Khorasani Persians
پارسها خراسان | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| about 8,000,000[1][2][3] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan also Semnan (Shahrud and Damghan) | |
| Languages | |
| Persian | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (Shia majority; significant Sunni minority)[4][5] |
Khorasani Persians (Persian: پارسها خراسان) are ethnic Persians who live in the provinces of North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan in northeastern Iran. The people of Damghan and Shahroud in Semnan province are also Khorasani Persians and their accent is Khorasani.
History[edit]
Khorasan was first established as an administrative division in the 6th century (approximately after 520) by the Sasanians, during the reign of Kavad I or Khosrow I,[6] which comprised the eastern and northeastern part of the empire. Early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of Jibal or what was subsequently termed Iraq Ajami (Persian Iraq), as being included in a vast and loosely-defined region of Khorasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and the Pamir Mountains. The boundary between these two was the region surrounding the cities of Gurgan and Qumis. In particular, the Ghaznavids, Seljuqs and Timurids divided their empires into Iraqi and Khorasani regions. Khorasan is believed to have been bounded in the southwest by desert and the town of Tabas, known as "the Gate of Khorasan",[7]:562 from which it extended eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan.[8][9] Sources from the 10th century onwards refer to areas in the south of the Hindu Kush as the Khorasan Marches, forming a frontier region between Khorasan and Hindustan.[10][11]
The Parthian Empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. During the Sassanid dynasty, the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgošban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.
Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities, Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.
In the year 651, the army of the Rashidun Caliphate conquered Khorasan. The territory remained under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Tahirid dynasty until 873, and the Samanid dynasty in 900.
Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994, and Tuğrul in the year 1037.
In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by the Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghan Durrani Empire centered in Qandahar.
In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat.[12] Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.[13]
Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on 29 September 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on 18 May 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on 29 May 2004) were Khorasan-e Razavi, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.
Culture[edit]
Khorasan had a great cultural importance among other regions in Greater Iran. The New Persian language developed in Khorasan and Transoxiana and gradually supplanted the Parthian language.[12] The New Persian literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana[13] where the early Iranian dynasties such as Tahirids, Samanids, Saffirids and Ghaznavids (a Turco-Persian dynasty) were based. The early Persian poets such as Rudaki, Shahid Balkhi, Abu al-Abbas Marwazi, Abu Hafas Sughdi, and others were from Khorasan. Moreover, Ferdowsi and Rumi were also from Khorasan. Until the Mongol invasion of the 13th century, Khorasan remained the cultural capital of Persia.[14] It has produced scientists such as Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyam, Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (known as Albumasar or Albuxar in the west), Alfraganus, Abu Wafa, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, and many others who are widely well known for their significant contributions in various domains such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics, geography, and geology.[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/year85/f2/CS_02_6.HTM National Census 2006
- ↑ "National census 2016". amar.org.ir. Retrieved 2017-03-14.[]
- ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)" (Excel). Islamic Republic of Iran.
- ↑ "Iran". Central Intelligence Agency. April 27, 2022 – via CIA.gov.
- ↑ "Most of the Persian lands of Khorasan are still majority Sunni". January 8, 2015.
- ↑ Schindel, Nikolaus (2013a). "Kawād I i. Reign". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XVI, Fasc. 2. pp. 136–141.
- ↑ Sykes, P. (1906). A Fifth Journey in Persia (Continued). The Geographical Journal, 28(6), 560-587.
- ↑ "Khorasan | Region, Location, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ↑ Lambton, Ann K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th-14th Century. Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies. New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica. p. 404.
In the early centuries of Islam, Khurasan generally included all the Muslim provinces east of the Great Desert. In this larger sense, it included Transoxiana, Sijistan and Quhistan. Its Central Asian boundary was the Chinese desert and the Pamirs, while its Indian boundary lay along the Hindu Kush toward India.
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- ↑ Minorsky, V. (1937). Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. - 982 A.D. London: Oxford UP. Search this book on
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121114042117/http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=91
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles, eds. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7): From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 183, 394–395. ISBN 978-0521200950. Search this book on
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ewans (2002). Afghanistan: A short History of its People and Politics. Perennial. pp. 77. ISBN 006-050508-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995 ISBN 0-8108-2994-0 Search this book on .
- ↑ Starr, S. Frederick, Lost Enlightenment. Central Asia's golden age from the Arab conquest to Tamerlane, Princeton University Press (2013)
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Source for percentages is the CIA World Factbook. | ||
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