The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-hns}}, {{IPA-hi}}, {{IPA-ur}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.
Consonants
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
Hindi
|
Urdu
|
ISO 15919
|
b
|
बीस
|
بیس
|
bīs
|
beat
|
bʱ
|
भालू
|
بھالو
|
bhālū
|
clubhouse
|
d[1]
|
दाल
|
دال
|
dāl
|
duck
|
dʱ[1]
|
धूप
|
دھوپ
|
dhūp
|
redhead
|
dʒ
|
जान
|
جان
|
jān
|
jug
|
dʒʱ
|
झड़ना
|
جھڑنا
|
jhaṛnā
|
hedgehog
|
ɖ[1]
|
डालना
|
ڈالنا
|
ḍālnā
|
American bird
|
ɖʱ[1]
|
ढक्कन
|
ڈھکّن
|
ḍhakkan
|
American birdhouse
|
f
|
ख़िलाफ़
|
خلاف
|
k͟hilāf
|
fuss
|
ɡ
|
गोल
|
گول
|
gol
|
gut
|
ɡʱ
|
घर
|
گھر
|
ghar
|
loghouse
|
ɣ[2]
|
बाग़
|
باغ
|
bāġ
|
similar to a French r
|
ɦ
|
हम
|
ہم
|
ham
|
ahead
|
हुक्म
|
حکم
|
h̤ukm
|
j
|
याद
|
یاد
|
yād
|
yuck
|
k
|
कमज़ोर
|
کمزور
|
kamzor
|
scab
|
kʰ
|
खाल
|
کھال
|
khāl
|
cab
|
l
|
लब
|
لب
|
lab
|
leaf
|
m
|
मगर
|
مگر
|
magar
|
much
|
n
|
नहीं
|
نہیں
|
nahī̃
|
not
|
ɳ[3]
|
चरण
|
چرن
|
caraṇ
|
burn
|
ŋ
|
रङ्ग
|
رن٘گ
|
raṅg
|
bang
|
p
|
पल
|
پل
|
pal
|
spot
|
pʰ
|
फल
|
پھل
|
phal
|
pot
|
q[2]
|
क़रीब
|
قریب
|
qarīb
|
somewhat like caught
|
r[4]
|
रस
|
رس
|
ras
|
Trilled R
|
ज़र्रा
|
ذرّہ
|
zarrā
|
ɾ[4]
|
ज़रा
|
ذرا
|
zarā
|
American atom
|
ɽ
|
लड़ना
|
لڑنا
|
laṛnā
|
American garter
|
ɽʱ
|
पढ़ाई
|
پڑھائی
|
paṛhāī
|
no English equivalent
|
s
|
सब
|
سب
|
sab
|
sun
|
साफ़
|
صاف
|
s̤āf
|
साबित
|
ثابت
|
s̱ābit
|
ʂ[3]
|
नष्ट
|
نشٹ
|
naṣṭ
|
shrew
|
ʃ
|
काश
|
کاش
|
kāś
|
shoe
|
t[1]
|
तालाब
|
تالاب
|
tālāb
|
stub
|
लतीफ़ा
|
لطیفہ
|
lat̤īfa
|
tʰ[1]
|
थैला
|
تھیلا
|
thailā
|
tub
|
tʃ
|
चोर
|
چور
|
cor
|
catch
|
tʃʰ
|
छोड़ना
|
چھوڑنا
|
choṛnā
|
choose
|
ʈ[1]
|
टमाटर
|
ٹماٹر
|
ṭamāṭar
|
American carts
|
ʈʰ[1]
|
ठंड
|
ٹھنڈ
|
ṭhanḍ
|
American partake
|
ʋ[5]
|
वर्ज़िश
|
ورزش
|
varziś
|
vat
|
w[5]
|
पकवान
|
پكوان
|
pakvān
|
well
|
x[2]
|
ख़राब
|
خراب
|
k͟harāb
|
Scottish loch
|
z
|
काग़ज़
|
کاغذ
|
kāġaz
|
zoo
|
ʒ
|
अझ़दहा
|
اژدہا
|
aždahā
|
pleasure
|
|
Vowels
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
English approximation
|
Hindi
|
Urdu
|
ISO 15919
|
aː
|
काम
|
کام
|
kām
|
father
|
eː
|
जेब
|
جیب
|
jeb
|
say
|
ɛ[6]
|
रहना
|
رہنا
|
rêhnā
|
pen
|
ɛː
|
कैसा
|
کیسا
|
kaisā
|
fairy
|
ə
|
कल
|
کَل
|
kal
|
about
|
ɪ
|
जितना
|
جِتنا
|
jitnā
|
sit
|
iː
|
जीतना
|
جیتنا
|
jītnā
|
seat
|
oː
|
बोलो
|
بولو
|
bolo
|
border
|
ɔː
|
कौन
|
کَون
|
kaun
|
horse
|
ʊ
|
उन
|
اُن
|
un
|
book
|
uː
|
ऊन
|
اُون
|
ūn
|
moon
|
◌̃
|
हँस
|
ہن٘س
|
ham̐s
|
nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
|
मैं
|
مَیں
|
maiṁ
|
Suprasegmentals
|
IPA
|
Example
|
Notes
|
ˈ◌
|
[ˈbaːɦər]
|
stress (placed before stressed syllable)
|
◌ː
|
[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]
|
doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)
|
|
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like and to most English speakers.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Some Hindi speakers may replace [ɣ], [q] and [x] with [gʱ], [k] and [kʰ] respectively.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
- ↑ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
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Comparisons | |
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Introductory guides | |
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