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Hillary Anger Elfenbein

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Hillary Anger Elfenbein
File:ProfessionalPhotoJune2013.jpgProfessionalPhotoJune2013.jpg ProfessionalPhotoJune2013.jpg
BornMarch 2,1972
🏫 EducationHarvard University
💼 Occupation
👔 EmployerWashington University in St. Louis; University of California, Berkeley; Monitor Company
Known forResearch on recognizing emotions across cultures and emotion in the workplace
👩 Spouse(s)Daniel Elfenbein
👶 Children2
🌐 WebsiteOfficial website [link to: https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/Faculty-Research/Faculty/Pages/FacultyDetail.aspx?username=helfenbein]

Hillary Anger Elfenbein is the John and Ellen Wallace Distinguished Professor of Organizational Behavior at Washington University in St. Louis, known for her research on emotion in the workplace and cross-cultural differences in emotion.  She is also a comedian in the St. Louis area.

Childhood and family

Hillary Anger Elfenbein was born Hillary Katherine Anger on March 2, 1972 in New York City to parents Harry Anger and Carol Sylvia Anger and older brother Howard. In a comedy routine, she referred to her parents as people “who wore ponchos non-ironically.” She married Daniel Elfenbein in 1997 and they have two children, Theodore and Harry.

Education

Elfenbein attended Stuyvesant High School in New York City from 1985-1989, graduating with the Hunter S. Thompson Award selected by teachers for the most free-spirited student.  Her father had attended Stuyvesant in the class of 1951, and she once found his name carved into a desk in a classroom painted in “army surplus green” from an unspecified war.

She attended Harvard from 1989 to January 1994, receiving undergraduate degrees in Physics and Sanskrit & Indian Studies[i].[1].  Although some believe that J. Robert Oppenheimer did the same, Oppenheimer actually learned Sanskrit not at Harvard but years later as a faculty member at Berkeley[2].  She returned to Harvard in 1997 and in 4 years completed a Ph.D. in Organizational Behavior, M.A. in Statistics, and the first year of the MBA program[iii][3].

Employment

After graduating with her bachelor’s degrees, Elfenbein took a position as a management consultant at Monitor Company in Cambridge (1994-1996), which is where she met her husband Daniel.  Halfway through, she took a leave of absence to live in Calcutta and Bombay (as they were known at the time) to work for nonprofit organizations focusing on women’s rights and public health.

After graduating with her masters and doctorate, Elfenbein was a Senior Researcher at the Harvard Business School (2001-2003) and an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (2003-2008), where she received a positive tenure report before accepting a position as Associate Professor with tenure at Washington University in St. Louis (2008 - present). At Washington University, she was promoted to Professor in 2010 and to the John and Ellen Wallace Distinguished Professor in 2016.

Honors

In high school, Elfenbein was a semifinalist in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, which was later sponsored by Intel and Regeneron.  In college, she received the Detur Prize as one of the top 50 first-year undergraduates at Harvard and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa as one of the top 12 women in her class (for historical reasons, women and men were invited separately at that time).  In graduate school, she received a fellowship from the National Science Foundation.

Elfenbein has been the Primary Investigator on grants from the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Mental Health. For her teaching, she has been honored with a Reid Teaching Award at Washington University 7 times as of 2022.

Research

Elfenbein’s award-winning research has focused on several main topics:

Recognizing emotions across cultures

Elfenbein’s first publication overturned the longstanding notion[i][4] that emotional expression is biologically based and has a universal appearance that differs across cultures only when there is deliberate attention to regulate it.  To counter this, she introduced a Dialect Theory suggesting that emotion is like a universal language that has varying dialects across cultures, and that it is easier and more accurate to recognize emotions expressed in a familiar dialect[ii][5].  Her work began by reanalyzing the existing published data that was originally used to argue for universality, and she found evidence for cultural differences within those other researchers’ data.  Her analysis demonstrated ingroup advantage, which means that people are more accurate when judging emotions from members of their own cultural group[iii][6] [iv][7] [v][8].  Although the work was first considered highly controversial, it is now considered so foundational that it is described in Introductory Psychology and AP Psychology textbooks.  Later research followed up on these findings and extended them[vi][9] [vii][10] [viii][11] [ix][12].

Emotion in the workplace

Particularly after the 1995 publication of Daniel Goleman’s[13] book Emotional Intelligence[i][14], emotion in the workplace became a highly popular topic of research in business schools and psychology departments.  However, according to a large-scale review published by Elfenbein in 2007[ii][15], the scientific quality of much of this work was questionable and for the work that was high quality it focused on so many different aspects of emotion that there was no coherent structure to the field.  Her paper in the first volume of the Academy of Management Annals introduced a framework that integrated the existing theories of many psychologists to organize the field of emotion in the workplace.  This paper won the ten-year impact award from the journal.  Elfenbein wrote an updated review of the field of emotion in the workplace for the Annual Review of Psychology in 2023[iii][16].  She also wrote with co-lead author Carolynn MacCann about the structure of emotional intelligence[iv][17].

Emotion in negotiation

With colleague Jared Curhan as the lead author, Elfenbein collaborated on a body of work establishing the nature and relevance of the feelings that people have after negotiating, which they called Subjective Value (SV).  They developed a brief survey that is publicly available called the Subjective Value Inventory (SVI)[i][18], in a paper that won an impact award from the Academy of Management.  Subsequent work demonstrated for example that greater SV after a job negotiation predicts greater job satisfaction one year later, which was not the case for actually earning greater concessions in the negotiation[ii][19].

Solving mysteries

Much of her other work focuses on solving research mysteries.

A longstanding mystery in the field of negotiations was why there appeared to be no documented influence of personality traits, in spite of the common intuition that some people’s personalities are more suited to negotiation than others[i][20].  She found that methodological limitations interfered with scientists’ ability to document this connection, and the connection indeed exists[ii][21].  With colleague Sudeep Sharma as lead author, she and others analyzed past research conducted by others[iii][22], in a paper that won the outstanding article award from the International Association for Conflict Management and was followed up with original research[iv][23].

Another old mystery concerned whether there is a relationship between the ability to recognize emotional expressions and the ability to express emotion in a way that is recognizable to others, she found that indeed these two abilities have a positive association.  She reanalyzed past studies and found that some used now-outdated methods and others used protocols that did not meet the definition of ability, and there was a positive association in the remaining studies[v][24].  This association is moderately large when studied with the most updated methods and analytical tools[vi][25]

In solving a third mystery, in two studies with colleague Noah Eisenkraft alternating as the lead author, Elfenbein showed that people can indeed detect who likes them beyond merely assuming that those they like also like them in return[vii][26].  Previously researchers believed that presuming that other people reciprocated positive feelings was the only way people could figure out how much someone else liked them.  However, people cannot tell who feels negatively towards them, presumably because negative feelings are deliberately hidden[viii][27].

Additional research

With colleague Noah Eisenkraft as the lead author, Elfenbein helped to develop the concept of Affective Presence, which is how people tend to differ in the typical emotions they elicit in others[i][28].  Given the descriptions in English of people using such words as energizing, frustrating, and fearsome, this implies that people can be described by the feelings they bring to others.  With colleagues Joshua Margolis and Jim Walsh, Elfenbein conducted an analysis of research on the association between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance[ii][29] [iii][30]They found that the association is generally positive, but that it follows more in the reverse causality—in other words, wealthy corporations invest more in the community rather than community investments creating competitive advantage that increases profitability.

Based on her dissertation, Elfenbein found that individuals with exceptionally high emotional intelligence can be challenging colleagues, based on their ability to “eavesdrop” on unintended signals[i][31].In terms of assessments of emotional intelligence, Elfenbein developed a performance test of an emotional intelligence dimension called emotion attention regulation[v], and demonstrated that close observers can make reliable and valid judgments of other people’s emotional intelligence[vi][32].

Congressional testimony

On May 2nd, 2007, Elfenbein was informed by the American Psychological Association (APA) that an amendment to the National Science Foundation authorization act of the United States House of Representatives that called for de‐funding her grant along with six others, on the grounds that first‐term member of Congress John Campbell thought the titles sounded “silly.”[i[33]]

To defeat this amendment, that evening Representative Brian Baird used Elfenbein’s work as an example by discussing it on the floor of Congress: [i][34]. “And I would be tempted to ask the gentleman from California, except he's already stated his piece, why he would be opposing research that has been supported by the United States Army Research Institute; that is seen as critical to the security of our troops serving in Iraq. Now, my wager is the gentleman's saying to himself right now, I have no idea what the chairman is speaking about here. And that's the problem. When you look at a cursory examination of the title, or an abstract, you don't have an idea. That's why we have peer review.Which particular study am I talking about? I'm talking about the Study of the Accuracy of Cross Cultural Understanding of Others' Emotions. What we are talking about here is if you're going to be dealing with people from another culture, and you misread their expression of emotions, it can cost you your life, your buddies their life, or the innocent civilians their lives. The U.S. Army Research Institute believes this is important, and they support the basic elements of this kind of study. I also am not sure, the gentleman seems to suggest, it seems, that we here in the Congress, with a cursory evaluation of the abstracts from studies, should insert ourselves in the peer-review process. I wonder if the gentleman had looked at chemistry research or physics research in the same way, and do we really want to spend this body's time, and do you, sir, or you, sir, have the expertise to evaluate these studies? That's why we have a peer-review process. That's why we have a National Science Foundation. It is why we have a Science Foundation Board to direct us.” This incident became part of a debate about the wisdom for politicians to second guess peer‐reviewed science[i][35]. In the summer of 2007, Elfenbein was accompanied by APA lobbyist Heather Kelly to the House of Representatives to discuss with members of Congress the importance to society of NSF‐funded psychological research. In 2011, a proposal was considered by Republican members of Congress to eliminate the entire Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE) directorate, and Elfenbein was called to testify on June 2nd, 2011 about federal funding at the US House of Representatives Science, Space, and Technology committee, as the sole researcher to represent all of the social sciences[i][36].  Her written statement [ii] and testimony[iii][37] emphasize the importance of peer review in science: “A scientific problem can look unimportant from the outside, which is why it is valuable to have sufficient background and context to judge the work’s potential merit. The peer review of science is certainly not perfect, and scientists are typically the first group to point out the various flaws in peer review. However, debates about its merit typically end with both sides conceding that it is the best option we have. One is reminded of Winston Churchill’s famous quote, “Democracy is the worst form of government, except all the others that have been tried.” The committee testimony was covered by political observers as an example of politicians questioning scientific expertise[iv][38][v].

Stand-up Comedy

Elfenbein has been performing stand-up comedy since 2016, and features throughout the St. Louis area under her maiden name “Hillary Anger”.  She was a semifinalist in the St. Louis’ Funniest Person Competition in 2019 and 2022.  Her tagline is “angry feminist wearing pearls.”

Her journey with comedy began after appearing on the “Here We Are” science podcast hosted by the headlining comedian Shane Mauss[i][39].  The episode aired on February 18th, 2015.  As described in her later podcast with Mauss airing on August 5th, 2022[ii][40], preparing for his visit put in her mind the idea of trying out comedy herself.  She was inspired to try it after an event was held at Washington University to mark her named professorship, after which no further university promotions exist for a faculty member.  She reported in the later podcast that she treated the half-hour speech at her installation on June 6th, 2016 to the John and Ellen Wallace Distinguished Professorship as a comedy special with a captive audience, rehearsing each word down to the syllable. She said she became hooked on performing in front of audiences who did not have to pretend she was funny in order to receive good grades.

References

  1. ↑ "Faculty". olin.wustl.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  2. ↑ History, in; Physics; September 4th, Religion |; Comment, 2020 Leave a. "J. Robert Oppenheimer Explains How He Recited a Line from Bhagavad Gita--"Now I Am Become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds"--Upon Witnessing the First Nuclear Explosion | Open Culture". Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  3. ↑ "Faculty". olin.wustl.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  4. ↑ <286::aid-pits2310040321>3.0.co;2-k "Motivation examined. Levine, David (Ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1966. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966, 109 p.,$5.95 (paper)". Psychology in the Schools. 4 (3): 286–287. July 1967. doi:10.1002/1520-6807(196707)4:3<286::aid-pits2310040321>3.0.co;2-k. ISSN 0033-3085.
  5. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (January 2013). "Nonverbal Dialects and Accents in Facial Expressions of Emotion". Emotion Review. 5 (1): 90–96. doi:10.1177/1754073912451332. ISSN 1754-0739.
  6. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (2002). "On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 128 (2): 203–235. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203. ISSN 1939-1455.
  7. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (2002). "Is there an in-group advantage in emotion recognition?". Psychological Bulletin. 128 (2): 243–249. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.243. ISSN 1939-1455.
  8. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (October 2003). "Universals and Cultural Differences in Recognizing Emotions". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 12 (5): 159–164. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01252. ISSN 0963-7214.
  9. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Mandal, Manas K.; Ambady, Nalini; Harizuka, Susumu; Kumar, Surender (2002). "Cross-cultural patterns in emotion recognition: Highlighting design and analytical techniques". Emotion. 2 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.75. ISSN 1931-1516.
  10. ↑ Marsh, Abigail A.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (July 2003). "Nonverbal "Accents"". Psychological Science. 14 (4): 373–376. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.24461. ISSN 0956-7976.
  11. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (2003). "When familiarity breeds accuracy: Cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 85 (2): 276–290. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.276. ISSN 1939-1315.
  12. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Beaupré, Martin; Lévesque, Manon; Hess, Ursula (February 2007). "Toward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions". Emotion. 7 (1): 131–146. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.131. ISSN 1931-1516.
  13. ↑ "Daniel Goleman", Wikipedia, 2022-10-13, retrieved 2022-11-01
  14. ↑ (D.), Goleman, Daniel (2006). Emotional intelligence. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-80491-X. OCLC 213474196. Search this book on
  15. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (December 2007). "7 Emotion in Organizations". Academy of Management Annals. 1 (1): 315–386. doi:10.5465/078559812. ISSN 1941-6520.
  16. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (2022-09-14). "Emotion in Organizations: Theory and Research". Annual Review of Psychology. 74 (1). doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-035940. ISSN 0066-4308.
  17. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; MacCann, Carolyn (July 2017). "A closer look at ability emotional intelligence (EI): What are its component parts, and how do they relate to each other?". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 11 (7): e12324. doi:10.1111/spc3.12324.
  18. ↑ Curhan, Jared R.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Xu, Heng (2006). "What do people value when they negotiate? Mapping the domain of subjective value in negotiation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 91 (3): 493–512. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.493. ISSN 1939-1315.
  19. ↑ Curhan, Jared R.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Kilduff, Gavin J. (2009). "Getting off on the right foot: Subjective value versus economic value in predicting longitudinal job outcomes from job offer negotiations". Journal of Applied Psychology. 94 (2): 524–534. doi:10.1037/a0013746. ISSN 1939-1854.
  20. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (April 2015). "Individual Differences in Negotiation". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 24 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1177/0963721414558114. ISSN 0963-7214.
  21. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Curhan, Jared R.; Eisenkraft, Noah; Shirako, Aiwa; Baccaro, Lucio (December 2008). "Are some negotiators better than others? Individual differences in bargaining outcomes". Journal of Research in Personality. 42 (6): 1463–1475. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.010. ISSN 0092-6566.
  22. ↑ Sharma, Sudeep; Bottom, William P.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (2013-10-18). "On the role of personality, cognitive ability, and emotional intelligence in predicting negotiation outcomes". Organizational Psychology Review. 3 (4): 293–336. doi:10.1177/2041386613505857. ISSN 2041-3866.
  23. ↑ Sharma, Sudeep; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Foster, Jeff; Bottom, William P. (2018-05-27). "Predicting Negotiation Performance from Personality Traits: A field Study across Multiple Occupations". Human Performance. 31 (3): 145–164. doi:10.1080/08959285.2018.1481407. ISSN 0895-9285.
  24. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Eisenkraft, Noah (2010). "The relationship between displaying and perceiving nonverbal cues of affect: A meta-analysis to solve an old mystery". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (2): 301–318. doi:10.1037/a0017766. ISSN 1939-1315.
  25. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Foo, Maw Der; Mandal, Manas; Biswal, Ramakrishna; Eisenkraft, Noah; Lim, Angeline; Sharma, Sudeep (April 2010). "Individual differences in the accuracy of expressing and perceiving nonverbal cues: New data on an old question". Journal of Research in Personality. 44 (2): 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.001. ISSN 0092-6566.
  26. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Eisenkraft, Noah; Ding, Waverly W. (September 2009). "Do We Know Who Values Us?". Psychological Science. 20 (9): 1081–1083. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02396.x. ISSN 0956-7976.
  27. ↑ Eisenkraft, Noah; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Kopelman, Shirli (2017-01-12). "We Know Who Likes Us, but Not Who Competes Against Us". Psychological Science. 28 (2): 233–241. doi:10.1177/0956797616679440. ISSN 0956-7976.
  28. ↑ Eisenkraft, Noah; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (2010-03-16). "The Way You Make Me Feel". Psychological Science. 21 (4): 505–510. doi:10.1177/0956797610364117. ISSN 0956-7976.
  29. ↑ "Introduction: doing well by being good for sustainable business", Corporate Behavior and Sustainability, Gower, pp. 19–24, 2016-10-04, retrieved 2022-11-01
  30. ↑ Margolis, Joshua D.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Walsh, James P. (2009-03-01). "Does it Pay to Be Good...And Does it Matter? A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Corporate Social and Financial Performance". Rochester, NY.
  31. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Ambady, Nalini (2002). "Predicting workplace outcomes from the ability to eavesdrop on feelings". Journal of Applied Psychology. 87 (5): 963–971. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.963. ISSN 1939-1854.
  32. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Barsade, Sigal G.; Eisenkraft, Noah (2015). "The social perception of emotional abilities: Expanding what we know about observer ratings of emotional intelligence". Emotion. 15 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1037/a0038436. ISSN 1931-1516.
  33. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (2012-01-31). "How I Spent My Summer Vacation: Testifying Before the US Congress". APS Observer. 25.
  34. ↑ "GPO access". Choice Reviews Online. 42 (12): 42Sup–0009-42Sup-0009. 2005-08-01. doi:10.5860/choice.42sup-0009. ISSN 0009-4978.
  35. ↑ "Fending Off Attacks on Social Science". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  36. ↑ Elfenbein, Hillary Anger (2012-01-31). "How I Spent My Summer Vacation: Testifying Before the US Congress". APS Observer. 25.
  37. ↑ "- SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND ECONOMIC SCIENCE RESEARCH: OVERSIGHT OF THE NEED FOR FEDERAL INVESTMENTS AND PRIORITIES FOR FUNDING". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  38. ↑ Issues (2011-10-01). "From the Hill - Fall 2011". Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  39. ↑ "Episode 16: Emotion + Self Deception, Hillary Anger Elfenbein". Here We Are Podcast. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  40. ↑ "Episode 390: Emotional Intelligence, Hillary Anger Elfenbein". Here We Are Podcast. Retrieved 2022-11-01.



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