List of heads of Hong Kong by education
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Below is the list of leaders of Hong Kong by university education. There has been a total of 60 heads, as administrators, governors, and now chief executives. 52 of them ruled under the United Kingdom, four for the Empire of Japan, and five so far for the People's Republic of China.
By education, at least 31 were graduates while an additional 15 undertook military training without attending university. Among the university graduates,at least 13 studied at the University of Oxford (five at Balliol College), eight at the University of Cambridge, three at Trinity College, Dublin, two at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, one each at the Universities of Yale, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Michigan, Hong Kong, Bath, Adelaide, Hong Kong Polytechnic, University College Cork, Queen's University of Ireland, University of the West of England, Toronto, Groningen, Tasmania, and Harvard.
At least seven attended a military college, including three who went to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Five were trained as lawyers, including two at Lincoln's Inn.
The United Kingdom educated the highest number of Hong Kong leaders, with the British Empire having almost educated all of them. The trend has not changed since the transfer of sovereignty, with three of five Chinese-appointed heads having studied in the United Kingdom, with the rest having read in the United States.
On 26 March 2017, Carrie Lam was elected chief executive. She is the first to have read for a degree at the University of Hong Kong (second, after Lord Wilson, to have attended) and the eighth to have studied at the University of Cambridge. Additionally, she is the second to have done tertiary education in British Hong Kong, following Leung Chun-ying, the current Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
List of leaders of the Hong Kong by education[edit]
| Administrators, Governors, Chief Executives | Title | Term of office | University | Professional Training | Discipline | Highest Degree | Profession | Position Prior to Appointment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capt Sir Charles Elliot KCB | Administrator | 1841–1841 | Royal Navy[1] | Naval Training | Military Officer | Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China | ||
| Alexander Robert Johnston FRS | Acting Administrator | 1841–1842 | Natural History of China[2] | Academic | Deputy Superintendent of Trade | |||
| Lit Gen The Rt Hon Sir Henry Pottinger Bt GCB PC | Governor | 1841–1843 | Military Training | Lieutenant General | Resident Administrator in India | |||
| HE Sir John Francis Davis Bt KCB FRS | Administrator | 1844–1848 | University of Oxford[3] | Master | Writer | Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China | ||
| Lit Gen William Staveley CB | Governor | 1848–1848 | British Army[4] | Army Training | Lieutenant General | Commander and Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong | ||
| HE Sir George Bonham Bt KCB | Governor | 1848–1854 | Politician | Governor of the Straits Settlements | ||||
| HE Sir John Bowring KCB FRS FRGS | Governor | 1854–1859 | University of Groningen[5] | English, History | Doctorate | Political Economist, Translator | Member of Parliament, Superintendent of Trade in China | |
| Lit Col William Caine | Administrator | 1859–1859 | British Army | Army Training | Lieutenant Colonel | Colonial Secretary and Auditor General of Hong Kong | ||
| HE Capt The Rt Hon The Lord Hercules Robinson GCMG PC | Governor | 1859–1865 | Royal Military College, Sandhurst | Military Training | Military Captain | Lieutenant Governor of Saint Christopher | ||
| William Thomas Mercer | Administrator | 1865–1866 | Exeter College, Oxford[6] | Inner Temple | Legal Studies | Professional | Lawyer | Colonial Secretary |
| HE Sir Justice Richard Graves MacDonnell Esq KCMG CB | Governor | 1866–1872 | Trinity College, Dublin[7] | Lincoln's Inn | Legal Studies | Doctorate | Judge | Governor of South Australia |
| Lit Gen Henry Wase Whitfield | Governor | 1872–1872 | British Army[8] | Army Training | Lieutenant General | Lieutenant Governor of Hong Kong and Commander of British Troops in China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements | ||
| HE Sir Arthur Kennedy GCMG CB | Administrator | 1872–1877 | Trinity College, Dublin | British Army[9] | Master | Military | Governor of the West African Settlements | |
| HE John Gardiner Austin CMG | Administrator | 1877–1877 | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary and Auditor General of Hong Kong | ||||
| HE Sir John Pope Hennessy Esq KCMG | Governor | 1877–1882 | University College Cork, Queen's University of Ireland | Inner Temple | Medicine, Legal Studies | Professional | Doctor, Lawyer | Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands, Member of Parliament |
| Judge Malcolm Struan Tonnochy | Administrator | 1882–1882 | University of Cambridge (Trinity)[10] | Master | Judge | Superintendent of Victoria Gaol | ||
| Sir William Henry Marsh KCMG | Administrator | 1882–1883, 1885–1887 | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Administrator | ||||
| HE The Rt Hon Sir George Bowen GCMG PC | Governor | 1883–1885 | University of Oxford (Trinity)[11] | Lincoln's Inn | Classics, Legal Studies | Master | Writer, Lawyer, Academic | Governor of Mauritius |
| Gen Sir William Gordon Cameron GCB | Administrator | 1887–1887 | British Army | Army Training | Military General | Commander of British Troops in China, Hong Kong and the Straits Settlements[12] | ||
| HE Sir William Des Vœux Esq GCMG | Governor | 1887–1891 | University of Oxford (Balliol)[13] | University of Toronto | Legal Studies, Theology | Professional | Lawyer | Governor of Newfoundland |
| Gen Sir George Digby Barker GCB | Administrator | 1891–1891 | British Army | Army Training | Military General | Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong | ||
| HE Sir William Robinson GCMG | Governor | 1891–1898 | Colonial Administrator | Governor of Trinidad and Tobago | ||||
| Maj Gen Sir Wilsone Black KCB | Administrator | 1898–1898 | British Army | Army Training | Military Officer | Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong | ||
| HE Sir Henry Arthur Blake GCMG DL JP FRGS FRCI FIoD | Governor | 1898–1903 | Magistrate | Captain-General and Governor of Jamaica | ||||
| HE Sir Francis Henry May GCMG JP | Governor | 1903–1904, 1907, 1907, 1912–1918 | Trinity College, Dublin | Modern Languages | Master | Linguist | Governor of Fiji | |
| HE Lit Col The Rt Hon Sir Matthew Nathan GCMG DL PC | Governor | 1904–1907 | Royal Military Academy | Military Training | Lieutenant Colonel | Governor of Gold Coast | ||
| HE The Rt Hon The Lord Frederick Lugard GCMG CB DSO PC | Governor | 1907–1912 | Royal Military College, Sandhurst | Military Training | Military | High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria | ||
| Sir Claud Severn KBE CMG | Administrator | 1912–1912, 1925–1925 | University of Adelaide, University of Cambridge | Latin, Chemistry | Master | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary | |
| HE Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs GCMG | Governor | 1919–1925 | University of Oxford (Corpus Christi) | Classics | Master | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of Ceylon | |
| HE Sir Cecil Clementi GCMG KStJ FRGS | Governor | 1925–1939 | University of Oxford (Magdalen) | Classics | Master | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of British Guiana and Ceylon | |
| HE Sir Thomas Southorn KCMG KBE | Administrator | 1930–1930, 1935–1935 | University of Oxford (Corpus Christi) | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary | |||
| HE Sir William Peel KCMG KBE | Governor | 1930–1935 | University of Cambridge (Queens' College, Cambridge) | Master | Colonial Administrator | Chief Secretary of the Malay States | ||
| Norman Lockhart Smith | Administrator | 1935–1935, 1937–1937, 1941–1941 | University of Oxford | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong | |||
| HE Sir Andrew Caldecott GCMG CBE KStJ FRAS FRSA | Governor | 1935–1937 | University of Oxford (Exeter) | Classics | Master | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements | |
| HE Sir Geoffry Northcote KCMG KStJ | Governor | 1937–1941 | University of Oxford (Balliol) | Master | Colonial Administrator | Governor and Commander-in-Chief of British Guiana | ||
| HE Sir Mark Aitchison Young GCMG | Governor | 1941–1941, 1946–1947 | University of Cambridge (King's College, Cambridge) | Master | Civil Servant | Governor and Commander-in-chief of the Tanganyika Territory British Mandate | ||
| HE Lit Gen Takashi Sakai | Administrator | 1941–1942 | Imperial Japanese Army | Army Training | Lieutenant General | Lieutenant General | ||
| HE Vice-Admiral Masaichi Niimi | Administrator | 1941–1942 | Imperial Japanese Army | Army Training | Vice-Admiral | Vice-Admiral | ||
| HE Gen Rensuke Isogai | Governor | 1942–1944 | Army War College (Japan) | Army Training | Military General | Military General | ||
| HE Gen Hisakazu Tanaka | Governor | 1945–1945 | Army Staff College | Army Training | Military General | Military General | ||
| HE Sir Franklin Gimson KCMG KStJ | Provisional Governor | 1945–1945 | University of Oxford (Balliol) | Master | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong | ||
| Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt GBE KCB | Administrator of Military Administration | 1945–1946 | Britannia Royal Naval College[14] | Naval Training | Military Admiral | Military Admiral | ||
| David Mercer MacDougall | Administrator | 1947–1947 | University of St Andrews | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong | |||
| HE Sir Alexander Grantham GCMG | Governor | 1947–1957 | University of Cambridge (Pembroke College, Cambridge) | Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Imperial Defence College, Inner Temple | Legal Studies | Master | Lawyer | Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific |
| Edgeworth Beresford David | Administrator | 1957–1958 | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary | ||||
| HE Sir Robert Black GCMG OBE | Governor | 1958–1964 | University of Edinburgh | Master | Colonial Administrator | Governor of Singapore | ||
| Edmund Brinsley Teesdale | Administrator | 1964–1964 | University of Oxford (Trinity) | Bachelor, PhD (CNAA) | Colonial Administrator | Colonial Secretary | ||
| HE Sir David Trench GCMG MC DL | Governor | 1964–1971 | University of Cambridge (Jesus) | Master | Lieutenant Colonel | Governor of the Solomon Islands and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific | ||
| Sir Hugh Norman-Walker KCMG OBE KStJ JP | Administrator | 1971–1971 | University of Cambridge (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge) | Master | Diplomat | Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Seychelles | ||
| HE The Rt Hon The Lord Murray MacLehose KT GBE KCMG KCVO DL | Governor | 1971–1982 | University of Oxford (Balliol) | Master | Politician | Ambassador to Denmark | ||
| Sir Jack Cater KBE JP | Acting Governor | 1978–1981 | University of Bath | Legal Studies | Doctorate | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | |
| Sir Philip Haddon-Cave KBE CMG | Administrator | 1982–1982 | University of Tasmania, University of Cambridge (King's College, Cambridge) | Master | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | ||
| HE Sir Edward Youde GCMG GCVO MBE | Governor | 1982–1986 | School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) | Bachelor | Diplomat | Ambassador to China | ||
| Sir David Akers-Jones KBE CMG JP | Acting Governor | 1986–1987 | University of Oxford (Brasenose), University of Kent | Master | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | ||
| HE The Rt Hon The Lord David Wilson KT GCMG PC FRSE | Governor | 1987–1992 | University of Oxford (Keble), School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) | University of Hong Kong | Sinology | Doctorate | Academic | Assistant Undersecretary to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office |
| Sir David Ford KBE LVO | Acting Governor | 1992–1992 | Royal College of Defence Studies | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | |||
| HE The Rt Hon The Lord Chris Patten CH PC | Governor | 1992–1997 | University of Oxford (Balliol) | Modern History | Doctorate | Politician | Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster | |
| Dr The Hon Tung Chee-hwa GBM | Chief Executive | 1997–2005 | University of Liverpool | Doctorate | Businessman | Member of the Executive Council | ||
| The Hon Donald Tsang GBM | Chief Executive | 2005–2012 | Harvard University | Public Administration | Master | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | |
| The Hon Henry Tang GBM GBS JP | Acting Chief Executive | 2005–2005 | Yale University, University of Michigan | Bachelor | Businessman | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong | ||
| The Hon Leung Chun-ying GBM GBS JP | Chief Executive | 2012–2017 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University of the West of England | Valuation and Estate Management | Bachelor | Surveyor | Convenor of the Executive Council | |
| The Hon Carrie Lam GBM GBS JP | Chief Executive | 2017–present | University of Hong Kong | University of Cambridge (Wolfson College, Cambridge | Sociology | Bachelor | Civil Servant | Chief Secretary of Hong Kong |
Universities and Institutions by Number of Hong Kong Leaders[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Naval_Biographical_Dictionary. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Lee, Sidney (1892). Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 53. Search this book on
- ↑ https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7287. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Dalton, Charles (1904). The Waterloo roll call. With biographical notes and anecdotes. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. 206. Search this book on
- ↑ Norton-Kyshe, James William (1898). History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong. London: T Fisher Unwin.
- ↑ Alumni Oxoniensis, The Members of the University of Oxford. London: James Parker & Co. 1891. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ↑ http://www.cgoakley.org/efa/1787RM.html. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The London Gazette".
- ↑ "Captain Arthur Edward Kennedy".
- ↑ "A Cambridge Alumni Database".
- ↑ Dod (1860), p. 127
- ↑ "The London Gazette".
- ↑ "Des Vœux, Sir George William". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ↑ Shea, John (1960). "In memoriam Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt, G.B.E., K.C.B.". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 47 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1080/03068376008731678.
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