LGBT rights in Republic of India
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Republic of India may face difficulties from the law and the society. Non-LGBT persons do not commonly face these difficulties. India has removed laws that treated gay sex and transgender people unfairly. But, Indian laws do not completely protect from unfair treatment or allow same-sex marriage.[1]
Since 2014, transgender people in India may change their gender without surgery. The constitution also gives them a right to name themselves under a third gender. Some states also protect hijras, who are traditional third gender people in South Asia, through housing programmes, welfare benefits, pension schemes, and free operations in government hospitals. There are about 4.8 million transgender people in India.[2][3][4]
In 2018, the Supreme Court of India said that homosexuality was not a crime. It declared that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code did not follow the constitution when adults had consensual homosexual sex.[5] Homosexuality was never illegal in ancient Indian and traditional codes. It was made a crime by the British during their rule in India.
Though LGBT rights have been spoken for in recent political movements, much homophobia is still present among the people. A poll from 2019 says that around half of Indians object to same-sex relationships. Hindu respondents accept the LGBT community the highest.[6] In 2010s, LGBT people in India gained tolerance and acceptance, especially in large cities.[7] Still, most LGBT people in India remain hidden because they fear unfair treatment from their families who might see homosexuality as shameful.[7]
Allowing same-sex relationships[edit]
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Marriages between people of the same sex are not allowed in India by law. Same-sex couples are also not given rights of civil union or a household partnership. In 2011, a Haryana court marked a same-sex marriage involving two women as lawful.[1] After marrying, the couple got threats from friends and relatives in their village. Their family finally accepted their marriage.[8]
In October 2017, a group of citizens advised that a new Uniform Civil Code be created. This code would make the same-sex marriage lawful before the Law Commission of India.[9]
There are now many same-sex marriage applications still waiting to be judged by the courts.
Protection from unfair treatment[edit]
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution protects Indian citizens from unfair treatment[10][11]
The Supreme Court of India has ruled that unfair treatment because of sexual orientation and gender identity did not follow the Constitution.
Even after this, no clear law bans unfair treatment based on both sexual orientation and gender identity. India does not have detailed laws which protect against most unfair treatment and harassment in private jobs. (Such laws exist for sexual harassment though.) Article 15 only covers unfair treatment by government bodies.
In 2019, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019 was accepted. The law bans unfair treatment against transgender people in private jobs, education and healthcare.
LGBT activists are reaching out to people who have faced unfair treatment (because of their sexual orientation or gender identity) in private jobs or other non-governmental areas. They are asking such people to question the two rulings in court. They are also fighting for a clear law against unfair treatment. Such a law would also cover private unfair treatment.[citation needed]
In the military[edit]
LGBT people are banned from working in the Indian military.[12] In December 2018, Member of Parliament Jagdambika Pal (BJP) asked the Indian Parliament to change the Army Act, 1950, the Navy Act, 1957 and the Air Force Act, 1950. His advised change would allow LGBT people to work in the military.[13]
Events[edit]
Actor Kamal Rashid Khan was booked by the police on December 9, 2018 for making rude comments against LGBT people.[14]
Treatments for conversion[edit]
In February 2014, the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) said that homosexuality is not unnatural. It also said that neither science nor rules for psychiatry could prove that homosexuality is a mental illness or a disease.[15]
In June 2018, the IPS repeated its stand on the issue. It said that we should not disapprove of people who are not heterosexual, punish them, or remove them from the society.[16][17]
Even after this, conversion treatments still happen in India. They usually carry out electroshock treatment (which may cause memory loss), hypnosis, drugs causing nausea, or talk therapy. In talk therapy, the person is told that homosexuality happens because they are "not asserting enough" or have "an uncaring father and a strict mother". Conversion treatments can cause depression, anxiety, seizures, drug use and suicidal tendencies.[18]
Sexual violence[edit]
In July 2019, lawmaker K. T. S. Tulsi introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2018 in the Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 in order to make sexual crimes gender-neutral by including men and transgender people in addition to women. If passed the bill allows for recognition of not only transgender persons defined as the "other" gender under Indian law, but would potentially leave the door open for the recognition of other gender identities.[19][20]
Rights of intersex people[edit]
Problems of intersex people in India are seen as problems of third gender people. The most well-known third gender groups in India are the hijras. After talking to hijras for many years, Serena Nanda wrote a book called Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India. In the book, she wrote that people in India believed that hijras were born as intersex persons and were taken away by the hijra community at birth or in childhood. However, she found no proof for this belief among the hijras whom she met. They had all joined the group on their own whenthey were teenagers.[21] Sangam literature uses the word pedi for people who are born intersex. Other groups in India call intersex people as mabedi usili and give them special names.[22]
Control over one's body[edit]
Intersex persons are not protected from attacks on to their bodies.
Cases where small intersex children have been killed have been reported. [23] Medical reports say that parents in India usually think of small intersex children to be male. Parents choose to have surgery done on children if they can pay for it.[24][25][26]
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India, answered a letter from an activist for intersex rights, Gopi Shankar Madurai. In the answer, they wrote that any surgery, even operations to change sex, are done only after testing the patient completely, designing a proper treatment asking the patient/guardian".[27]
Indian passports are available with an "O" option (for "Other") to name one's sex, apart from Male and Female options.
On 22 April 2019, the Madras High Court made an important judgement. The judgement said that transgender women were allowed to marry.[28] The judgement ordered the state of Tamil Nadu to ban surgeries on small intersex children based on their sex. The court looked at the works of intersex activist Gopi Shankar.[29] The Court found out that compulsory treatments were often done on intersex children.[30] The court also gave examples from Hindu mythology in its judgement, like the story of Iravan.
Protection from unfair treatment[edit]
Many Indian sports-persons have been shamed and treated unfairly after their sex was checked. They have also lost work and their medals.[31] Santhi Soundarajan was a runner who won the silver medal in the 800 metres race at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Her medal was taken away from her [32] and she tried to kill herself later.[33][34] Another runner, Pinki Pramanik, was blamed by a female roommate of rape. She was later tested and named male, though she and other medical experts do not agree.[35] Yet another Indian runner, Dutee Chand, won a case against the IAAF in 2015. This case helped women runners with more testosterone in their bodies to participate as women because there is no clear proof that testosterone benefits performance.[36] In 2016, some sports doctors said that runners born with a problem of sex development who were raised as females should be allowed to participate as women.[37]
Intersex people in Indian politics[edit]
Gopi Shankar Madurai was one of the youngest candidate to run in an Indian election. He was also the first openly intersex and genderqueer candidate. He ran for a seat in the 2016 Tamil Nadu elections.[38][39][40][41]
What people think[edit]
What people think about LGBT rights in India is difficult to answer. According to a 2016 poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of Indian people wanted to make same-sex marriage legal. 35% id not want same-sex marriage to be legal.[42] A survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 18-21 year olds supported same-sex marriage more than others.[43]
According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 58% of Indians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as straight people. 30% Indians disagreed. Additionally, 59% agreed that they should be protected from unfair treatment at the workplace. But 39% of Indians said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be considered criminals (44% people disagreed with this). 66% people agreed that transgender people should have the same rights as others, 62% believed they should be protected from unfair treatment at work and 60% believed they should be allowed to change their gender before law.[44]
Top government institutes, such as IITs, accept LGBT people more. According to a poll conducted at IIT Delhi in 2015, 72% of respondents agreed that "being homosexual is normal as being heterosexual".[45] Many IITs have their own LGBT clubs, like "Saathi" (English: Friend) at IIT Bombay, "Indradhanu" at IIT Delhi, "Ambar" at IIT Kharagpur, "Unmukt" at IIT Kanpur and more.[46]
According to a 2019 survey, the Indian states/union territories which accepted the LGBT community most were Uttar Pradesh (36%), followed by Tamil Nadu (30%) and Delhi (30%). The states which showed accepted same-sex relationships least were Mizoram (87%), followed by Nagaland (63%), Jammu and Kashmir (63%) and Kerala (58%). The states with the most undecided respondents were West Bengal (60%), followed by Assam (40%), Punjab (39%) and Tripura (37%).[47] The Hindu community accepted same-sex relationships the most. Christian respondents opposed same sex-relationships most(70%), followed by Muslims (50%) and both Hindus and Sikhs at 40%.[47]
Famous Indian activists for LGBTI rights[edit]
| Name | Details |
|---|---|
| Anjali Ameer | Malayalam film actor |
| Nakshatra Bagwe | Award-winning director, actor, and India's first gay brand ambassador |
| Manabi Bandyopadhyay | India's first openly transgender college principal; first transgender person to get a PhD |
| Vinay Chandran | Activist for gay and human rights |
| Bobby Darling | Transgender actor; supports LGBT rights |
| Tista Das | Activist for transgender rights |
| Sushant Divgikar | Mr. India Gay, 2014 |
| Pablo Ganguli | Cultural manager, artist and director |
| Rituparno Ghosh | Popular director; winner of 11 Indian National Film Awards |
| Anjali Gopalan | Activist for human rights |
| Andrew Harvey | Writer, student of religious studies and teacher of mystic traditions |
| Harish Iyer | Activist, and writer for newspapers and blogs |
| Celina Jaitley | Miss India, 2001 |
| Firdaus Kanga | Writer and actor |
| Karpaga | First transgender person in India to act in a main role in a popular movie |
| Saleem Kidwai | Writer |
| Agniva Lahiri | Social activist |
| Nolan Lewis | Mr. India Gay, 2013 |
| Leena Manimekalai | Poet, writer and director |
| Shabnam Mausi | First openly transgender person to participate in Indian elections |
| Hoshang Merchant | Teacher, poet and critic |
| Ismail Merchant | Film producer and director |
| Raul Patil | Mr. India Gay, 2011 |
| Zoltan Parag | Mr. India Gay, 2008 |
| Onir | Director who has won awards |
| Sridhar Rangayan | Director; founder and festival director of Kashish Mumbai International Queer Film Festival |
| R. Raj Rao | Writer, teacher of literature |
| A. Revathi | Actor, artist, writer and theater activist |
| Wendell Rodricks | Fashion designer and dancer |
| Ashok Row Kavi | Founder of Humsafar Trust and activist for LGBT rights |
| Aishwarya Rutuparna Pradhan | First openly transgender civil servant and Odisha Financial Services officer |
| Nishit Saran | Director and activist for gay rights |
| Dr Mukul Kr Sarma | Activist for LGBT rights |
| Vikram Seth | Writer |
| Parmesh Shahani | Author |
| Gopi Shankar Madurai | Activist for genderqueer rights |
| Parvez Sharma | Writer and documentary director |
| Manvendra Singh Gohil | Prince of Rajpipla |
| Ramchandra Siras | Linguist and author |
| Living Smile Vidya | Actor, artist, writer, and theater activist |
| Kalki Subramaniam | Transgender activist, actor, artist, writer and founder of Sahodari Foundation |
| Manil Suri | Indian-American mathematician and writer |
| S. Swapna | First transwoman to clear Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission exam and first transgender I.A.S aspirant |
| Laxmi Narayan Tripathi | Activist for transgender rights |
| Ruth Vanita | Writer and academician |
| Abhinav Vats | Activist for equal rights and India's first openly gay actor |
| Rose Venkatesan | First transgender TV host in India |
| Riyad Vinci Wadia | Filmmaker |
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "In a first, Gurgaon court recognizes lesbian marriage - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
- ↑ Abraham, Rohan (30 November 2017). "All you need to know about the Transgender Persons Bill, 2016". The Hindu.
- ↑ "India: Prosecute Rampant 'Honor' Killings". Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2010.
- ↑ Patel, Rashmi (27 August 2016). "Being LGBT in India: Some home truths". Livemint.com.
- ↑ Mahapatra, Dhananjay; Choudhary, Amit Anand (7 September 2018). "SC decriminalises Section 377, calls 2013 ruling 'arbitrary and retrograde'". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Politics and Society Between Elections" (PDF). Regional Political Democracy. 2 - Social Identity: 88–92. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2020-04-11. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Hundreds of gay rights activists join pride march in Delhi". ABC News.
- ↑ "Lesbian couple's parents accept their relationship - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 17 August 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ↑ Chishti, Seema (18 October 2017). "Drafting change: What the new 'progressive' intervention in Uniform Civil Code debate entails". The Indian Express.
- ↑ "Article 15 in The Constitution Of India 1949". indiankanoon.org.
- ↑ "Article 15 of the Indian Constitution". November 27, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ↑ Dutta, Amrita (7 September 2018). "Indian Army is worried now that men can legally have sex with other men". The Print.
- ↑ "Parliament winter session: Bills seek ban on non-veg food at official events, rights to LGBT to serve in armed forces". The New Indian Express. 28 December 2018.
- ↑ "Kamaal R Khan booked for passing 'vulgar' remarks against the LGBTQ community". 2018-09-12.
- ↑ Iyer, Malathy (February 7, 2014). "Homosexuality is not a disease, psychiatrists say". The Times of India.
- ↑ Power, Shannon (June 8, 2018). "India's biggest psychiatric body declares homosexuality is not an illness". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2020. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Pratap, Aayushi (6 June 2018). "Stop treating homosexuality as an illness, says Indian Psychiatric Society". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- ↑ Singh, Amrita (1 June 2016). "From Shock Treatment To Yoga, Conversion Therapy Is A Disturbing Reality Around The World". HuffPost India.
- ↑ Mathur, Aneesha (13 July 2019). "Bill to make sexual crimes gender neutral introduced to Parliament". India Today. New Delhi.
- ↑ "Bill in Parliament to make sexual crimes gender neutral: Read full text". The Times of India. 13 July 2019.
- ↑ Nanda, Serena. Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India, p. xx. Canada: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999
- ↑ "Read Why Gopi Shankar Calls Attention Of Arundhati Roy To Intersex Community". Indian Women Blog.Org. 2017-11-24. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-02-03. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures". Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 9 (3): 227–236. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.469.9016. doi:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2. ISSN 1389-9155. PMID 18633712. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Rajendran, R; Hariharan, S (1995). "Profile of Intersex Children in South India". Indian Pediatrics. 32 (6): 666–671. PMID 8613335.
- ↑ Sharma, Radha (February 5, 2014). "Parents prefer male child in intersex operations in Gujarat". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2020-04-17. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Gupta, Devendra; Sharma, Shilpa (2012). "Male genitoplasty for 46 XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients presenting late and reared as males". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 16 (6): 935–8. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.102994. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 3510963. PMID 23226638.
- ↑ Karthikeyan, Ragamalika (February 3, 2017). "Activists say surgical 'correction' of intersex babies at birth wrong, govt doesn't listen". The News Minute.
- ↑ ""Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]". 23 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ↑ ""Ban sex reassignment surgeries on intersex infants Madras High Court tells Tamil Nadu Govt" - The News Minute". 23 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ↑ "Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ↑ Kalra, Sanjay; Kulshreshtha, Bindu; Unnikrishnan, Ambika Gopalakrishnan (2012). "We care for intersex: For Pinky, for Santhi, and for Anamika". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 16 (6): 873–5. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.102980. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 3510954. PMID 23226629.
- ↑ "Indian silver medalist female runner at Asian Games fails gender test". International Herald Tribune. 18 December 2006.
- ↑ "Indian runner fails gender test, loses medal". Sports.espn.go.com. 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2016-08-02.
- ↑ "Shanti fails Doha gender test". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 18 December 2006.
- ↑ "Medical experts doubt Pinki Pramanik can rape". Times of India. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Court of Arbitration for Sport (July 2015). "CAS 2014/A/3759 Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)" (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Genel M; Simpson J; de la Chapelle A (August 4, 2016). "The olympic games and athletic sex assignment". JAMA. 316 (13): 1359–1360. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11850. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 27490137.
- ↑ "Intersex person to contest from Madurai North". The Hindu. 30 April 2016.
- ↑ "3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring – Times of India". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Meet and Understand The First Genderqueer Candidate in Indian Politics". bodahub.com. 23 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 2017-05-12. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities - The News Minute". 24 April 2016.
- ↑ "ILGA/RIWI Global Attitudes Survey on LGBTI People" (PDF). www.ilga.org. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 31 December 2016.
- ↑ "Young people and free speech". The Economist. 15 February 2017.
- ↑ "ILGA-RIWI Global attitudes survey". igla.org. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Oct 17, Shreya Roy Chowdhury | TNN | Updated; 2015; Ist, 13:13. "Gay is 'normal' for 72% in IIT-D | Delhi News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
- ↑ Homegrown. "8 Schools And Colleges In India With In-Campus LGBTQ Support Groups". homegrown.co.in. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Rampal, Nikhil (6 September 2019). "Section 377 anniversary: Half of country still doesn't approve of same-sex relationships". India Today.
