Kartik Sunagar
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| Kartik Sunagar | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| 🏳️ Nationality | Indian |
| 🎓 Alma mater | University of Porto |
| 💼 Occupation | |
| 🌐 Website | https://www.venomicslab.com |
Kartik Sunagar is an evolutionary biologist and venom expert from India. He is a Professor at the Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru. He heads the Evolutionary Venomics Lab at IISc and investigates animal venoms from a perspective of ecology and evolution.[1][2] Sunagar's research in the past has revealed many interesting aspects of venom evolution. His research on venomous animals, especially snakes, has shed light on the under-researched venomous animals from the Indian subcontinent. He has published over 70 publications in international peer-reviewed journals. [3]
Education and career[edit]
Kartik Sunagar received a bachelor's degree in Genetics as a major subject, with Chemistry and Zoology as minors from Karnatak Science College, Dharwad in 2006, and a Master's in Genetics from Karnatak University, Dharwad, in 2008. [3] He then worked with Uma Ramakrishnan at the National Centre for Biological Sciences on leopard population genetics. [4] Equipped with a PhD scholarship from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal, he went on to completing his PhD on the molecular evolution of animal venoms in December 2013 from the University of Porto, Portugal. [3] He was awarded a Marie Curie Fellowship to pursue postdoctoral research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. [3] He was also awarded a Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA) to pursue a career as an independent scientist at the University of Queensland, Australia. [5] He then joined IISc as an Assistant Professor in August 2017, where he continues to work today. Since then, he has received many awards and honours, including a Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance Intermediate Fellowship,[6] Young Scientist Medal from the Indian National Academy of Sciences, [7], Merck Young Scientist Award, [8] among others.
Venom research[edit]
Kartik Sunagar's research has aimed at understanding the molecular evolution of venoms. One of his major contributions to the field has been the hypothesis that explains how venoms evolve across evolutionary time. Sunagar has proposed the 'two-speed' mode of venom evolution, in which the venoms of ancient evolutionary animals are said to evolve very slowly, while those in 'younger' lineages evolve quite rapidly.[9] His work showed that animals (e.g. snakes and cone snails that originated in the last 35-50 million years ago), accumulated tremendous variations, whereas venoms of ancient lineages (e.g. sea anemone, cuttlefish, scorpions, spiders and centipedes that originated between 600-400 million years ago) were very conserved. [9] By studying three-finger toxin in Elapidae snakes, he has also proposed a theory to explain the molecular evolution of venoms. [10]
Snakebite research[edit]
The primary focus of Sunagar's research has also been on the development of effective antivenoms for treating snakebites in India. Sunagar's research has highlighted the remarkable venom variation in snakes in India and elsewhere, and the impact of this variation on the effectiveness of commercial antivenoms.[11] [12] [13] His work has shown that conventional antivenoms are very ineffective in treating snakebite in various regions of India as a result of their inability to neutralise distinct venom profiles. [14] [15] [16] His work has also highlighted that in addition to being inefficacious against the 'big four' snake venoms, Indian antivenoms are largely ineffective against the other medically important snakes, termed the 'neglected many'. [13] These snakes have very restricted distributions across the Indian subcontinent but result in numerous deaths and disabilities. Since the antivenoms are only made against the 'big four' Indian snakes, clinicians are forced to use these antivenoms for treating snakebite. Sunagar's group, in collaboration with the Serum Institute of India, has developed a second-generation antivenom that showed very high effectiveness in treating snakebite than the conventional Indian antivenoms. [17]
References[edit]
- ↑ "Differences in snake venom composition raise questions about treatment: IISc". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ↑ "Differences in snake venom raise questions about treatment". www.deccanherald.com. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "IISc profiles". www.iisc.ac.in. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ↑ "Evolutionary Biologist Interview". www.theinterviewportal.com. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ↑ "DECRA 2015 Funded Grants Outcomes by State and Organisation". www.studylib.net. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ↑ "India Alliance". www.indiaalliance.org. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "Indian National Academy of Sciences". www.insaindia.res.in. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ "BioSpectrum India". www.biospectrumindia.com. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sunagar, Kartik; Moran, Yehu (2015). "The Rise and Fall of an Evolutionary Innovation: Contrasting Strategies of Venom Evolution in Ancient and Young Animals". PLOS Genetics. 11 (10): e1005596. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005596. PMC 4619613. PMID 26492532.
- ↑ Sunagar, Kartik; Jackson, Timothy; Undheim, Eivind; Ali, Syed.; Antunes, Agostinho; Fry, Bryan (2013). "Three-Fingered RAVERs: Rapid Accumulation of Variations in Exposed Residues of Snake Venom Toxins". Toxins. 5 (11): 2172–2208. doi:10.3390/toxins5112172. PMC 3847720. PMID 24253238.
- ↑ Sunagar, Kartik; Undheim, Eivind A.B.; Scheib, Holger; Gren, Eric C.K.; Cochran, Chip; Person, Carl E.; Koludarov, Ivan; Kelln, Wayne; Hayes, William K.; King, Glenn F.; Antunes, Agosthino; Fry, Bryan Grieg (2014). "Intraspecific venom variation in the medically significant Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri): Biodiscovery, clinical and evolutionary implications". Journal of Proteomics. 99: 68–83. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.013. PMID 24463169. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ↑ "Rattlesnakes Two Hours Apart Pack Totally Different Venoms". www.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Senji Laxme, R. R.; Khochare, Suyog; De Souza, Hugo Francisco; Ahuja, Bharat; Suranse, Vivek; Martin, Gerard; Whitaker, Romulus; Sunagar, Kartik (2019). "Beyond the 'big four': Venom profiling of the medically important yet neglected Indian snakes reveals disturbing antivenom deficiencies". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 13 (12): e0007899. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007899. PMC 6894822 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31805055. - ↑ Senji Laxme, R. R.; Attarde, Saurabh; Khochare, Suyog; Suranse, Vivek; Martin, Gerard; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Whitaker, Romulus; Sunagar, Kartik (2021). "Biogeographical venom variation in the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) underscores the pressing need for pan-India efficacious snakebite therapy". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 15 (2): e0009150. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009150. PMC 7924803 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33600405 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Senji Laxme, R. R.; Khochare, Suyog; Attarde, Saurabh; Suranse, Vivek; Iyer, Ashwin; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Whitaker, Romulus; Martin, Gerard; Sunagar, Kartik (2021). "Biogeographic venom variation in Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) and the preclinical inefficacy of antivenom therapy in snakebite hotspots". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 15 (3): e0009247. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009247. PMC 7993602 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33764996 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Sunagar, Kartik; Khochare, Suyog; Senji Laxme, R. R.; Attarde, Saurabh; Dam, Paulomi; Suranse, Vivek; Khaire, Anil; Martin, Gerard; Captain, Ashok (2021). "A Wolf in Another Wolf's Clothing: Post-Genomic Regulation Dictates Venom Profiles of Medically-Important Cryptic Kraits in India". Toxins. 13 (1): 69. doi:10.3390/toxins13010069. PMC 7832344 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33477742 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Attarde, Saurabh; Iyer, Ashwin; Khochare, Suyog; Shaligram, Umesh; Vikharankar, Mayur; Sunagar, Kartik (2022). "The Preclinical Evaluation of a Second-Generation Antivenom for Treating Snake Envenoming in India". Toxins. 14 (3): 168. doi:10.3390/toxins14030168. PMC 8950585 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35324665 Check|pmid=value (help).
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