets.[48]

The French National Authority for Health advised against the use of exclusion diets in its 2012 report,[49] a position also supported by the findings of Metz et al. (2005).[44] Similarly, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom recommended against such diets in its 2013 guidelines.[50]

Promotion of exclusion diets

A bowl of breakfast cereal with milk, a food falsely presented as a possible factor in autism in a PETA advertising campaign.

In 2008 and 2014, the organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched an English-language advertising campaign suggesting a link between milk consumption and autism. The campaign featured the slogan "Got autism?" alongside imagery referencing the earlier "Got Milk?" campaign.[51][52] The initiative was criticized for lacking a scientific basis.[52] Journalist Jeffrey Kluger and pediatrician Susan McGrew both condemned the campaign, highlighting its pseudoscientific message and its potential to generate guilt among parents and misconceptions about autism.[53]

In her 2015 book Être et ne plus être autiste [fr], Canadian author Nathalie Champoux claimed to have cured her two children of autism through dietary changes—eliminating milk, gluten, soy, and refined sugars—and chelation therapy.[54][55] The book received criticism for promoting pseudoscientific claims, notably from the Association des communicateurs scientifiques du Québec,[56] pediatrician Jean-François Chicoine of Sainte-Justine Hospital, and neuroscientist Laurent Mottron.[57]

According to Rochedy, some parents report reductions in autism-related symptoms and behavioral improvements in the initial days following the implementation of exclusion diets.[14] Such accounts have been published in the French popular press, with a few parents claiming their children were cured [fr].[58][59] In 2016, a family reported in the Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie that a diet excluding milk, gluten, and sugars had resolved their child's recurring ear infections.[60]

According to Le Livre noir de l'autisme [fr], the GAPS (Gut and Psychology Syndrome or Gut and Physiology Syndrome) exclusion diet, promoted by Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride, is presented misleadingly as a potential cure for autism.[47]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rochedy 2019, p. 56
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Robel et al. 2005, p. 577
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Metz, Mulick & Butter 2005, p. 245
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rochedy 2019, p. 63
  5. ↑ Schlienger, Jean-Louis (2018). "Les régimes « sans » ont-ils du sens ?" [Do "no" diets make sense?]. Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques (in français). 12 (1): 255–259. doi:10.1016/S1957-2557(18)30056-7. ISSN 1957-2557. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  6. ↑ Dachez, Julie (2021). Dans ta bulle: Les autistes ont la parole: écoutons-les [In your bubble: Autistic people have the floor: let's listen to them] (in français). Marabout. p. 148. ISBN 978-2-501-13478-1. Retrieved July 19, 2025. Search this book on
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Robel et al. 2005, p. 578
  8. ↑ Rochedy 2019, pp. 56; 63
  9. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, p. 588
  10. ↑ Rochedy 2019, p. 61
  11. ↑ Rochedy 2019, p. 64
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Baspinar & Yardimci 2020, p. 292
  13. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, pp. 579-580
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Rochedy 2019, p. 62
  15. ↑ Celli, D'Eufemia; Finocchiaro, R; Pacifico, L (1996). "Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism". Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). 85 (9): 1076–1079. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x. ISSN 0803-5253. PMID 8888921.
  16. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, p. 581
  17. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, pp. 578-579
  18. ↑ Gilberg, C; Trygstad, O; Foss, I (1982). "Childhood psychosis and urinary excretion of peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 12 (3): 229–241. doi:10.1007/BF01531369. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 7153198.
  19. ↑ Le Couteur, A; Trygstad, O; Evered, C; Gillberg, C (1988). "Infantile autism and urinary excretion of peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 18 (2): 181–190. doi:10.1007/BF02211945. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 3410809.
  20. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, pp. 582-583
  21. ↑ Robel et al. 2005, p. 579
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Baspinar & Yardimci 2020, p. 297
  23. ↑ Pusponegoro, Hardiono; Ismael, Sofyan; Firmansyah, Agus; Sastroasmoro, Sudigdo (2015). "Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder". Acta Paediatrica. 104 (11): e500–e505. doi:10.1111/apa.13108. ISSN 1651-2227. PMID 26148018. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Robel et al. 2005, p. 580
  25. ↑ Genuis, Stephen; Bouchard, Thomas (2010). "Celiac Disease Presenting as Autism". Journal of Child Neurology. 25 (1): 114–119. doi:10.1177/0883073809336127. ISSN 0883-0738. PMID 19564647. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  26. ↑ Pavone, L; Fiumara, A; Bottaro, G; Mazzone, D (1997). "Autism and celiac disease: failure to validate the hypothesis that a link might exist". Biological Psychiatry. 42 (1): 72–75. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00267-9. ISSN 0006-3223. PMID 9193744.
  27. ↑ Batista, Icaro; Gandolfi, Lenora; Medeiros Nobrega, Yanna; Almeida, Rodrigo (2012). "Autism spectrum disorder and celiac disease: no evidence for a link". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 70 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2012000100007. ISSN 0004-282X. PMID 22218470. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  28. ↑ Black, C (2002). "Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case-control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database". BMJ. 325 (7361): 419–421. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.419. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 119436. PMID 12193358. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  29. ↑ Yap, Chloe; Henders, Anjali; Alvares, Gail; Wood, David (2021). "Autism-related dietary preferences mediate autism-gut microbiome associations". Cell. 184 (24): 5916–5931. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.015. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34767757 Check |pmid= value (help). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  30. ↑ Alam, Sabiha; Westmark, Cara; McCullagh, Elizabeth (2023). "Diet in treatment of autism spectrum disorders". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 16. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1031016. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 10364988 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37492195 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Taha, Zainab; Abdalhai, Khalid (2021). "A review of the efficacy of the dietary intervention in autism spectrum disorder". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 9: 88–94. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5743. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Lange, Hauser & Reissmann 2015, p. 572
  33. ↑ Cornish, E (2002). "Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition". Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 15 (4): 261–269. doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2002.00372.x. ISSN 0952-3871. PMID 12153499.
  34. ↑ Millward, C; Ferriter, M; Calver, S; Connell-Jones, G (2004). Ferriter, Michael, ed. "Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 15106205. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Elder, Jennifer; Shankar, Meena; Shuster, Jonathan; Theriaque, Douglas (2006). "The Gluten-Free, Casein-Free Diet In Autism: Results of A Preliminary Double Blind Clinical Trial". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 36 (3): 413–420. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0079-0. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 16555138. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  36. ↑ Pennesi, Christine; Cousino Klein, Laura (2012). "Effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: based on parental report". Nutritional Neuroscience. 15 (2): 85–91. doi:10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000003. ISSN 1476-8305. PMID 22564339.
  37. ↑ Hyman, Susan; Stewart, Patricia; Foley, Jennifer; Cain, Usa (2016). "The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 46 (1): 205–220. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2564-9. ISSN 1573-3432. PMID 26343026.
  38. ↑ Mulloy, Austin; Lang, Russell; o'Reilly, Mark; Sigafoos, Jeff; Lancioni, Giulio; Rispoli, Mandy (2010). "Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 4 (3): 328–339. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.008. ISSN 1750-9467. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  39. ↑ Buie, Timothy (2013). "The Relationship of Autism and Gluten". Clinical Therapeutics. 35 (5): 578–583. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.011. ISSN 0149-2918. PMID 23688532. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  40. ↑ Marí-Bauset, Salvador; Zazpe, Itziar; Mari-Sanchis, Amelia; Llopis-González, Agustín (2014). "Evidence of the Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review". Journal of Child Neurology. 29 (12): 1718–1727. doi:10.1177/0883073814531330. hdl:10171/37087. ISSN 0883-0738. PMID 24789114. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  41. ↑ Lange, Hauser & Reissmann 2015, pp. 572–575
  42. ↑ Varesio, Costanza; Grumi, Serena; Zanaboni, Martina; Mensi, Martina (2021). "Ketogenic Dietary Therapies in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Facts or Fads? A Scoping Review and a Proposal for a Shared Protocol". Nutrients. 13 (6): 2057. doi:10.3390/nu13062057. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8234312 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34208488 Check |pmid= value (help).
  43. ↑ Rochedy 2019, pp. 57; 61-62
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lange, Hauser & Reissmann 2015, pp. 248-249
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Rochedy 2019, p. 57
  46. ↑ Rochedy 2019, p. 65
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Cattan, Olivia (2020). Le Livre noir de l'autisme [The Black Book of Autism] (in français). Cherche Midi. pp. 57–62. ISBN 978-2-7491-6390-1. Retrieved July 19, 2025. Search this book on
  48. ↑ "Efficacité et innocuité des régimes sans gluten et sans caséine proposés à des enfants présentant des troubles envahissants du développement (autisme et syndromes apparentés)" [Effectiveness and safety of gluten-free and casein-free diets for children with pervasive developmental disorders (autism and related syndromes)] (PDF). AFSSA (in français). April 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  49. ↑ Shore, Stephen M. (2015). Comprendre l'autisme pour les nuls [Understanding autism for dummies] (in français). Éditions First. p. 128. ISBN 978-2-7540-6581-8. Search this book on
  50. ↑ National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (August 13, 2013). "Recommendations | Autism spectrum disorder in under 19s: support and management | Guidance | NICE". Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  51. ↑ "NDC slams science behind resurfaced PETA Got Autism? campaign". Dairy Reporter. June 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Kluger, Jeffrey (May 30, 2014). ""Got Autism?" PETA Hits New Low With Anti-Milk Campaign". Time. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  53. ↑ Salahi, Lara (September 17, 2008). "PETA Campaign Angers Autism Groups". ABC News. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  54. ↑ Harvey, Véronique (March 4, 2016). "Renverser l'autisme" [Reversing autism]. Le Journal de Montréal (in français). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  55. ↑ Silly, Ysabelle (June 26, 2016). "Autisme: une maman teste une nouvelle alimentation" [Autism: a mother tests a new diet]. Femme Actuelle (in français). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  56. ↑ "Message du Conseil d'administration de l'ACS" [Message from the CHA Board of Directors]. ACS (in français). February 1, 2016. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  57. ↑ Collard, Nathalie (February 1, 2016). "Un livre sur l'autisme sème la controverse" [Autism book sparks controversy]. La Presse+ (in français). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  58. ↑ Moreau, Charlotte (January 23, 2020). "Témoignage: ma fille autiste va mieux depuis qu'elle a changé d'alimentation" [Testimonial: my autistic daughter is better since she changed her diet]. Femme Actuelle (in français). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  59. ↑ Schwaab, Catherine (October 22, 2019). "L'intestin: clé de notre santé mentale ?" [The intestine: key to our mental health?]. Paris Match (in français). Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  60. ↑ Bellito, Marc (2016). "Tribulations d'un enfant autiste des deux côtés de l'atlantique". Revue Francophone d'Orthoptie. 9 (3): 171–175. doi:10.1016/j.rfo.2016.06.009. ISSN 1876-2204. Retrieved July 19, 2025.

Bibliography

  • Metz, Bernard; Mulick, James; Butter, Eric (2005). "Autism: A late-20th-century Fad Magnet". Controversial Therapies for Developmental Disabilities: Fad, Fashion, and Science in Professional Practice. CRC Press. ISBN 1-135-63611-7. Search this book on


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