Hypermuseum
The trend of hyper-museums is a global museographic and museological phenomenon which sees its birth in the 20th century and it evolves fully in the 21st century.
The hyper-museum is a museum with spectacular and imposing volumes and formal and aesthetic choices, that resembles a sculpture more than a building, whose aim is to amaze the viewer.
With the hyper-museum phenomenon we witness the competition between the container and the content with a strong preeminence of architecture on the collection for the first time.[1]
History
The phenomenon of the hyper-museums started with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, the final great project of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the most influential architects of the 20th century. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is one of the most important architectural works of the 20th century, one that is still recognized as one of the masterpieces of contemporary architecture today; it is also the museum that revolutionized museum architecture in the 20th century.[2] The Guggenheim Museum in New York, which is the prototype of the hyper-museum, is also a strong urban landmark influencing the neighborhood but also the entire city. Over subsequent decades the New York Guggenheim Museum went on to become one of the central models in museum architectural design. [3]
Europe
A museum that can be considered the perfect example of the hyper-museum is the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, commissioned to Frank O. Gehry, one of the most influential names of the Deconstructivism movement (a Postmodern architectural movement) and one of the most famous architects internationally. From an aesthetic and formal point of view, the museum is surprising due to its extreme, unusual, and daring structure. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a groundbreaking work, due to its museography and museology, but also its architecture and city planning .[4] The museum has a strong impact on the area and the surrounding suburb, but it manages to fit well with the surrounding spaces and was fundamental in the re-qualification of the city and its surroundings. It became not only the greatest landmark of the city but also the new symbol of the city and its new identity, helping Bilbao to escape obscurity and gain notoriety and international fame.[5] The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao completes the 20th century. It became a bridge between the architecture of the 20th century and the future architecture of the 21st, establishing the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao as a key, indispensable reference.
Two excellent and interesting 21st-century European hyper-museums are the MAXXI and the Fondation Louis-Vuitton in Paris. The MAXXI, opened in 2010, is located in Rome and was designed by Architect Zaha Hadid (Baghdad, 1950 – Miami, 2016). Hadid was an Iraqi–British architect and designer, a leading exponent of Deconstructivism.[6] She won numerous awards: the Pritzker Prize in 2004 (the first woman to receive it) and the Stirling Prize in 2010 (for the MAXXI project) and in 2011. The Fondation d'entreprise Louis-Vuitton museum opened in 2014 and was designed by Frank O. Gehry, who had previously designed the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.[7]
Arabian Peninsula
In the last decade, many Arab countries have decided to build hyper-museums. These are ultramodern buildings, constructed on a grand scale. Two noteworthy examples are the National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ), opened in 2019 and located in Doha, and the Louvre Abu Dhabi (Louvre A.D.), opened in 2018 in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.[8] Both museums are spectacular and designed by the renowned international architect and designer Jean Nouvel (Fumel, 1945), recipient of numerous awards, including the Pritzker Prize in 2008.[9]
The priority of the hyper-museum is to transform the museum building into a spectacle, prioritizing the building's aesthetic over the effectiveness of displaying the artworks. The building becomes a work of art independent of its exhibition function. The hyper-museum is not simply a container for art like traditional museums; its expressive power is so strong that the building itself is the primary work of art to be considered.
The hyper-museum has become the dominant architectural feature in its urban context, influencing not only the neighborhood but the entire city. The hyper-museum's great success is due to its creative potential, which makes it an effective means of communication. During the 20th and 21st centuries, hyper-museums have become meeting places for a growing, diverse, and demanding public desiring both expansive exhibition spaces and entertainment areas.[10] In a global society, where hyper-museum architects are international stars, commissioned to create museums and works of art, all hyper-museums share common traits. They are spectacular, scenographic, vast, and focused on welcoming and entertaining their public.[11]
References
- ↑ Lauria Andrea, From the Renaissance studiolo to the contemporary museum, UniversItalia, Rome, 2020
- ↑ Hoban Stephen; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum: An Architectural Appreciation, Solomon R Guggenheim Museum editor, New York, 2013
- ↑ Fontanella Megan; Visionaries: Creating a Modern Guggenheim, New York, 2017
- ↑ Gehry Frank O., Beatriz Colomina, Mildred Friedman, Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum Pubns , Bilbao, 2001
- ↑ Nero Irene; Transformations in Architecture: Frank Gehry's Techno-Morphism at the Guggenheim Bilbao, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Bilbao, 2009
- ↑ Fontana Giusti Gordana; Zaha Hadid Complete Works, Rizzoli, Milan, 2013
- ↑ Pagé Suzanne, Coignard Jérôme, Claustrat Frank, Boyer Guy; Connaissance des Arts, Hors-série N° 667: Les clefs d'une passion: L'exposition de la Fondation Louis Vuitton, Connaissance des Arts, Paris, 2015
- ↑ Nouvel Jean; Louvre Abu Dhabi, story of an architectural project, Skira, Padua, 2019
- ↑ Nouvel Jean, Recent Project - Jean Nouvel: Fabrica Moritz, Qatar National Museum, Sofitel Stephanson Stilwerk, Gingko press verlags gmbh, Hamburg, 2014
- ↑ Knell Simon, The Contemporary Museum: Shaping Museums for the Global Now, Routledge, London, 2018
- ↑ Poulot Dominique, Musei e museologia, Jaka Book, Milano, 2018
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