Han Chinese nationalism
Han Chinese nationalism is a political ideology used to glorify the ethnic Han Chinese people and its uniqueness throughout history. It is often intermingled and mixed with Chinese nationalism.
History[edit]
Unlike Chinese nationalism, the Han Chinese nationalism has a historic root of being strongly stressed on the ethnic Han Chinese people, the dominant ethnic group in China that originates from Huaxia. Han Chinese nationalism had been often used as a rallying force stemming the historical pride of Han Chinese people and the way it developed to become one of the world's earliest civilizations.[1][2]
Since the Han dynasty, ideas of Han Chinese superiority had been frequently used in its attempt to expand the territory. This is best exemplified by the invasions of Korea, Vietnam, conquest of Central Asia, Tibet, Xinjiang and Mongolia.[3][4][5] This was later inherited by later dynasties of China, notably the Tang dynasty and the Ming dynasty; the Tang dynasty had exerted control beyond the border of old Huaxia, while the Ming dynasty managed to become the major naval power and one of the great empires in medieval history. Han Chinese ideas of superiority were complex, with contrasting Confucian narratives of Han superiority and ones of diversity in the army and the Empire.[6][7][8][9]
Outside territorial ambitions, rallying against non-Han forces who took over China needed Han Chinese nationalist sentiment. The Han nationalist movement had an instrumental role in overthrowing the Mongol-based Yuan dynasty and the Mongol rule of China.[10] Han Chinese nationalism was also an integral part on the rebellion against the Manchu-based Qing dynasty and became increasingly institutionalized following the Century of Humiliation, which was often led by Han Chinese nationalists who considered the Qing dynasty corrupt and immoral and were hostile to Western imperialism.[11][12][13] The Boxer Rebellion in late 19th century had been seen as another specific part of Han Chinese nationalism juxtaposed against Western imperialism in China, where Han Chinese nationalists were against Western and modern ideas and sought to revive old Chinese traditions.[14][15]
Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Sun Yat-sen had attempted to build a more multi-racial nationalism and had notable successes, such as the rise of Nationalist China and the five-colored flag. Despite this, Han Chinese nationalism is predominate in China today, as leaders since 1911 began to stress about the Han nationalist sentiment and the ongoing Han domination in China, as witnessed in both World War II and current People's Republic's domestic and foreign relations.[16]
Relations with Chinese nationalism[edit]
Although Han Chinese nationalism and Chinese nationalism are different in terms of ideology, with the latter often focusing a more multi-racial nationalism, however due to historical and current control of China by the ethnic Han Chinese the two have been connected and frequently used together. The concept was first debated in early 20th century; one of those debating it was Zhang Taiyan, who strongly opposed to the idea of a proposed multi-racial nationalism of Yang Du and Liang Qichao and stressed the Han ethnic bloodline as evidence for the greatness of China and rejected any notion for a multiethnic China, being skeptical of non-Han ethnic groups like Manchus, Mongols, Tibetans and Turkic Muslims.[17] Zhang Taiyan strongly criticized non-Han ethnic groups, notably Manchus, accused the Manchus and other non-Han peoples as oppressors and believed they were impossible to be assimilated, if not say, understanding Han Chinese culture and customs.[17] There were, however, significant proponents of a multi-racial form of Chinese nationalism as well, and Tibet and Xinjiang remained independent during the rule of the Republic of China.[18][2]
The multifaceted image of the Han Chinese nationalism further developed in the buildup of modern Chinese statehood. Han Chinese nationalists had developed a hostile opinion towards ethnic Uyghurs and Tibetans, viewing them as dangers for Chinese state due to its cultural differences and lack of any sympathy to ethnic Han Chinese — resulting with several conflicts in 1930s and 1940s.[19][20][21][22] Han Chinese nationalism also played a part in World War II, when the Second Sino-Japanese War occurred, where the Han Chinese people frequently suffered, and fought, against the Japanese. Han Chinese also desired to reclaim territories where Han Chinese saw it as ancestral homeland in the aftermath of World War II; this has been inherited by the People's Republic of China and largely downplayed the idea of a singular, unified multiracial Chinese nationalism promoted by Beijing itself.[23][24]
In racial relations[edit]
Although modern Chinese government has largely attempted to promote the idea of a multiracial nationalism instead of a singular ethnic nationalism, scholars and analysts have pointed about the lack of an agreed-upon definition of Chinese nationalism may have impacted on China's political decision with regard to other non-Han people and non-Chinese nations.[25][16][26][27]
Tibetans[edit]
Since conquering Tibet in 1950, Han Chinese nationalists, with support from the PRC government, have been distributing historical documents which portray Tibetan culture as barbaric in order to justify Chinese control of the territory of Tibet; as such, many members of Chinese society have a negative view of Tibet. Han Chinese continue to maintain the view that Tibet was historically a feudal society which practiced serfdom/slavery and that this only changed due to Chinese influence in the region in order to liberate the Tibetans from its own backwardness and China's duty is to bring civilisation to Tibetans.[28][29][30] Furthermore, Han nationalists openly endorse Princess Wencheng, an ancient Chinese princess who purportedly married king Songsten Gampo of Tibet and introduced Buddhism to Tibet.[31] Further, Han Chinese extremists believe that Tibetans [and Mongols, Uyghurs] are actually part of the wider Han Chinese family with different genetics.[28][32]
Uyghurs[edit]
Since being conquered in 1949, Uyghurs from Xinjiang has had issues with the Chinese government. Han migration dating back to the Qing Dynasty led to the increasing sinicization of the region which the policy further extended to racial relations.[33] Han and Hui people often live closer to Uighurs and many developed a negative stereotype of them.[34]
Mongols[edit]
Inner Mongolia has been largely pacified since the 20th century, thanks to massive Han migration and intermarriage; Mongols have been perceived to be better integrated into the society than that of Uyghurs and Tibetans.[35] However, this is also where the infamous Inner Mongolia incident happened, leading to deaths of 16,000 to 27,000 Mongols.[36] Further policies deemed to be anti-Mongol by the Han Chinese government had led to 2011 Inner Mongolia unrest and was followed by another wave of unrest in 2015 against the exploitation and misuse of Mongol lands, as well as perceived bias in favor of ethnic Han Chinese.[37]
Han-Centrism[edit]
Han nationalists believe that the current influence from the West has downgraded the development of China's own cultural customs, and as such, become instrumental on leading the increasing traditionalist movement, which started in 2001. Participants come together both online and in person in cities across China to revitalize their utopian vision of the authentic “Great Han” and corresponding “real China” through pseudotraditional ethnic dress, reinvented Confucian ritual, and anti-foreign sentiment.[26][38] This is often followed with the idea of Han people being the center of mankind and reignited the idea of cultural and racial chauvinism. This phenomenon has been called Han-Centrism by Thayer and Friend.[39]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (June 1, 2005). "The Many Facets of Chinese Nationalism". China Perspectives. 2005 (59). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2793 – via journals.openedition.org.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zheng, Dahua (2019). "Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 3 (1). doi:10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6. ISSN 2366-1003. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Selections from the Han Narrative Histories". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-08. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Wang, Q. Edward (1999). "History, Space, and Ethnicity: The Chinese Worldview". Journal of World History. 10 (2): 285–305. doi:10.1353/jwh.1999.0029. ISSN 1527-8050. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Chin, Tamara T. (2014). Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination. 94. Harvard University Asia Center. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dnn9vg. ISBN 9781684170784. JSTOR j.ctt1dnn9vg. Search this book on
- ↑ Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012-08-06). "Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors". Oxford University Press: 75. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-973413-9.
- ↑ "Effects of Tang Imperialism on Its Eastern Neighbors". June 4, 2009.
- ↑ "An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) (article)". Khan Academy.
- ↑ Hong, Wontack. "A Tripolar Approach to East Asian History" (PDF). Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Decline of the Yuan Dynasty". oer2go.org.
- ↑ Hiltebeitel, Alf. Miller, Barbara D., 1948- (1998). Hair : its power and meaning in Asian cultures. State University of New York Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-585-05672-2. OCLC 1156899651.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
- ↑ "Top Rebels in Ancient China". September 18, 2019.
- ↑ Miller, Frederic P.; Vandome, Agnes F.; McBrewster, John. Anti-Qing Sentiment. ASIN 6130642490. Search this book on
- ↑ "The Boxer Rebellion: The West and the Rebels". OpenLearn. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
- ↑ Field, Lydia. "The Chinese Dream: Cultivating Expansionist Chinese Nationalism in the South China Sea and the Role of Weibo". p. 58-59. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Harris, Peter (1997). "Chinese Nationalism: The State of the Nation". The China Journal (38): 121–137. doi:10.2307/2950337. JSTOR 2950337. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Zheng, Dahua (December 30, 2019). "Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 3 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Tang, Wenfang He, Gaochao (2010-08-30). Separate but loyal : ethnicity and nationalism in China. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. pp. 17–18. OCLC 678575064.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
- ↑ "Genocide as Nation Building: China's Historically Evolving Policy in East Turkistan". Journal of Political Risk. 7.
- ↑ Wang, Ke; Fletcher, Carissa (September 8, 2019). "The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s". The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press – via Project MUSE.
- ↑ Sperling, Elliot (2004). "History and Polemics". East-West Center – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Dai, Tinglan. "The Great Han: The Development, Evolution, and Influence of Chinese Ethnic Nationalism on Modern Chinese Society and Government" (PDF). Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Han Nationalism in China". Al Jazeera Center for Studies.
- ↑ Modongal, Shameer (December 31, 2016). Lu, Zhouxiang, ed. "Development of nationalism in China". Cogent Social Sciences. 2 (1): 1235749. doi:10.1080/23311886.2016.1235749. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Townsend, James. "Chinese Nationalism" (PDF). The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Carrico, Kevin, author. (29 August 2017). The great Han : race, nationalism, and tradition in China today. ISBN 978-0-520-29549-0. OCLC 1125804033.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
- ↑ Law, Ian (September 8, 2012). "Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China". In Law, Ian. Red Racisms. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 97–131. doi:10.1057/9781137030849_4. ISBN 978-1-349-33608-1. Search this book on
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Hofer, Theresia; Sagli, Gry (2017-04-21). "'Civilising' Deaf people in Tibet and Inner Mongolia: governing linguistic, ethnic and bodily difference in China". Disability & Society. 32 (4): 443–466. doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1302319. ISSN 0968-7599. PMC 5425626. PMID 28553018.
- ↑ https://studentsforafreetibet.org/wp-content/themes/sfthq/resources/China%27s%20Favorite%20Propaganda.pdf
- ↑ Barnett, Robert (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-520-24464-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Denyer, Simon. "Analysis | A romantic opera in Tibet just happens to bolster China's historical position there". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
- ↑ "Friedman: Chinese Believe Tibetans, Other Ethnic Groups Should be Incorporated into One China". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
- ↑ Liu, Amy H.; Peters, Kevin (September 8, 2017). "The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West". Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 17 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1111/sena.12233.
- ↑ Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008). Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur. BRILL. p. 75. ISBN 978-90-04-16675-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28. Search this book on
- ↑ Qin, Amy (August 31, 2020). "Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China" – via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ Tighe, Justin (May 2008). "The Purge of the Inner Mongolian People's Party in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1967–69: A Function of Language, Power and Violence. ByKerry Brown. Folkstone, Kent, U.K.: Global Oriental, 2006". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (2): 707–708. doi:10.1017/S0021911808000910. ISSN 1752-0401.
- ↑ Wu, Zhong (2011-06-08). "Green motives in Inner Mongolian unrest". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-11. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Fantasy, Not Nationalism, Drives Chinese Clothing Revival". The Business of Fashion. January 23, 2019.
- ↑ Friend, John M.; Thayer, Bradley A. (September 8, 2017). "The Rise of Han-Centrism and What It Means for International Politics". Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 17 (1): 91–114. doi:10.1111/sena.12223.
External links[edit]
- The Relationship between the Han Nationality and the Minority Nationalities
- The Rise of Han‐Centrism and What It Means for International Politics
- The Great Han: Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today
- Separate but loyal : ethnicity and nationalism in China
- From Proletariat to Past Glory: Nationalism's Evolution in Modern China
- The dark side of powerful China — its repression — can benefit US
- Homeland Calling
- Nationalist Myth-making: The Construction of the Chinese Race
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I updated and fixed some. Maybe it is not perfect but worth for a try.[edit]
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