Gunslinger effect
The gunslinger effect, first hypothesised by the physicist Niels Bohr[1], is that an intentional or willed movement is slower than an automatic or reaction movement. The name for the effect is derived from Bohr's deduction that the person who draws second in a gunfight will actually win the shoot-out. Bohr would test this hypothesis with his students, most notably Hendrik Casimir. The effect has also been termed "Bohr's Law".[2]
Later research confirmed the basic hypothesis, showing that intentional movements and reaction movements were controlled by two separate systems[3], and that it was not confined merely to hand or arm movements[4]. The gunslinger effect applies to the initial reaction, not later limb control, but there is no trade-off between that early reaction and later targeting accuracy[5]
References
- ↑ "Haphazard Reality - Half a Century of Science. Hendrik Casimir. Harper and Row, New York, 1983".
- ↑ Pinto, Yaïr; Otten, Marte; Cohen, Michael A.; Wolfe, Jeremy M.; Horowitz, Todd S. (2011-02-01). "The boundary conditions for Bohr's law: when is reacting faster than acting?". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 73 (2): 613–620. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0057-7. ISSN 1943-393X. PMID 21264708. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Weller, Lisa; Kunde, Wilfried; Pfister, Roland (2018-04-01). "Disarming the gunslinger effect: Reaction beats intention for cooperative actions". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 25 (2): 761–766. doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1462-5. ISSN 1531-5320. PMID 29623572. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Wakatsuki, Tsubasa; Yamada, Norimasa (2020). "Difference Between Intentional and Reactive Movement in Side-Steps: Patterns of Temporal Structure and Force Exertion". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 2186. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02186. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 7495094 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33013564 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Roberts, J. W.; Lyons, J.; Garcia, D. B. L.; Burgess, R.; Elliott, D. (2016-05-24). "Gunslinger Effect and Muller-Lyer Illusion: Examining Early Visual Information Processing for Late Limb-Target Control". Motor Control. 21 (3): 284–298. doi:10.1123/mc.2015-0079. ISSN 1087-1640. PMID 27218800.
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