Indo - Ghaznavid Wars

Indo - Ghaznavid Wars
Location	Present Day Afghanistan, Pakistan and India
Result	Victory of Indian Kingdoms
Belligerents
Hindu Shahis; Lohara Dynasty; Paramara dynasty; Chandelas of Jejakabhukti; Chahamanas of Shakambhari; Tomara dynasty; Chaulukya dynasty; Kalachuris of Tripuri; Gahadavala dynasty	Ghaznavid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Jayapala; Anandapala; Trilochanpala; Sangramaraja; Govindaraja III; Vidyadhara; Bhoja I; Suhaldev; Gangeyadeva; Bhima I; Mahipal Tomar; Chamundaraja; Anangpal Tomar; Vigraharaja III; Prithviraja I; Prithviraja II; Madanapala; Vigraharaja IV; Ajayaraja II; Govindachandra; Kirttivarman; Arnoraja	Mahmud of Ghazni; Ibrahim of Ghazna; Khusrau Malik; Bahram-Shah of Ghazna; Mas'ud III of Ghazni; Salar Masud †; Ahmed Nialtigin; Bu'Ali Hasan; Nushitin ghazni; Hajib Thugatigin; Muhammad Bahlim; Hejim-ud-din †; Salar Hussain; Shahab-uddin

Comment:This article could be merged to the Ghaznavid campaigns in India, which displays the same context.
Indo-Ghaznavid War is a series of battles between Indian kingdoms and the Ghaznavid Empire. Comment:

The Indian campaigns of the Ghaznavids were a series of invasions by the Ghaznavids in the tenth and eleventh centuries, which led to conflict with Indian kingdoms.

Mahmud Ghazni’s incursions into India started as early as 1001 and continued to lead his armies in the Indian Subcontinent. But after his death, Indian rulers captured all the lost territories conquered by Mahmud Ghazni. Later, Ghaznavids came into conflict with several Indian powers until the Ghurid conquest of Lahore (1186).

Campaign timeline

This list details the military campaigns and conflicts between Indian kingdoms and Ghaznavids.


Name of Conflict (Time)	Ghaznavid commander	Indian Kingdoms	Outcome
First Battle of Laghman (988)	Sabuktigin	Hindu Shahis Jayapala	Ghaznavid Victory Jayapala signs a treaty with Ghaznavids.
Second Battle of Laghman (991)	Sebuktigin	Hindu Shahis and Rajput confederacy Jayapala	Ghaznavid Victory Hindu Shahis and Rajputs forced to retreat.^[1]
Battle of Peshawar (1001)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis Jayapala (POW)	Ghaznavid Victory Jayapala taken as prisoner.
Capture of Bhatia (1004)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Kingdom of Bhatia Biji Rai (POW)	Ghaznavid Victory Biji Rai was captured and immolated himself.^[2]
Battle of the Indus River (1006)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis Anandapala	Ghaznavid Victory Anandapala retreats to Kashmir.^[3]
Capture of Multan (1006)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Lodi dynasty of Multan Fateh Daud	Ghaznavid Victory Fateh Daud surrenders.^[4]
Battle of Multan (1007)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis Sukhapala (POW)	Ghaznavid Victory Sukhapala was captured as prisoner.^[5]
Battle of Chach (1009)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis Anandapala	Ghaznavid Victory Punjab annexed to Ghaznavid empire.
Capture of Narayanpur (1009)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Rajputs of Narayana and Hindu Shahis King of Narayana Anandapala	Ghaznavid Victory Narayanpur annexed to Ghaznavid empire.^[6]
Recapture of Multan (1010)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Lodi dynasty of Multan Fateh Daud (POW)	Ghaznavid Victory Fateh Daud taken as prisoner. Rebellion suppressed.^[6]
Battle of Dera (1012)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Chief of Dera Rama	Ghaznavid Victory Mahmud proceeds towards Thanesar.^[7]
Plunder of Thanesar (1012)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Tomara dynasty (offered no resistance)	Ghaznavid Victory Ghaznavids plunder Thanesar, obtains booty and returns to Ghazni.^[8]
Siege of Nandana (1016)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis Trilochanapala	Ghaznavid Victory Fort of Nandana captured by Ghaznavids Trilochanapala retreats.^[9]
First Kashmir invasion (1016)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis and Lohara dynasty Trilochanapala Tungh †	Ghaznavid Victory Ghaznavids plunder Kashmir valley Trilochanapala retreats.^[10]
Siege of Lohkot (1016)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Lohara dynasty (unknown)	Stalemate Mahmud withdraws due to heavy snowfall.^[10]
Siege of Bulandshahr (1018)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Kingdom of Bulandshahr King Hardat	Ghaznavid Victory King Hardat fled from the fort.^[11]
Siege of Mahaban (1018)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Kingdom of Mahaban Kulchand	Ghaznavid Victory Kulchand commits suicide.^[12]
Plunder of Mathura (1018)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Tomara dynasty (offers no resistance)	Ghaznavid Victory Ghaznavids plunder Mathura.^[11]
Battle of Kannauj (1018)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty(Rajputs) Rajyapala	Ghaznavid Victory Rajyapala surrenders Gurjara Pratihara accepts nominal suzerainty of Ghaznavids.^[13]
Capture of Munjhawan (1018)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Brahmins	Ghaznavid Victory Munjhawan captured by Ghaznavids.^[14]
Capture of Sirsawa (1019)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Chief of Sirsawa Chand Rai (POW)	Ghaznavid Victory Sirsawa plundered Chand Rai was captured.^[15]
Battle of the Rahib River (1021)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Hindu Shahis and Rajput confederacy Trilochanapala (WIA) Vidyadhara	Ghaznavid Victory Hindu Shahis and Rajputs retreat.^[16]
Siege of Gwalior (1021)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Kachchhapaghata dynasty Kirthiraja	Ghaznavid Victory Kirthiraja surrenders Kachchhapaghata accepts the nominal suzerainty of Ghaznavids.^[17]
Siege of Kalinjar (1021)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Chandelas(Rajputs) Vidhyadara	Stalemate.^[18] Peace treaty.
Battle of Somanath (1026)	Mahmud of Ghazni	Rajput confederacy	Ghaznavid Victory Somanath temple plundered. 50,000 Rajputs were killed in the battle.^[19]

Background

Mahmud Ghazni, the first Ghazanavid ruler, invaded Hindu Shahi territories and defeated Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar (1001). He invaded various Indian kingdoms for wealth.

References

↑ Mishra 1972, p. 108.
↑ Gupta 1984, pp. 49-50.
↑ Mishra 1972, pp. 134-135.
↑ Mehta 1979, p. 52.
↑ Gupta 1984, p. 50.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Singh, Fauja (1972). History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526. Editor: Fauja Singh. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. p. 75. Search this book on
↑ Gupta 1984, p. 52.
↑ Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D. Rajasthan State Archives. Search this book on
↑ Pandey 1973, p. 112.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Gupta 1984, p. 53.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Gupta 1984, p. 54.
↑ Jackson 1907, pp. 66-67.
↑ Pradesh (India), Uttar (1988). Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Saharanpur. Government of Uttar Pradesh. p. 30. Search this book on
↑ Gupta 1984, p. 55.
↑ Jackson 1907, pp. 72-73.
↑ Rickmers, Christian Mabel (1972). The Chronology of Indian History, from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century. Cosmo Publications. p. 112. Search this book on
↑ Mehta 1979, p. 58.
↑ Gupta 1984, p. 56.
↑ Mehta 1979, p. 59.

Sources

Gupta, Nilima Sen (1984). Cultural History of Kapisa and Gandhara. Sundeep. ISBN 978-81-7574-027-3. Search this book on
Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Search this book on
Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0. Search this book on
Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1907). History of India: The Mohammedan period as described by its own historians. Grolier Society. Search this book on
Pandey, Deena Bandhu (1973). The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab. Historical Research Institute; [sole distributors: Oriental Publishers]. Search this book on
Mishra, Yogendra (1972). The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India. Vaishali Bhavan. p. 108. Search this book on
Nāẓim, Muhammad (1931). The Life and Times of Sulṭān Maḥmūd of G̲h̲azna. CUP Archive. Search this book on

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[FOOTNOTEMishra1972108-1] Mishra 1972, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTEGupta198449-50-2] Gupta 1984, pp. 49-50.

[FOOTNOTEMishra1972134-135-3] Mishra 1972, pp. 134-135.

[FOOTNOTEMehta197952-4] Mehta 1979, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTEGupta198450-5] Gupta 1984, p. 50.

[c-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Singh, Fauja (1972). History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000-1526. Editor: Fauja Singh. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. p. 75. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTEGupta198452-7] Gupta 1984, p. 52.

[v-8] Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D. Rajasthan State Archives. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTEPandey1973112-9] Pandey 1973, p. 112.

[FOOTNOTEGupta198453-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Gupta 1984, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEGupta198454-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Gupta 1984, p. 54.

[FOOTNOTEJackson190766-67-12] Jackson 1907, pp. 66-67.

[x-13] Pradesh (India), Uttar (1988). Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Saharanpur. Government of Uttar Pradesh. p. 30. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTEGupta198455-14] Gupta 1984, p. 55.

[FOOTNOTEJackson190772-73-15] Jackson 1907, pp. 72-73.

[g-16] Rickmers, Christian Mabel (1972). The Chronology of Indian History, from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century. Cosmo Publications. p. 112. Search this book on

[FOOTNOTEMehta197958-17] Mehta 1979, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTEGupta198456-18] Gupta 1984, p. 56.

[FOOTNOTEMehta197959-19] Mehta 1979, p. 59.

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