Hydroelectric cell
A hydroelectric cell is a type of galvanic cell that produces electricity by dissociating water molecules and consuming zinc.[1][2][3][4]
It has been invented by Dr. R. K. Kotnala and Dr. Jyoti Shah since 2016 at the National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi.[5][6][7] Dissociation of water molecules at an oxygen-deficient, nano-porous ferrite/oxide surface creates hydronium and hydroxide ions collected by Ag and Zn electrodes respectively to generate electricity. Hence, the combination of nano-porous, oxygen-deficient magnesium ferrite/metal oxide along with Zn and Ag electrodes has been termed a hydroelectric cell.[8][9] At room temperature, dissociation of water molecules requires 1.23 V potential, an external energy is required to split water molecules into their constituent ions. In a conventional way, this is carried out externally using ultraviolet light (UV), catalysts, photons, thermal, and biochemical means.[10] A nano-porous surface of ferrite/oxide material provides highly reactive surfaces for dissociation of water molecules in to its constituent ions at room temperature which is generally available in adsorbed state.
The cell's nano-porous surface provides chemi-dissociated H+ and OH- ions at initial stage and subsequently followed by copious physi-dissociation due to the high electric field developed inside nanopores, resulting in continuous generation of large numbers of ions. Zn (Zinc) and Ag (silver) electrodes attached on opposite surfaces of the ferrite/metal-oxide pellet separate and collect opposite polarity ions, resulting in the flow of electric current in the cell. A two-inch-diameter cell can develop a maximum voltage 0.98 V and a short-circuit current of 120 mA.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Working principle[edit]
A hydroelectric cell works on the principle of water dissociation on nanoporous oxygen-deficient ferrite/oxide pellet surface. The water molecules are initially Chemi-dissociated at oxygen-deficient nanoporous surface into H+ and OH- ions and subsequently followed by continuous physi-dissociation by electrostatic field developed due to trapped H+ inside nanopore on the pellet surface. Dissociated H+ and OH- ions migrate towards Silver (Ag) inert cathode and Zinc (Zn) anode respectively and are collected via these electrodes for current generation in external circuits. In this process 0.98 V & 70 mA is generated in 4.5 sq.cm Hydroelectric cell. Zinc is consumed in this reaction and slowly converted into Zn(OH)2 and highly pure hydrogen gas is evolved.
Reaction mechanism[edit]
At Lithium substituted Magnesium Ferrite :
4H2O → 2H3O+ + 2OH−
at anode (Zn):
2OH− + Zn → Zn(OH)2 + 2e− (-0.76 V)
at cathode (Ag):
H3O+ + H3O+ + 2e− → H2↑ + 2H2O (+0.22 V)
Ecell = 0.22 -( -.76) = 0.98 V
Design[edit]
Fabricating a hydroelectric cell includes obtaining ferrite material by simple heat treatment by solid state reaction technique. A pellet of ferrite/metal oxide material is coated with comb patterned silver electrodes on one surface and the back surface of the cell is covered with Zinc electrode. Water is sprinkled on the surface of the cell while current is collected via two electrodes in an external circuit.
References[edit]
- ↑ R..K. Kotnala; Jyoti Shah (6 June 2016). "Green hydroelectrical energy source based on water dissociation by nanoporous ferrite". International Journal of Energy Research. 40 (12): 1652–1661. doi:10.1002/er.3545.
- ↑ "Lithium-substituted magnesium ferrite material based hydroelectric cell and process for preparation thereof". Google Patents. Google Patents. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ↑ Kotnala, R. K.; Gupta, Rekha; Shukla, Abha; Jain, Shipra; Gaur, Anurag; Shah, Jyoti (2018-08-23). "Metal Oxide Based Hydroelectric Cell for Electricity Generation by Water Molecule Dissociation without Electrolyte/Acid". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. American Chemical Society. 122 (33): 18841–18849. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04999.
- ↑ Shah, Jyoti; Gupta, Rekha; Kotnala, R. K. (2020). "Colossal Humidoresistance Inducement in Magnesium Ferrite Thin Film Led to Green Energy Device Invention: Hydroelectric Cell". Recent Advances in Thin Films: 389–411. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6116-0_13.
- ↑ "Indian scientists generate electricity from water sans using energy". aninews.in. Asian News International. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ↑ "Indian Scientists Are Using Water To Generate Electricity". Scienceworldreport.com. Science World Report. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ↑ "Electricity-from-water scientist seeks commercialisation of invention". Economictimes.com. Economictimes. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ↑ Nzeogu, Uzo (1 January 2017). "Indian Scientists Generate 'Power' From Fresh Water". EnergyNews. EnergyNews. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ↑ Jain, Shipra; Shah, Jyoti; Dhakate, S. R.; Gupta, Govind; Sharma, C.; Kotnala, R. K. (20 February 2018). "Environment-Friendly Mesoporous Magnetite Nanoparticles-Based Hydroelectric Cell". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 122 (11): 5908–5916. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12561.
- ↑ Geissler, Phillip L.; Dellago, Christoph; Chandler, David (21 April 1999). "Kinetic Pathways of Ion Pair Dissociation in Water". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 103 (18): 3706–3710. doi:10.1021/jp984837g.
- ↑ Shah, Jyoti; Verma, K.C.; Agarwal, Ashish; Kotnala, R.K. (1 January 2020). "Novel application of multiferroic compound for green electricity generation fabricated as hydroelectric cell". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 239: 122068. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122068.
- ↑ Shah, Jyoti; Kumar Kotnala, Ravinder (September 2017). "Rapid green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using a hydroelectric cell without an electrolyte". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 108: 15–20. Bibcode:2017JPCS..108...15S. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.04.007.
- ↑ Shah, Jyoti; Jain, Shipra; Shukla, Abha; Gupta, Rekha; Kotnala, Ravinder Kumar (28 December 2017). "A facile non-photocatalytic technique for hydrogen gas production by hydroelectric cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 42 (52): 30584–30590. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.105.
- ↑ Jain, Shipra; Shah, Jyoti; Negi, Nainjeet Singh; Sharma, Chhemendra; Kotnala, Ravinder Kumar (6 June 2019). "Significance of Interface Barrier at Electrode of Hematite Hydroelectric Cell for Generating Eco-power by Water Splitting". International Journal of Energy Research. 43 (9): 4743–4755. doi:10.1002/er.4613.
- ↑ Solanki, V.; Krupanidhi, S. B.; Nanda, K. K. (5 September 2018). "Simultaneous water quality monitoring and degradation of hazardous organic pollutants". Review of Scientific Instruments. 89 (9): 096102. doi:10.1063/1.5041488. PMID 30278693.
- ↑ Kharbanda, Pranati; Madaan, Tushar; Sharma, Isha; Vashishtha, Shruti; Kumar, Parveen; Chauhan, Arti; Mittal, Sumit; Bangruwa, Jarnail S.; Verma, Vivek (24 January 2019). "Ferrites: magnetic materials as an alternate source of green electrical energy". Heliyon. 5 (1): 1151. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01151. PMC 6351576. PMID 30723829.
- ↑ Gobara, Heba M.; Nassar, Ibrahim M.; El Naggar, Ahmed M.A.; Eshaq, Gh. (1 January 2017). "Nanocrystalline spinel ferrite for an enriched production of hydrogen through a solar energy stimulated water splitting process". Energy. 118: 1234–1242. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.001.
- ↑ Solanki, Vanaraj; Krupanidhi, Saluru Baba; Nanda, Karuna Kar (25 November 2019). "Harvesting energy via stimuli‐free water/moisture dissociation by mesoporous SnO2–based hydroelectric cell and CuO as a pump for atmospheric moisture". International Journal of Energy Research. 44 (2): 1276–1283. doi:10.1002/er.4993.
- ↑ Chauhan, Shikha Singh; Gaur, Anurag; Kotnala, R. K. (March 2019). "Application of Hydroelectric Cell for LED Lamp". 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (I-PACT). 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT). pp. 1–3. doi:10.1109/i-PACT44901.2019.8960035. ISBN 978-1-5386-8190-9. Unknown parameter
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- ↑ Gaur, Anurag; Kumar, Anurag; Kumar, Purushottam; Agrawal, Rekha; Shah, Jyoti; Kotnala, Ravinder K. (12 May 2020). "Fabrication of a SnO2-Based Hydroelectric Cell for Green Energy Production". ACS Omega. 5 (18): 10240–10246. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03309. ISSN 2470-1343. PMC 7226856 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32426580 Check|pmid=value (help).
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