Israelites (religion)
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The Israelites or citizens of mosaic confession (German: Israeliten, Deutschen mosaischen Konfession; Hungarian: Izraeliták, Mózes-hitű magyarok) was a term for Jewish citizens in many states of Western Europe and Central Europe during the emancipation period from the low of tolerance until the interwar period. The term was meant to underline their appearance to the local nations and limit any Jewish Particularism from the pure religious area of interest. After the Holocaust, the expression gradually fell out of use.
Emancipation[edit]
Isaac Berr (1744-1828), syndic of Jews from Lorraine, already author of Speeches of Jewish deputies from provinces of Archiepiscopates from Alsace and Lorraine, pronunciation of rudder National Assembly of 14 October 1789, published Reflections on the complete regeneration of Jews in France, dated 30 May 1806, in which he pressed Emperor Napoleon for the recognition of Hebraic Religion and asked that the word juif meaning jidower to be abandoned for that of d'israélite:
It may also be desired to achieve the goal more efficiently to completely eliminate the word juif in French. The Bible appoints them only through Israel, their language is known as Hebrew language; They were well known under the only name of Israelites; We should not continue to call Israelites egg Jews? Like their Hebrew or Jewish worship, the derision applied in the name of the Jew will come out by forgetting the practice of this word in the abusive direction. Future and complete regeneration on their part will prevent applications similar to Hebrew or Israelites, other than the first meaning. The word "Jew" in French and "Jüde" in German, does not come from what seems to me that the name of his kingdom Judea and what in Hebrew, about Which most of their prophets and historians have served, we find the word of "Jehoudi". Today we have no other country, other native lands than the French Empire, why, under the reign of Napoleon, we have not resumed, to distinguish our religion with the belief of other religious sects, the name of our existence and the first name of our existence Israel God had given us?
Il serait peut-être également à désirer, pour atteindre le but plus efficacement, de faire supprimer entièrement le mot Juif dans la langue française. La Bible ne les nomme qu’enfants d’Israël, leur langue est connue sous la dénomination de langue hébraïque; ils ont longtemps été connus sous le seul nom d’Israélites; ne faudrait-il pas continuer de les nommer Israélites ou Hébreux? Comme leur culte hébraïque ou judaïque, l’opinion dérisoire appliquée au nom de Juif s’éteindra par l’oubli de la pratique de ce mot dans le sens abusif. La régénération future et complète de leur part, empêchera de faire des applications semblables aux mots d’Hébreu ou d’Israélites, autres que la signification première. Le mot de Juif en français, et de Jüde en allemand, ne provient, à ce qui me semble, que du nom que portait le royaume de Judée, et de ce qu’en la langue hébraïque, de laquelle la plupart de leurs prophètes et historiens se sont servis, on trouve le mot de Jehoudi. Aujourd’hui que nous n’avons pas d’autre patrie, d’autres terres natales que l’empire français, pourquoi, sous le règne du grand Napoléon, ne reprendrions-nous pas, pour distinguer notre religion d’avec la croyance des autres sectes religieuses, le nom d’origine de notre existence, et le premier nom d’Israël que Dieu nous avait donné?
In the 19th century the word Jew replaced the word "jeuf" for institutions whose role was to administrate religious cults in France. Begins with the creation of the Central Israeli Consistory of France, created by Napoleon. Traces of this can still be seen in the titles of many institutions, such as the Universal Israeli Alliance and the Éclaireuses et éclaireurs israélites de France.
The term will designate so in general in France until the Second World War on Jews considered of being integrated in the game of institutions.
Acceptance התקבלות[edit]
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In 1806, the Jewish leaders from France attacked the new approach of collusions that the clan of that have sustained Kadima Sanhedrin Paris. It seems that have drowned the concept of "members of mosaic religion", in his modern sense, about questions of Napoleon about Jewish customs named "The hinges of France who believe in mosaic religion". They have declared that "now when the Jews are another separation, but enjoy their integration into the Great Nation", "The molet must refer to any other religious French as a brother. In France, the principles have finally been applied to the Jews in Western Europe and Central Europe: The equality between political rights and recognition of these as part of local nation, in exchange for all Jewish differences beyond religion in the narrow sense, cultivation cultivated and not the public. A rigid resistance to the principle of being just religious witnesses in "French members of mosaism" or "Israelite religion", was a marker sign of the French Jews.
And in Germany, the emancipation has been partial and was renewed as one process to offer Gradual rights that hang in moral improvement and civilian integration of Jews, preferred signal intellectuals, such as "members of mosaism" or "religious Israel". The first evaluator Gabriel Seriser has mattered that the largest warrior for an emancipation in 1831 raised the name "about the status of Mosaic religion members in Germany." In 1832, when it began to remove the journal Der Jude ("The Jew"), has been attacked immediately by other German Jews who have changed their minds to use the negative and hostile term. Ruser has devoted a large part of the first issue of the journal to protect these allegations and described his opponents as those who previously believed the angel of death by replacing the patient's name.
Sundown שקיעה[edit]
The transformation of anti-Semitism in the European life for [90 years from the 19th century], as part of awakening liberalism and rational and anti-rationalist forces to impact positions, threatened by the basic paradigm of emancipation at the heart of mosaic religion, also the east-European Jews, which suffered from difficult persecution and discrimination, they began to change in the modern pressure they finally reached. Many Eastern Jews have stored significant ethnic and cultural features (how would be the speech in Yiddish); Toward the differences of Central Europe and of Western Europe, were the Judaism has become a corruption and integrity in society, in Eastern Europe, has become an adulteration. Even among the little Elites between the Jews of Eastern Europe, that was relative comprehensive, it was not hard the concept of becoming a religious stream. In a unilateral and tolerant environment that combined international nationalism, those who wanted to assimilate completely were almost always demonstrated prominence, yet the preachers if civil integrity have been far from seen the by Jews to religious institution. Just in Poland is functioning for a period very short of a small "movement of polish of mosaic religion" (Polaków Wyznania Mojżeszowego).
Contemporary Period[edit]
Before World War II, a large population of Jewish immigrants in Eastern Europe coming from the Bund and most often atheist. It was not recognized in the French conception of a Judacy that was considered a simple religion or confession, such as Protestantism and Catholicism.
At the same time, the term of Jew is reintroduced in France on the one hand by this foreign Jewish population, both anti-religious and revolutionary, on the other hand by Nazi Germany that occupy the country and that it imposes self racial policy and mass deportations in Germany.
There is then an antagonism, which one might be called by the class, between the French Jewish population, which is bourgeois, well assimilated and conservative, and the Jewish immigrant population that is poor, foreign and revolutionary. The former accuses the newcomers that disturb the social peace and cause anti-Semitism.
Several secular Jewish institutions were created during the occupation at the initiative of the New Come Jews, the edge and competition with the Israelite Central Consolation of France, in particular the General Committee for Jewish Defense, created under the underground in July 1943 with the primary objective of Save the Jewish refugees in France, then seriously threatened by deportations and repression against resistance. In the 1944, it became the representative Committee of the Israelites in France and later the representative Council of the Jewish institutions in France. These structures have reunited most of the various Jewish activist atheist movements of the time (communists, Buddhists and Zionist).
Shoah is changing the vision of this "Israelite model that today belongs to the history of French exception." The debates on Jewish identity testify this. The use of the term «Israelite» took other connotations, which, in view of its origin, may seem paradoxical. To use today the «Israelite» word as a synonym of the word «juif» (Jidower) always causes changes in meaning. In France this function of "euphemism" is often at work in the rhetoric of extreme right speeches. Otherwise, historians use it with reference to this French situation.
It is still used in designation of historic institutions as Consistoire central israélite de France or to that of Belgique or yet to the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Regarding that of CRIF, this acronym signifies the origin of the Libération Council representative to Israelites of France and today to Council representative to Hebraic institutions of France
In 2000, Annette Wieviorka wrote: "You like it or not, the traditional Republican model is behind us. At us there are no more French Mosaic faith".
Bibliography[edit]
- Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of memory, Paris, 2005, edition reviewed and extended.
- Patrick Cabanel, Chantal Bordes-Benayoun, One model of integration: Jews and Israelites in France and Europe (XIX-XX), Berg-International.
- Élisabeth Roudinesco, Back the problems of Jews, Albin Michel, 2009.
- Todd Engelman, Continuities and Discontinuities in Constructions of Jewishness in Europe, 1789–1945, Universitatea din Michigan, 2001.
- Michael Williams, The Jewish woman - A very personal view, Berghahn Books, 1978.
- From Jidower to Israelite. The History of mutation (1770-1870). Archives of Social Sciences of Religions, 1991.
- Konrád Miklós, Hungarian Expectations and Jewish Self-Definitions, 1840–1914. De Gruyter, 2016.
- Yoav Sorek, From a People to a Church by the Grace of the State: Another View of Hungarian Jewish Orthodoxy. Modern Judaism, 2019.
Notes and references[edit]
- ↑ Soldiers saluting Shanah Tovah in 1914 (fonture to the image).
Other articles of the topic History : Currency, 1 BC, Sprinkler (dance)
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