Genocide against Palestinians
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Genocide against Palestinians is a characterization of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which argues that Israel has carried out and/or is carrying out some kind of genocide against the Palestinian population, sometimes related to the view that Israel is a settler colonial state.[1][2] The characterization has been rejected by most, but not all, Israelis.[3][4][5]
History[edit]
Nakba[edit]
In 2010, historians Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov carried out a debate regarding whether the 1948 Nakba should be regarded as a genocide, with Shaw arguing that it could and with Bartov disagreeing.[6][7][8] The former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, Daud Abdullah, has stated that "Given the declared intent of the Zionist leaders, this wholesale destruction and depopulation of Palestinian villages fit[s] easily with the definition of genocide as cited in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."[9]
Blockade of Gaza[edit]
In 2007, Israel imposed a blockade – supported by Egypt – on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip. Israeli New Historian Ilan Pappé has argued that genocide "is the only appropriate way to describe what the Israeli army is doing in the Gaza Strip".[10][4] In an article written in 2023 in the International Journal of Human Rights, Mohammed Nijim voiced his belief “that Israeli policies that were enacted after the introduction of the Blockade of the Gaza Strip amount[ed] to slow-motion genocide".[11]
2014 Gaza War[edit]
The 2014 Gaza War, also referred to as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Al-Haq, a Palestinian Human Rights organization, concluded in a report that serious violations of international law were committed in the course of the 2014 Israeli offensive against Gaza. The organization, along with other Palestinian human rights organizations the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and Addameer, submitted a legal file to the International Criminal Court encouraging it to begin an investigation and prosecution into the crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the course of Israel’s 2014 Gaza offensive. The crime of genocide was referenced as an Israeli crime by these groups.[12] Additionally, dozens of Holocaust survivors, along with hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivors and victims, accused Israel of “genocide” for the deaths of more than 2,000 Palestinians in Gaza during the 2014 Gaza War.[12]
2023 Israel–Hamas war[edit]
The 2023 Israel–Hamas war began when militants invaded Israel from the Gaza Strip on 7 October 2023,[13] and continued with an Israeli counteroffensive.[14] Israel formally declared war on Hamas a day later. Many Palestinians have expressed sadness for the kidnapped and killed Israelis; however, they have also expressed deep concern that this violence would be used to justify genocide by Israel against Palestinians.[15][16] This view has been expressed by Marwan Bishara writing for Al Jazeera.[17]
Forcible population transfer[edit]
Israel's evacuation order was characterized as a forcible population transfer by Jan Egeland, the Norwegian former diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[18] A "forcible transfer" is the forced relocation of a civilian population as part of an organized offense against it and is considered a crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[19] In an interview with the BBC, Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva convention is a war crime."[18] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[20] Raz Segal, an Israeli historian and director of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies program at Stockton University, termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[21]
Conceptions of genocide[edit]
The term genocide was coined in 1944 by a Jewish Polish legal scholar, Raphael Lemkin, who explained that for him “the term does not necessarily signify mass killings”.[12]
| “ | More often [genocide] refers to a coordinated plan aimed at destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups so that these groups wither and die like plants that have suffered a blight. The end may be accomplished by the forced disintegration of political and social institutions, of the culture of the people, of their language, their national feelings and their religion. It may be accomplished by wiping out all basis of personal security, liberty, health and dignity. When these means fail the machine gun can always be utilized as a last resort. Genocide is directed against a national group as an entity and the attack on individuals is only secondary to the annihilation of the national group to which they belong.[12] | ” |
It has been claimed by many analysts that Israel has violated various acts of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, including: killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.[12] Haifa Rashed and Damien Short have voiced their belief that Lemkin's original concept of genocide can be used to analyze "the historical and continuing, cultural and physical, destructive social and political relations involved in the Israel/Palestine conflict".[22] In a separate publication, Rashed, Short, and John Docker argued that the conflict did not receive enough attention in the field of genocide studies.[23] Historian Lawrence Davidson, in his book about cultural genocide, included a chapter about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[24]
In the context of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the Israeli counterattacks, and the imposed complete blockade, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, Israeli historian Raz Segal described it as a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the Nakba, the expulsion of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel in 1948.[25]
Ongoing discourse[edit]
Legal discourse[edit]
In 1998, American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle, the professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, suggested bringing a case against Israel for violating the Genocide Convention.[10][26][27]
Public discourse[edit]
Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning a scheme of genocide.[28] Some Israelis reject the characterization of genocide, saying such accusations are antisemitic.[3]
In an opinion survey of American Jews, commissioned by the Jewish Electorate Institute following the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, 34% agreed that "Israel's treatment of Palestinians is similar to racism in the United States," 25% agreed that "Israel is an apartheid state" and 22% agreed that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians."[29]
Critics argue that administrations of the United States, such as the Biden administration, have given tacit approval to Israeli war crimes in the conflict and also to genocide.[30][31]
Political discourse[edit]
Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian on 13 October labelled the siege and the cutting off of essentials as "seeking a genocide of all people in Gaza".[32] On 15 October, Pakistani foreign minister Jalil Abbas Jilani directly called Israel's airstrikes and blockade on Gaza an genocide.[33]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Short, Haifa Rashed, Damien (2014). "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?". New Directions in the Sociology of Human Rights. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315539942-3/genocide-settler-colonialism-lemkin-inspired-genocide-perspective-aid-understanding-palestinian-situation-haifa-rashed-damien-short (inactive 2023-10-16). ISBN 978-1-315-53994-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Short 2016, p. 10.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Is Israel committing a genocide?". Reservists on Duty. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pappe, Ilan (2010). "Genocide in Gaza". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 201–205. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_26. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Polya, Gideon (2010). "Ongoing Palestinian Genocide". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 39–42. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_3. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Shaw, Martin; Bartov, Omer (2010). "The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov". Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (3–4): 243–259. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.529698. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Martin, Shaw (2010). "Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide". Holy Land Studies. 9 (1): 1–24. doi:10.3366/hls.2010.0001.
- ↑ Shaw, Martin (2013). "Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited". Holy Land Studies. 12 (1): 1–7. doi:10.3366/hls.2013.0056.
- ↑ Abdullah, Daud (2019). "A century of cultural genocide in Palestine". Cultural Genocide. Routledge. pp. 227–245. doi:10.4324/9781351214100-10. ISBN 978-1-351-21410-0. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lendman, Steve (2010). "Israel's Slow-Motion Genocide in Occupied Palestine". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan US: 29–38. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_2. ISBN 978-1-349-28656-0.
- ↑ Nijim, Mohammed (2023). "Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a case study". The International Journal of Human Rights. 27 (1): 165–200. doi:10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective" (PDF). Center for Constitutional Rights. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ Erlanger, Steven (7 October 2023). "An Attack From Gaza and an Israeli Declaration of War. Now What?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ George, Susannah; Dadouch, Sarah; Parker, Claire; Rubin, Shira (9 October 2023). "Israel formally declares war against Hamas as more than 1,000 killed on both sides". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ "Palestinian Americans, Dismayed by Violence, Say Historical Context Is Being Overlooked". The New York Times. 12 October 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ "Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza". Reuters News. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ↑ Marwan Bishara. "Israel is manufacturing a case for genocide". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Srivastava, Mehul. "Gazans stream south to seek shelter from Israeli bombardment". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "forcible transfer". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ "UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire". UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ Segal, Raz. "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien (2012). "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?". The International Journal of Human Rights. 16 (8): 1142–1169. doi:10.1080/13642987.2012.735494. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien; Docker, John (2014). "Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine". Holy Land Studies. 13 (1): 1–23. doi:10.3366/hls.2014.0076. ISSN 1474-9475.
- ↑ Davidson, Lawrence (2012). "Israel and Palestinian Cultural Genocide". Cultural Genocide. Rutgers University Press. pp. 65–88. doi:10.36019/9780813553443-004. ISBN 978-0-8135-5344-3. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ Segal, Raz (October 13, 2023). "A Textbook Case of Genocide". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
- ↑ Boyle, Francis A. (2000). "Palestine: Sue Israel for Genocide before the International Court of Justice!". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 20 (1): 161–166. doi:10.1080/13602000050008979. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Boyle, Francis A. (2010). "Israel's Crimes against Palestinians: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, Genocide". The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 259–262. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_33. ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Short 2016, p. 70.
- ↑ "Israel 'is an apartheid state,' a quarter of U.S. Jews say in new poll". Haaretz.
- ↑ "The U.S. Is Giving Israel Permission for War Crimes". The Intelligencer. 13 October 2023.
- ↑ Speri, Alice (October 19, 2023). "Going All-In for Israel May Make Biden Complicit in Genocide". The Intercept. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ↑ "Iran Accuses Israel of 'Genocide' Against the Palestinians in Gaza". Asharq Al-Awsat.
- ↑ "FM Jilani equates Israeli strikes, blockade of Gaza to genocide against Palestinians". DAWN.
Works cited[edit]
- BADIL (2015). "Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2013-2015".
- Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8. Search this book on
- "Palestine refugees". UNRWA. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
- "Frequently asked questions". UNRWA. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
Further reading[edit]
- Abdo, D. N., & Masalha, N. (Eds.) (2018). An oral history of the Palestinian Nakba. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781786993519.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Search this book on
- Boyle, F. (2013). The Palestinian Genocide by Israel. SSRN 2339254.
- Brandabur, A. C. (2008). "Roadmap to genocide". Nebula. 5 (3): 25–49.
- Fisk, B. N. (2019). "Canaanite genocide and Palestinian Nakba in conversation: A postcolonial exercise in bi-directional hermeneutics". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. 18 (1): 21–49. doi:10.3366/hlps.2019.0201. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help)
External links[edit]
- How Western Leaders & Media Are Justifying Israel's "Genocidal Campaign" Against Palestinians. Democracy Now!
- This is Genocide. Andrew Mitrovica. Al Jazeera.
- Allegation: Israel Commits Acts of Genocide. Anti-Defamation League
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