Kyushu Dynasty Theory

• Comment: @ナガヰ: Can you help out with this article? You'll likely get a lot less backlash than the other one, and I think we can get it published together. Immanuelle 💗 (please tag me) 23:33, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

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Topographic map of Kyushu area

The Kyushu-Dynasty Theory, or Kyūshū-Ōchō Setsu (九州王朝説), is a historiograhphical theory put forward by the Japanese historian Takehiko Furuta. This theory states that at the same time as the Yamaitsi Dynasty emerged in the Nara area, there existed a rival state in the northern Kyushu region called Wakoku, which was recorded in the Wajinden. The Five kings of Wa were rulers of the Kyushu Dynasty. The capital of this dynasty was Dazaifu.

According to the theory the Kyushu dynasty was the original family and a branch of it which ruled in Kinai became the Yamato Dynasty.

According to this theory, after being defeated in the Battle of Baekgang in 663, the Kyushu Dynasty was replaced by the Yamaitsi Dynasty in Kinai and the Taika Reform that took place in Fujiwara-kyo, Kyushu was a coup d'état in which the Yamaitsi gentry usurped the Emperor in Kyushu. The theory holds that Emperor Ōjin led the Taika Reform and that the Hachiman cult was essential in the development of Yamaitsi rule. Furuta proposed that the Bear Country and that the Black-Tooth Country mentioned in the "Wajinden" are located Ecuador which indicated Chinese Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact.

Overview

Like Daisuke Oyama, believers in the theory of the Kyushu dynasty are those who maintain their claims despite criticism and lack of evidence. Initially, Takeshi Furuya was well-regarded for his meticulous and scholarly work on documents related to Shinran, but when he began to promote the theory of the Kyushu dynasty, his scholarship became questionable and he developed increasingly forced arguments to support his claims, ultimately relying on clearly forged documents such as "Tōjika Higaishiryō" (which is unfortunate as Furuya had made important observations on the "Hōkyō Gisōsho").

It has been almost 50 years since the theory of the Kyushu dynasty was first proposed. During this time, many artifacts and remains have been found that support the accounts in the "Nihon Shoki" from the Asuka and Hakuhō periods, but despite significant urban and land development in Kyushu, no such artifacts, inscriptions, or wooden slips that support the existence of the Kyushu dynasty have been discovered.

However, the lack of evidence does not change the beliefs of its followers. They believe that they are correcting the mainstream, reactionary view of imperial history and that they are the ones who are practicing rational and democratic scholarship, they firmly believe they are the allies of justice, and become more stubborn when challenged. It's similar to the way supporters of former President Trump spread the conspiracy theory of the COVID-19 vaccine.

The Kyushu Dynasty Theory is a theory proposed by Takeda Takehiko, which states that there was a powerful dynasty in Kyushu, Japan that represented the nation until the end of the 7th century, and that its capital was located in Dazaifu.

According to this theory, the territory of this dynasty extended to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and northern Kyushu, but after their defeat in the Battle of Hakusonko in 663, they lost their power and were replaced by the Yamato court. The Yamato court did not leave any records of this dynasty, and it is believed that they incorporated the achievements of this dynasty into their own records in the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki.

The Dongyi zhuan of the Houhanshu records that "In the 2nd year of Jianwu (57 AD), Wa (Japan) sent envoys to offer tribute and court congratulations. The people of Wa call their own leader 'Daifu.' The southern border of Wa is the southernmost point." This suggests that Wa had a territory that included the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and that the Kyushu Dynasty theory may be supported by this.

This theory also suggests that Japan had advanced seafaring abilities that allowed them to frequently travel between the Korean Peninsula and northern Kyushu as early as the 1st century. This is also supported by the fact that the Weizhi's accounts of the Wa people who lived on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

Although not widely accepted in the academic world, recent archaeological discoveries have supported this theory. The theory suggests that the tombs of this dynasty were keyhole-shaped tombs called zenpo-koenfun, and that after the fall of this dynasty, these tombs were no longer built in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and northern Kyushu. This theory also suggests that the West Capital's ancient tombs in Miyazaki may be related to this Kyushu Dynasty

, and that the culture of the sea people may have originated from this dynasty. Some also suggest that the legendary figure of Emperor Jimmu, who is said to have founded Japan, may have had roots in this Kyushu Dynasty.

Futura website summary

The "Gunki-ron Debate" is a historical dispute that has been a major topic of interest in the academic community since the end of World War II. The debate began in 1951, at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Historical Society, when Inoue Kōzen presented his paper "The Authenticity of the Taika Reform Edicts." This paper was met with a counterargument from Taro Sakamoto in his paper "The Problem of the Authenticity of the Taika Reform Edicts" (published in February 1952 in the journal "Historical Geography"). This sparked a large debate that divided the academic community.

The dispute was ultimately resolved with the discovery of a wooden document, found in the Fujihara Palace, which was written in October 699 and states "Gunki-ron Awa-no-Kuni Awa-no-Matsuri" (Gunki-ron in the country of Awa, Awa-no-Matsuri). This document, together with the numerous wooden documents that began to appear after 701 (the first year of the Taiho era) showing the use of the term "gun" instead of "kō" (郡 instead of 評), demonstrates that there was a change in administrative unit from "kō" to "gun" around 701. This supports Inoue's original argument.

However, there are still unresolved questions surrounding this debate. One such question is why there is no record of an edict abolishing the "kō" and establishing the "gun" system in 701, which would have been necessary at that time. Another question is why the records of this administrative change are not found in the Nihon Shoki or the Joguki, which are considered to be reliable historical records. These questions remain unresolved and are currently the subject of ongoing research.

Other

The Kinai-Yamato court, which was established in this way, then gradually conquered the surrounding areas. (The four generals of Emperor Jinmu were dispatched, Emperor Kaiko's bear raids and subjugation, and the pacification of the eastern countries by Yamato Takeru.) Around 370, it allied with Baekje and advanced into the Korean Peninsula. Emperor Ojin, between 380 and 410, deeply invaded the peninsula militarily and fought a death struggle with the kings of Silla and Goguryeo for hegemony on the peninsula. Since then, Emperor Ojin has been worshipped as the guardian god and war god of the Japanese state, and has been worshiped at the 4600-plus Hachiman shrines throughout the country, with Usa Hachiman-gū as the main one.

The military operations on the Korean Peninsula by the Yamato court, including the era of the Five Kings of Wa, lasted 300 years, until the Battle of Baekgang in 663.

The Five Kings of Wa refers to the five rulers of Wa (Japan) who had diplomatic relations with the Southern Dynasties of China from 413 to 502. These five kings of Wa are known as San, Chin, Sai, Kō and Bu, and are referred to as "Five Kings of Wa". According to traditional accounts, these are Emperor Ninkō, Emperor Hanzei, Emperor Jōgyō, Emperor Ankō, and Emperor Yūryaku.

There is a theory that the Five Kings of Wa is a group of rulers from the Kyushu dynasty, but this theory is incorrect.

In summary, the advance of Wa (Japan) into the Korean Peninsula lasted 303 years, from 366, when it allied with Baekje, to the Battle of Baekgang in 663, which ended with the collapse of Goguryeo in 668, and Wa (Japan) was politically, militarily and diplomatically involved in the Korean Peninsula for 81 times in this period.

The Nihon Shoki, also known as the Chronicles of Japan, is a collection of myths, legends, and historical accounts of the early history of Japan, it covers the period from the creation of the world to the reign of Emperor Tenmu (672–686). The Nihon Shoki is a fundamental source for understanding the early history of Japan, as it is one of the oldest surviving historical texts in Japan and the oldest book written in the Japanese language.

The Nihon Shoki's basic stance on the relationship between the Yamato court and the Chinese dynasties is that the Yamato court, represented by the imperial family, never submitted to the Chinese dynasties and maintained an equal relationship with them. The Nihon Shoki does not acknowledge the fact that the Kinai-Yamato court submitted to the Chinese dynasties.

The Nihon Shoki does not even acknowledge the existence of the "Yamatai" or "Kudara" countries, which were said to have been ruled by the "Queen Himiko" or "Yamatai-koku" and only records the reign of the Empress Jingū as lasting from 201 to 269, in line with the period of the 3rd century Kudara country. In other words, the Nihon Shoki, while quoting from the Wei Zhi and the Jin Qiji, avoids using the expressions "Kudara-koku", "Himiko", and "Taiyo" and makes the reign of Empress Jingū ambiguous whether or not she was Himiko.

This is because the author of the present book calls the image of Himiko a mere illusion and that the real Himiko was sent to the ancient era and considered as the Amaterasu-ōmikami, the goddess of the High Plain of Heaven.

Moreover, it is impossible to accept that the Five Kings of Wa, who recognized the Chinese dynasties as their subordinates, were emperors of the Yamato court. Some scholars, who believe in the Kyushu dynasty theory, regard the Five Kings of Wa as a group of rulers of the Kyushu dynasty due to discrepancies in the records between Japan and China. However, this is a misleading interpretation.

The Nihon Shoki, while being based on many Chinese classics and borrowing 205 characters from the Wei Zhi, which records the Five Kings of Wa, avoids making the Five Kings of Wa too consistent with the emperors of the Yamato court, as this would be "inconvenient" and "unfavorable" for the editors of the Nihon Shoki.

See also

• Japanese mythology
• Yayoi period
• Kofun period
• Asuka period
• Nara period
• Yamatai Honshu Theory
• Yamatai Kyushu Theory
• Dynasty replacement theory

References

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