Kyrgyz Confederation
Kyrgyz Confederation Dasht-I-Kyrgyz Union of Kyrgyz tribes Кыргыз бирикмеси Kyrgyz birikmesi قىرعىز بئرئگۉۉسۉ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Golden flag[1] | |||||||||
Motto: "سامانسۇر!" Samansur! ("Samaansuur!") | |||||||||
 Kyrgyz Confederation in 1512 | |||||||||
| Status | Nomadic confederation | ||||||||
| Capital | Barskoon Andijan | ||||||||
| Largest city | Kochkor | ||||||||
| Official languages | Kyrgyz language[2] | ||||||||
| Recognised languages | Chagatai language | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Kyrgyz | ||||||||
| Unified Biy, Khan | |||||||||
• 1508—1517(33) (first) | Tagai Biy | ||||||||
• 1670—1684 (last) | Kudayan Khan | ||||||||
| Legislature | Kurultai | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1510 | 100,000[3] | ||||||||
| Currency | Pul and Tyiyn | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China | ||||||||
The Kyrgyz Confederation (Kyrgyz: Кыргыз бирикмеси, romanized: Kyrgyz birikmesi) in eastern sources known as Dasht-i Kyrgyz,[4] was a Kyrgyz nomadic confederation on the territory of the Tien Shan, formed as a result of the displacement of Genghisids s in the Kyrgyz Khanate[5][6][7][8][9]. The confederation survived the wars with the Dzungars, Shaybanids, Yarkent Khanate, Oirats and broke up as a result of the division of the Kyrgyz into south and north.[10]
Periodisation[edit]
- 1470-1484 — Kyrgyz Ulus in Moghulistan, autonomous Kyrgyz region in Moghulistan.
- 1484-1514 — Independent Kyrgyz Khanate
- 1514 — Tagai Biy founded Kyrgyz Confederation.
- 1524-1580— First Kyrgyz-Kazakh alliance
- 1598-1628 — Second Kyrgyz-Kazakh alliance
- 1572-1690 — Kyrgyz-Dzungar wars.
History[edit]
Unification of the Kyrgyz right and left wings (XV Century)[edit]
In the middle of the 15th century, Kyrgyz tribes from Altai began to move from the forests of Moghulistan to the Tien-Shan. Second half of the 15th century - is considered an important stage in the history of the Kyrgyz Tien-Shan (This is confirmed by such historical sources as: "Xi Yuzhi", "Javab-nama" and the Kyrgyz genealogy). The need to conquer and develop new lands, large-scale political actions associated with the settlement and collective defense of the occupied territories led to the emergence of a sense of ethnic unity and the creation of a mobile ethno-political system and military organization. Due to this, the Kyrgyz inherited from the Xiongnu and the Ancient Turks such concepts as: - “right wing” and “left wing”, formed a dual ethno-political organization in the Tien Shan. Kyrgyz tribal associations, as well as local ancient Turkic and Mongolian tribes, merged into a new phase of the “formation of the Kyrgyz nation”. As a result, in the XV century. In the end, the Kyrgyz tribes managed to occupy the rich settlements of the Tien Shan and were able to move to the settlements of East Turkestan and Ferghana. Initially, the Kyrgyz community, subordinate to Moghulistan as "Kyrgyz ulus", before gaining independence, elected a khan from among the Genghisids.
Kyrgyz Khanate[edit]
After the continuous invasions of Timur and the Timurids on the northern and central Tien Shan, political dominance in these regions began to gradually pass into the hands of the leaders of the Kyrgyz tribes. Part of the Moghuls joined the Kyrgyz, some Moghul aristocrats were forced out of the Tien Shan to the Kashgar region. In the 80s of the XV century, the Kyrgyz of the Tien Shan formed an independent state. The first ruler of the Kyrgyz Khanate was Ahmad Alaq, who ruled from 1484 to 1504.[11] The announcement of Ahmad Khan, the second son of Yunus Khan, was necessary for the Kyrgyz to officially recognize his power as a Genghisids.[12] [13]Ahmad Alaq mercilessly exterminated, together with the families of the rulers of tribes disobedient to him, such as Arlat, Kaluchi. His son Sultan Khalil-Sultan (1504-1508), who inherited the throne, was mentioned in Alam-ara-yi-Shah Isma'il by the "Kyrgyz padishah".[4] The possessions of the Kyrgyz in the fertile valleys of the Tien Shan received their ethno-political name "Kyrgyzstan" in the 15th century.[10] Sultan Khalil-Sultan, having been defeated in 1508 by Mansur-Khan, fled to Ferghana, but was captured and executed by the local governor. From that moment on, the Kyrgyz tribes that inhabited the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan stopped electing khans from Genghisids and submitted to the new single leader of all Kyrgyz — Tagai Biy.[10]
Founding of the state[edit]
Part of the Kyrgyz defeated by Mansur Khan migrated to Turpan. the other retreated into the foothills. But after the departure of the enemies, most of them again moved to the Issyk-Kul region and the foothills of the Chüy Valley. in 1510 they completely dominated this territory.
At the beginning of 1514, Kyrgyz tribes began to settle in the Issyk-Kul basin, which became the political center, from all sides, their unity was strengthened. The habitats of the Kyrgyz in the east reached Aksu, Karasahr, Turpan, in the south they reached Kashgar and Yarkent, in the west the Kyrgyz possessions rested on the foothills of Talas, and in the northeast they passed along the Ili River. Having gained independence, the Kyrgyz declared the far-sighted and fearless ruler Taghai-Biy as their ruler.
Since 1514, the name of Tagai-Biy is increasingly mentioned in historical writings as the supreme ruler of all Kyrgyz tribes, in eastern sources he is mentioned as Mohammed-Kyrgyz.[14] For more than 20 years, he ruled the independent state of the Kyrgyz, created in the Tien Shan. Its capital was located near the modern city of Barskoon[15].
Kyrgyz-Yarkent war[edit]
Kyrgyz-Yarkent military alliance[edit]
The Kyrgy, led by Tagai Biy, in 1514 took an active part in the struggle between the Moghul prince Sultan Said and the ruler of Kashgar (Emir of the Dughlats) Abu Bekr. This was facilitated by his alliance with the nomads, which arose even when Sultan Khalil was called the "padishah of the Kyrgyz".
In the battles for Yarkent, Yengisar and Kashgar, the Kyrgyz army played a decisive role. For merits in these battles, Sultan Said Khan generously rewarded Tagai Biy, presenting him with a belt with a gold buckle, gold and silver bowls and jugs. As a result of the decisive actions of the Kyrgyz, Sultan Said Khan quickly restored the power of the Chagataids dynasty in Yarkent and Kashgar and revived the state in East Turkestan.
The Kyrgyz-Yarkent military alliance did not last long. The treachery of Sultan Said Khan and his entourage, their secret hostile actions and the desire to get the lands of the Kyrgyz contributed to its disintegration.[16][17]
Kyrgyz-Yarkent war[edit]
Tagai Biy always supported the Kazakh khans, who sought to capture the cities on the coast of the Syr Darya. He even made several trips to Andijan, Aksy, Sayram, Tashkent, Turkistan against the Shaybanids. In one of these campaigns, the Kyrgyz army captured Shaybani Khan's brother Abdulla (Kuchum Khan's son). He was the governor (bek) of the city of Turkestan. Having honored him as a descendant of the khan, Tagai Biy freed Abdullah from captivity a few days later. These actions of the Kyrgyz ruler did not please the Moghul Khan Sultan Said Khan. Having openly declared that Tagai Biy was a traitor, in the autumn of 1517 he invaded the Kyrgyz possessions. In order to justify himself, Sultan Said Khan declared this attack a holy war against the "gentiles" - the Kyrgyz, who are plundering neighboring Muslim countries.
Deciding to move to the Issyk-Kul region through the gorges of Barskoon and Dzhuuku, Sultan Said divided the large army gathered in Kashgar into three detachments. He wanted to suddenly attack Tagai Biy's headquarters under the cover of night. The battle took place on a spacious plain in the lower reaches of the Barskoon River. In this battle, the enemies prevailed, Tagai Biy was captured. In order to completely subdue the courageous and freedom-loving Kyrgyz, their ruler Tagai Biy was taken to Kashgar, to the Khan's horde as an honorary prisoner. He was in a foreign land for 5 years.[17]
In 928 (1521-1522) Sultan Said Khan decided to go to Moghulistan and subjugate the Kirghiz. There were several reasons for this. First, in 923 (1517), as mentioned, he arrested Muhammad-Kirghiz for seizing in battle Abdallah Khan, the son of Kuchum Khan, and released him, sending several unacceptable apologies to the Khan. For this he was imprisoned for five years, and the Kirghiz, left without a leader, raided the lands of Turkistan, Sairam, Andijan and Akhsi. They were guilty of many atrocities, they took many Muslim women and children into slavery. Although these areas were under the rule of the Shaybanids and Shaybani Khan was an old enemy of Sultan Said Khan, it was hard for the Khan to look at this, a virtuous and pious man, and he wanted to avert this misfortune from the Muslims in the name of raising his degrees in both worlds
The last years of the reign of Tagai-Biy[edit]
Five years later, in 1522, taking into account the prevailing historical situation, the Sultan Said Khan released Tagai Biy from prison. Thus, the Yarkent rulers wanted to attract the Kyrgyz to their side. But their attempts were in vain. And, especially since Tagai-Biy himself did not agree with this.
Tagai Biy, having taken a clearer position, managed to rally all the Kyrgyz around him. Later, the number of his troops grew at the expense of the Kazakh and other Turkic tribes. At that time, the son of Sultan Said Khan Abdurashid Khan (the Kyrgyz called him Ireshe Khan) already ruled the Kyrgyz, and his headquarters was in the Kochkor valley. The khan himself visited him every year and noticed how the position and authority of Tagai Biy was strengthening every day. In 1524, in Kochkor, the Kazakh Khan Taiyr met with Tagai Biy. The main subject of negotiations was the question of joint actions for the freedom of the fraternal peoples from the Yarkent conquerors.
This event could not go unnoticed by the Yarkents. During his last visit to the territory of Kyrgyzstan, Sultan Said Khan was surprised by the strength and power of the Kyrgyz commander Taghai-biy. And returning to Kashgar, he makes the final decision to isolate the recalcitrant Kyrgyz hero, who began to fight openly against the Yarkent Khanate. In 1524, Sultan Said Khan again captured Taghai-Biy and again sent him to Kashgar, where he was held until his death.[18][19]
First Kazakh-Kyrgyz military alliance[edit]
Haqnazar Khan[edit]
Even under Tagai Biy, the Kyrgyz Confederation entered into an alliance with the Kazakh Khanate, in 1524 diplomatic relations between the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz were established for the first time. The alliance created by Tagai Biy and Taiyr Khan against the Yarkent Khanate greatly alarmed Sultan Said Khan.
After the death of Tagai Biy, the formation of a political union of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs is observed. In Muslim sources, the ruler of the Kazakh Khanate, Haqnazar Khan, is even called «The sovereign of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz».[20] The political unification of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz contributed to their successful struggle against the Khanate of Bukhara and the Yarkent Khanate, which sought to seize the nomad camps of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz.
The political unification of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz became a serious opposing force against the Oirats, who stubbornly pursued Central Asian trade.[21]
Second Kazakh-Kyrgyz military alliance[edit]
Eshim Khan[edit]
The second Kyrgyz-Kazakh military alliance, which was headed by the Kazakh Khan Eshim, was aimed at the joint struggle of the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz against the Oirats and Khanate of Bukhara. Eshim Khan sought to strengthen the fraternal relations of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, in this matter he was assisted by the Kyrgyz leaders Manap-Biy and Kokum Biy. The Khanate of Bukhara had to recognize the power of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz feudal lords in the cities of the Syr Darya, and the invasions of the Oirats were successfully repelled. As a result of the joint actions of the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, the Oirats had to retreat to Siberia.[22]
Manap Biy and Kokum Biy[edit]
Manap Biy was one of the founders of the second Kyrgyz-Kazakh alliance, he ruled the Kyrgyz who lived in the Chüy valley, Issyk-Kul and the Central Tien Shan, his co-ruler was Kokum Biy, who ruled the Kyrgyz in Talas, Chatkal and Aksy, in the future power will pass into the hands of the son of Kokum-Biy Teyish-Khan.
Manap Biy commanded a 10,000-strong army that defended the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border from Oirats. During the clashes, the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs defeated the Oirats, and after a decisive battle in 1625 on the banks of the Ili River, the Oirats were forced to retreat to Siberia
Kokum Biy was the co-ruler of Manap Biy and ruled the southern Kyrgyz, while Manap Biy ruled the northern ones. Manap Biy and Kokum Biy strengthened the kinship relations of the southern and northern Kyrgyz. Eshim Khan also appointed Kokum Biy as the governor of Tashkent.[22]
Tileke Biy's reign[edit]
In 1609-1610, the cities of Aksu and Uqturpan in East Turkestan were plundered together with Botokara Biy with 5000 Kyrgyz thousand soldiers. However, when the Moghul troops led by Timur Sultan pursued him, he left Botokara's troops and remained in the fort for a year, observing the progress of the battle. 3,000 soldiers led by Botokara fought with the pursuers, 2,000 Kyrgyz soldiers were killed, and 1,000 soldiers led by Botokara were captured. After that, Tileke Biy belt around his neck and came to Timur sultan asking for forgiveness. Timur Sultan heard about the death of his grandfather Muhammed Khan from Tileke Biy and let them go.[23][24]
Political system[edit]
The Kyrgyz society was very different from the Moghulistan political system. The unification of Kyrgyz tribes was the basis for this.
- Single Biy (Kyrgyz: Чоң бий) — Every year, the tribes of each wing chose a "Single biy" from among the senior biys, who was responsible for the affairs of all the tribes in the corresponding wing. However, a single biy, who did not have significant and lasting power in practice, could not exercise real power over the elder biys. The function of a single biy was of a formal nature and served as a symbol of the unity of all the tribes of one wing or another. Single biys were called not only "biys", but sometimes "khans".
- Senior Biy (Kyrgyz: Уулу бий) — Leaders of tribal associations. Each tribal association formed its own administrative and political unit and had the motto (Kyrgyz: ураан). The elder biys had the seal (Kyrgyz: мөөр) and forty Dzhigits. Tribal associations were tribes and clans, which were ruled by Akalakchi-biys.
- Akalakchyn biy (Kyrgyz: Акалакчын бий) — The leaders of the tribe within the tribal union.
- Junior biy (Kyrgyz: Кичи бий) was the leader of the small seoks Ata-Uula.[25]
Adminitrative-territorial divisions[edit]
The main administrative and political units of the Kyrgyz society in this period were considered independent tribal associations. The largest of them are Adygene, Basyz, Bugu, Boston, Kypchak, Toolos, Kesek, Chonbagysh, Sary-Bagysh, Kushchu, Naiman, Sayak, Solto, Kangly, Kytai, Saru, Noygut, Cherik. Each of these tribes, in turn, was divided into smaller divisions.
The Kyrgyz retained their ancient tribal structure, as before, tribal associations were part of two territorial-political formations - ong kanat (right wing) and sol kanat (left wing). The tribes that were part of the right wing gravitated towards the Syr Darya cities to a greater extent, while the tribes of the left wing were economically closely connected with the settled regions of the Fergana Valley.
The associations of the right wing occupied mainly the territory of Northern Kyrgyzstan and included the following units: azyk, basyz, bagysh, bugu, sayak, sarybagysh, monoldor, solto, cherik, besh tamga, kytai, kushchu, saruu. The left wing included units that lived within Southern Kyrgyzstan: kydyrsha, teit, boston, zhediger, kesek, naiman, akhtachi, okchu, toolos, kypchak, kangly, mundus, bagysh, adygene, zhoru, beru, bargy, konurat, noygut, chanbagysh and karabagysh.
The dual ethno-political organization required the creation of an effective political governance structure. At the head of each wing was the Supreme Biy (Kyrgyz: Чоң Бий). He was elected annually from among the senior biys - the rulers of tribal associations. Not having a significant and constant military force, he actually had no real power over the Elder Biys - the rulers of tribal associations, and large feudal lords of the tribes. Consequently, the position of supreme biy was of a formal nature and served as a symbol of the unity of all the tribes of a particular wing.
At the head of each tribal association, which was an independent administrative and political unit, was a Senior Biy (Kyrgyz: Улук Бий). Each such association necessarily had its own tamga - seal, as well as its battle cry (Kyrgyz: Ураан).
The composition of the tribal association included connected with each other not so much by real as by imaginary kinship, numerous genera and tribal divisions. They were ruled by Akalakchyn Biys (Kyrgyz: Акалакчын бий), who were subordinate to the Senior Biy.[25]
Social order[edit]
On the territory of Kyrgyzstan in the 16 — first half of the 18th century becomes predominant seminomadic type of economy. Livestock is the main wealth of nomads was in private ownership. Many Kyrgyz feudal lords owned a large number of livestock. In fact they are disposed of land, although outwardly pastures the Kyrgyz continued to be in common use. Moreover, the right to own a certain territory was not formalized in writing, but was passed down from generation to generation only on the basis of “common” law and traditions.
However, for the southern regions, semi-sedentary and sedentary were considered characteristic types of economy. Therefore, in the south, individual Kyrgyz feudal lords received land grants from the Sheibanid khans for military merit. This is evidenced by the found legal documents. Although the external appearance of the communal nature of land use was also preserved here, because such land plots were, as a rule, registered in the name of a certain family, and not a feudal lord.
The biys set the borders of nomadism for groups of pastoralists subject to them, they also determined the order of using certain pastures: «They specially allocated places of nomadism and named each tribe according to the places of nomadism and the names of the mountains. They did not allow everyone to cross the border, it was forbidden on their lands to harm each other». Consequently, tribal ownership of land existed only formally and served as a cover for the feudal (private) form of land ownership.[25]
Structure of Army[edit]
In the sources, one can find a mention of a certain system of formation of troops and a kind of tactics of warfare. «Every time the enemy invades the borders and prepares to fight, they immediately gather fellow tribesmen and appoint leaders. Ten (Kyrgyz: Он-баши) is the head of ten people, centurion (Kyrgyz: Жүз башы) is the head of a hundred people, thousander (Kyrgyz: Минбек) is the head of a thousand people. One thousand's manager commands ten hundreds, one centurion's command ten foremen, one ten's manager commands ten subordinates».
As far as we know from the materials of the Manas epic, the combat formation of the Kyrgyz army assumed the location of the main military units in the center, as well as on the right and left flanks. Such a division can be associated with the division of the Kyrgyz tribal associations into two wings. The military detachments of these three divisions were built on the principle of tribal division. This is also confirmed by the information of the «Manas epic»: the Kyrgyz army was organized according to the principle of tribal division, and was distributed in tens, hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands (tumens). Strict order was observed in the campaign. Ahead of the troops was reconnaissance (chalgyn), in which the most brave, fearless warriors were selected. An important role was played by the guides (Kyrgyz: Жолбашчы), who determined the paths of movement and places for the troops. The commanders of all military units obeyed the orders and instructions of the guide, whose main duty was to organize reconnaissance in the enemy camp in peacetime and wartime. In addition, the guides performed the duties of column-drivers during campaigns, determining the paths of movement and places for the troops. The functions of the zholbashchy can be equated with the duties of the chief of Army Staff (Kyrgyz: Кара-Дугуан).
The guard guard (Kyrgyz: Кароол) served as the vanguard. Then the main army went, the marching column was closed by the rearguard (Kyrgyz: Оорук), where, in addition to the convoy, there were sick and servants. In a defensive battle, an important role was assigned to the organization of an ambush (Kyrgyz: Буктурма).
The Kyrgyz army had the character of a people's militia and was assembled only in emergency situations, and was also recruited according to the traditional «decimal» system of military organization of the nomads of Central Asia. The number of shooters reached 100 thousand people. But such an army could be assembled only in case of urgent need by mobilizing the people's militia.
Thus, the Kyrgyz army was formed in accordance with the principles of a hierarchical system, where the military leaders of all units obeyed the orders of the army commander in chief. Orders were transmitted to lower commanders by special messengers, who were called sopi.
The predominant types of weapons of the Kyrgyz army are naiza — a long wooden lance with a sharp metal tip and aibalta — an ax-type battle ax, as well as bows, sabers and firearms.[25]
Rulers of the Kyrgyz Confederation[edit]
- yellow — two rulers at the same time
- darkgreen — kyrgyz-kazakh military union's rulers
| Personal Name | Reign | Religion | Tribe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tagai Biy تاعاي۔بئي |
1508—1517 | Islam | Moñol |
| Ireshe Khan ئرەشە۔حان |
1521—1524 | Islam | Tughlughtimurids |
| Tagai Biy تاعاي۔بئي |
1524—1533 | Islam | Moñol |
| Haqnazar Khan قاق—نازار—حان |
1572—1580 | Islam | Töre/Kazakh |
| Eshim Khan ەسىم حان |
1598—1628 | Islam | Töre/Kazakh |
| Manap Biy ماناپ۔بئي |
1615-1626 | Islam | Sarybagyš |
| Kokum Biy سوقۇر۔بئي |
1615-1629 | Islam | Kušču |
| Tileke Biy تئلەكە بئي |
1611—1640 | Islam | Adyghene |
| Koisary Biy قويسارى بئي |
1640—1670 | Islam | Choñ-Bagyš |
| Teyish Khan تەيئش۔حان |
1670—1680 | Islam | Bagyš |
| Kudayan Khan قۇدايان حان |
1680—1690 | Islam | Sarybagyš |
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ↑ "Tagay-biy (Mohammed Kyrgyz) is one of the founders of the Kyrgyz statehood" (in русский).
- ↑ Barbara A. West (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Facts on File, Inc. p. 375. ISBN 0816071098. Search this book on
- ↑ "Mohammed Kyrgyz - the ruler of an independent state (XV-XVI centuries)" (in русский). Retrieved 2016-07-29.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Materials of the section "Kyrgyz" - Atygaev N.A., Dzhandosova Z.A. Information "Alam-ara-yi Shah Isma'il" about the Kyrgyz of the 16th century". eurasica.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ↑ Koichuev, Turar Koichuev; Мокрынин, Владимир Петрович; Плоских, Владимир Михайлович (1994). Kyrgyz and their ancestors: an unconventional view of history and modernity (in русский). Глав. ред. Кыргызской Энциклопедии. Search this book on
- ↑ Dzhunushaliev, Dzhenish Dzhunushalievich; Kakeev, Askar; Ploskikh, Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich (2003). Historical stages of the Kyrgyz statehood: III century. BC--nineteenth century (in русский). Innovation Center "Archi". ISBN 978-9967-21-891-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Abdulatipov, Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich (2005). My Kyrgyz people (in русский). Bibliotheca. ISBN 978-9967-22-599-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Introduction to the history of the Kyrgyz statehood: A course of lectures for universities (in русский). Innovation Center "Archi". 2004. ISBN 978-9967-21-890-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Pishchulina, K.A. & 1977-01-01, p. 161.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ibraimov, Osmonakun (2001). Kyrgyzstan: Encyclopaedia (in русский). Центр гос. языка и энциклопедии. ISBN 978-5-89750-129-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Asankanov, Abylabek Asankanovich; Osmonov, Oskon Dzhusupbekovich (2002). History of Kyrgyzstan: a short course (in русский). Biyiktik House publisher. ISBN 978-9967-21-075-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Ибраимов, Осмонакун (2001). Кыргызстан: энциклопедия (in русский). Центр гос. языка и энциклопедии. ISBN 978-5-89750-129-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Voropaeva, Valentina Alekseevna (2005). History of the Fatherland: a short course of lectures on the history of Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Раритет Инфо. ISBN 978-5-8355-1228-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Haidar, Dughlát Muhammad (1895). The Tarikh-i-rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia; an English Version. S. Low, Marston and Company. Search this book on
- ↑ Malabaev, Joldoshbay Malabaevich (1997). History of statehood of Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Ilim. ISBN 978-5-8355-0955-3. Search this book on
- ↑ "Taghai Biy - History of Kyrgyzstan". www.fullhistoria.ru (in русский). Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 N.Elias, E.D.Ross (1895). The Tarikh-i-rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. London. p. 350. Search this book on
- ↑ Akaev, Askar Akaevich (2003). The story that has passed through my heart (in русский). Dizaĭn, Informat͡sii͡a, Kartografii͡a. ISBN 978-5-8355-1287-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Ibraimov, Osmonakun (2001). Kyrgyzstan: Encyclopedia (in русский). Центр гос. языка и энциклопедии. ISBN 978-5-89750-129-8. Search this book on
- ↑ akademii︠a︡sy), Tarykh institutu (Kyrgyz SSR ilimder) (1963). History of Kirghizia (in русский). Kirghiz state publisher. Search this book on
- ↑ Beishenaliev. "Kazakh Kyrgyz Khan Hakk-Nazar" (PDF).
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Chotonov U.Ch (2009). The history of homeland (PDF) (in русский). Bishkek. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-9967-428-81-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Makhmud Choros
- ↑ Mukhammad-ibn Wali
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Borubashov B.I. (2015). "History of state and law of the Kyrgyz Republic" (PDF): 176–184.CS1 maint: Date and year (link)
Sources[edit]
- Barbara A. West (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 375. ISBN 0816071098. Search this book on
- Pishchulina, K.A. (1977-01-01). "Pishchulina K.A. South-Eastern Kazakhstan in the middle of the 14th - early 16th centuries (questions of political and socio-economic history)" (in русский). Search this book on
- Asankanov, Abylabek Asankanovich; Osmonov, Oskon Dzhusupbekovich (2002). History of Kyrgyzstan: a short course (in русский). Bishkek: Biyiktik House publisher. p. 141. ISBN 978-9967-21-075-2.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
- Ibraimov, Osmonakun (2001). Kyrgyzstan: Encyclopedia (in русский). Bishkek: Центр гос. языка и энциклопедии. ISBN 978-5-89750-129-8. Search this book on
- Voropaeva, Valentina Alekseevna (2005). History of the Fatherland: a short course of lectures on the history of Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Раритет Инфо. p. 62. ISBN 978-5-8355-1228-7. Search this book on
- Akaev, Askar Akaevich (2003). The story that has passed through my heart (in русский). Dizaĭn, Informat͡sii͡a, Kartografii͡a. p. 140. ISBN 978-5-8355-1287-4. Search this book on
- Malabaev, Joldoshbay Malabaevich (1997). History of statehood of Kyrgyzstan (in русский). Ilim. p. 206. ISBN 978-5-8355-0955-3. Search this book on
- Abdulatipov, Ramazan Gadzhimuradovich (2005). My Kyrgyz people (in русский). Bibliotheca. ISBN 978-9967-22-599-2. Search this book on
- Chotonov U.Ch (2009). The history of homeland (PDF) (in русский). ISBN 978-9967-428-81-2. Search this book on
This article "Kyrgyz Confederation" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Kyrgyz Confederation. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
