List of slave owners
The following is a list of slave owners, for which there is a consensus of historical evidence of slave ownership, in alphabetical order by last name.
A[edit]
- Abraham, Biblical patriarch
- William Aiken (1779–1831), founder and president of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company
- William Aiken Jr. (1806–1887), the 61st Governor of South Carolina, who also served in the state legislature and in the U.S. House of Representatives
- Gnaeus Julius Agricola (AD 40–93), Roman general.[citation needed]
- Aleijadinho (1730/1738–1814), Brazilian sculptor and architect.[citation needed]
- Askia Mohammad I (1493–1528), also known as Askia the Great, ruler of the Songhai Empire.[citation needed]
- Atahualpa (1502–1533), last Inca Emperor.[citation needed]
- David Rice Atchison (1807–1883), American politician from Missouri who served in the U.S. Senate
B[edit]
- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1971–2019), self-proclaimed Caliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475–1519), Spanish explorer and conquistador
- Elizabeth Swain Bannister (c. 1785–1828), free woman of colour who owned 76 slaves in Berbice.[1]
- Hayreddin Barbarossa (1478–1546), Ottoman corsair and admiral who enslaved the population of Corfu.[2]
- Alexander Barrow (1801-1846), U.S. Senator and Louisiana planter.[3]
- George Washington Barrow (1807-1866), Congressman and U.S. minister to Portugal, who purchased 112 enslaved people in Louisiana.[4]
- Robert Ruffin Barrow (1798–1875), American plantation owner who owned more than 450 slaves and a dozen plantations.[5]
- Zabeau Bellanton (fl. 1782), Afro-French slave trader
- Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884), Secretary of State for the Confederate States of America and a U.S. Senator from Louisiana
- Thomas H. Benton (1782–1858), American senator from Missouri[6][7]
- John M. Berrien (1781–1856), U.S. Senator from Georgia
- William Wyatt Bibb (1781–1821), U.S. Congressman and 1st Governor of Alabama
- James Blair (c. 1788–1841), British MP who owned sugar plantations in Demerara[8]
- Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), wealthy slave owner who became a Latin American independence leader and eventually an abolitionist.[9]
- Shadrach Bond (1773–1832), 1st Governor of Illinois.[10]
- James Bowie (c. 1796–1836), namesake of the Bowie knife, soldier at the Alamo, and slave trader.[11]
- John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875), 14th Vice President of the United States and Confederate Secretary of War
- Brennus, a Gallic chieftain who led a sack of Rome in 387 BC[citation needed]
- Simone Brocard (fl. 1784), a "free colored" woman of Saint-Domingue, a slave trader, and one of the wealthiest women of that French colony.[12]
- Preston Brooks (1819–1857), veteran of the Mexican–American War and U.S. Congressman from South Carolina
- James Brown (1766–1835), U.S. Minister to France, U.S. Senator, and sugarcane planter, some of whose slaves were involved in the 1811 German Coast uprising in what is now Louisiana
- Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874), Siamese twins who became successful entertainers in the United States.[13]
- Pierce Butler (1744–1822), U.S. Founding Father and plantation owner.[14]
C[edit]
- Augustus Caesar (63 BC–14 AD), Roman emperor[citation needed]
- Julius Caesar (100–44 BC), Roman dictator[citation needed]
- John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), 7th Vice President of the United States
- Caligula (AD 12–41), Roman emperor[citation needed]
- Carlos Manuel de Cespedes (1819–1874), hero of Cuban independence
- Landon Carter (1710–1778), Virginia planter
- Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732), Virginia landowner and acting governor of Virginia
- Girolamo Cassar (c. 1520 – c. 1592), Maltese architect who owned at least two slaves[15]
- Cato the Elder (234–149 BC), Roman statesman[16]
- Auguste Chouteau (c.1750–1829), co-founder of the city of St. Louis
- Pierre Chouteau (1758–1849), half-brother of Auguste Chouteau and defendant in a freedom suit by Marguerite Scypion
- Cicero (106–43 BC), Roman statesman and philosopher
- Daniel Clark (1766–1813), Louisiana politician
- William Clark (1770–1838), American explorer and territorial governor famed for leading the Lewis and Clark expedition[17]
- Claudius (10 BC–54 AD), Roman emperor[citation needed]
- Henry Clay (1777–1852), United States Secretary of State and Speaker of the House[18]
- Howell Cobb (1815–1868), U.S. Congressman, Secretary of the Treasury, 19th Speaker of the House, and 40th Governor of Georgia
- Edward Coles (1786–1868), 2nd Governor of Illinois; an abolitionist, he inherited slaves from his father and freed them.[19]
- Amaryllis Collymore (1745–1828), Barbadian slave and later slave owner and planter[20]
- Alfred H. Colquitt (1824–1894), U.S. Congressman, 49th Governor of Georgia, and Confederate Army Major General
- Edward Colston (1636–1711), English merchant, philanthropist and slave trader
- Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), enslaved the Taíno and Arawak people and "sent the first slaves across the Atlantic."[21]
- Philip Cook (1817–1894), U.S. Congressman and Confederate general
- Samuel Cooper (1798–1876), United States Army staff officer and Confederate general
- Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), Spanish conquistador who invaded Mexico.[22]
- George W. Crawford (1798–1872), 21st U.S. Secretary of War, 38th Governor of Georgia, and U.S. Congressman
D[edit]
- David (c. 1000 BC), ancient King of Israel
- Jefferson Davis (1807–1889), President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War
- Joseph Davis (1784–1870), eldest brother of Jefferson Davis and one of the wealthiest antebellum planters in Mississippi
- Demosthenes (384–322 BC), Athenian statesman and orator who inherited at least 14 slaves from his father.[23]
- Jean Noël Destréhan (1754–1823), Louisiana plantation owner at whose plantation one of the tribunals was held following the 1811 German Coast Uprising
- Henry Dodge (1782–1867), 1st and 4th Governor of the Wisconsin Territory[24]
- Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861), U.S. Senator from Illinois and 1860 U.S. Democratic presidential candidate
- Stephen Duncan (1787–1867), doctor from Pennsylvania who became the wealthiest Southern cotton planter before the American Civil War, with 14 plantations
E[edit]
- Peter Early (1773–1818), U.S. Congressman and 28th Governor of Georgia
- Ninian Edwards (1775–1833), Governor of Illinois Territory and 3rd Governor of Illinois
- William Ellison (1790–1861), an American slave and later a slave owner
- Edwin Epps, plantation overseer and, for 10 years, owner of Solomon Northup, who authored Twelve Years a Slave.[25]
- Erchinoald (d. 658), mayor of the palace of Neustria (in present day France). He introduced his slave, Balthild, to Clovis II who made her his wife and queen consort.[26]
F[edit]
- Mary Faber (1798–fl. 1857), Guinean slave trader known for her conflict with the West Africa Squadron.[27]
- Peter Faneuil (1700-1743), Colonial American slave trader and owner. Boston's Faneuil Hall is named after him.
- Rebecca L. Felton (1835–1930), first female U.S. Senator and oldest Senator to be sworn in (at the age of 87; served one day in 1922)
- Mariana Franko (d. after 1777), free person of color in Curaçao, in the Dutch West Indies. She is known as the central figure in a famous court case.
- Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), American statesman and philosopher, who owned as many as seven slaves before becoming a "cautious abolitionist."[28]
- Isaac Franklin (1789-1846), owner of more than 600 slaves, partner in the largest U.S. slave trading firm Franklin and Armfield, and abuser of female slaves
- Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877), Confederate general, slave trader, and Ku Klux Klan leader.[29]
- John Forsyth (1780–1841), U.S. Congressman, U.S. Senator, 13th U.S. Secretary of State, and 33rd Governor of Georgia who was involved with United States v. The Amistad
G[edit]
- Ana Gallum, also called Nansi Wiggins (fl. 1811), was an African Senegalese slave who was freed and married the white Florida planter Don Joseph "Job" Wiggins, in 1801 succeeding in having his will, leaving her his plantation and slaves, recognized as legal.[30]
- Horatio Gates (1727–1806), American general during the American Revolutionary War
- Edward James Gay (1816–1889), U.S. Congressional representative from Louisiana
- Ghezo, King of the Dahomey in present-day Benin from 1818 to 1858[citation needed]
- Sir John Gladstone (1764–1851), British politician, owner of plantations in Jamaica and Guyana, and recipient of the single largest payment from the Slave Compensation Commission.[31][32]
- Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), Union general and 18th President of the United States, who acquired slaves through his wife and father-in-law.[33]
H[edit]
- Hadrian (76–138 AD), Roman emperor[citation needed]
- James Henry Hammond (1807–1864), U.S. Senator and state governor
- Wade Hampton I (c. 1752 – 1835), American general, Congressman, and planter
- Wade Hampton II (1791–1858), American soldier and planter with land holdings in three states
- Wade Hampton III (1818–1902), U.S. Senator, state governor, Confederate lieutenant general, and planter
- John Hancock (1737–1793), American statesman
- Hannibal (247 – 183/181 BC), Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War.[citation needed]
- Benjamin Harrison IV (1693–1745), American planter and politician
- Benjamin Harrison V (1726–1791), American politician, United States Declaration of Independence signatory
- William Henry Harrison (1773–1841), 9th President of the United States
- Christopher Helme (1603–1650)
- Patrick Henry (1736–1799), American statesman and orator
- Thomas Heyward Jr. (1746–1809), South Carolina circuit court judge, planter, and signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
- George Hibbert (1757–1837), English merchant, politician, and ship-owner
- Thomas Hibbert (1710–1780), English merchant and plantation and slave-owner
- Arthur William Hodge (1763–1811), British Virgin Islands planter who was executed for the murder of a slave
- Eufrosina Hinard (b. 1777), businesswoman and slaveowner
- Thomas C. Hindman (1828–1868), American politician, Confederate general, and planter
- Horace (65–8 BC), Roman poet[citation needed]
- Sam Houston (1793–1863), U.S. Senator, President of the Republic of Texas, 6th Governor of Tennessee, and 7th Governor of Texas
- Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson (9th century), early settler of Iceland whose thralls (slaves) rebelled and killed him.[34]
- Eppa Hunton, U.S. Senator from Virginia and a Confederate officer
J[edit]
- Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), 7th President of the United States
- William James (1791–1861), English Radical politician and owner of a West Indies plantation.[35]
L[edit]
- James Ladson (1753–1812), lieutenant governor of South Carolina, he enslaved over 100 people in that state.[36]
- James H. Ladson (1795–1868), businessman and South Carolina planter.[37]
- Henry Laurens (1724–1792), 5th President of the Continental Congress, his company, Austin and Laurens, was the largest slave-trader in North America.[38]
- Fenda Lawrence (born 1742), slave trader based in Saloum. She visited the Thirteen Colonies as a free black woman.[39]
- Delphine LaLaurie (1787–1849), New Orleans socialite and serial killer, infamous for torturing and murdering slaves in her household.[40]
- John Lamont (1782–1850), Scottish emigrant who enslaved people on his Trinidad sugar plantations.[41]
- Marie Laveau (1801–1881), Louisiana Voodoo practitioner, she enslaved at least seven people.[42]
- Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827), American politician, he inherited a Virginia plantation and 29 slaves in 1787.[43]
- William Lenoir (1751–1839), American Revolutionary War officer and prominent statesman, he was the largest slave-holder in the history of Wilkes County, North Carolina.[44]
- William Ballard Lenoir (1775–1852), mill-owner and Tennessee politician, he used both paid and forced labor in his mills.[45]
- Edward Long (1734–1813), English colonial administrator and planter in Jamaica. He was a slave-owner and polemic defender of slavery.[46]
- Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) Former slave, Haitian general, and best known leader of the Haitian Revolution
- William Lowndes (1782–1822), American politician
M[edit]
- Majid bin Said of Zanzibar (1837–1870), first Sultan of Zanzibar.[citation needed]
- Thuwaini bin Said, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1821–1866)
- James Madison (1751–1836), 4th President of the United States, by 1801 he enslaved more than 100 people on his Montpelier plantation.[47]
- James Madison Sr. (1723–1801), father of President James Madison, by the time of his death, he owned 108 slaves.[48]
- Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480–1521), Portuguese navigator, he enslaved Enrique of Malacca.[49]
- William Mahone (1826–1895), Confederate general and U.S. Senator from Virginia
- John Lawrence Manning (1816–1889), 65th Governor of South Carolina, in 1860 he kept more than 600 people as slaves.[50]
- John Marshall (1755–1835), 4th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, he owned between seven and sixteen household slaves at various times.[51]
- Yaqub al-Mansur (1160–1199), the third Almohad Muslim Caliph.[citation needed]
- George Mason (1725–1792), Virginia planter, politician, and delegate to the US Constitutional Convention of 1787.[52]
- James McGill, Scottish businessman and founder of Montreal's McGill University, was a slave owner.[53]
- Henry Middleton (1717–1784), 2nd President of the Continental Congress, he enslaved about 800 people in South Carolina.[54]
- John Milledge (1757–1818), U.S. Congressman and 26th Governor of Georgia, he enslaved more than 100 people in that state.[55]
- Muhammad (c. 570–632), Arab religious, social, and political leader and founder of Islam
- Robert Milligan, (1746–1809) Scottish merchant and ship-owner. At the time of his death, he enslaved 526 people on his Jamaica plantations.[56]
- James Monroe (1758–1831), 5th President of the United States, he enslaved many people on his Virginia plantations.[57]
- Montezuma II (c. 1480–1520), the last Aztec emperor
- Frank A. Montgomery (1830–1903), American politician and Confederate cavalry officer[58]
- Jackson Morton (1794–1874), American politician
- Hercules Mulligan (1740–1825), tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War, his slave, Cato, was his accomplice in espionage.[59] After the war, Mulligan became an abolitionist.[60]
- Mansa Musa (c.1280–c.1337), ruler of the Mali Empire
N[edit]
- Naaman, Syrian general in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)
- Nero (37–68 AD), Roman emperor[citation needed]
- John Newton (1725–1807), British slave trader and later abolitionist.[61]
- Nicias (470–413 BC), Athenian politician and general. Plutarch recorded that he enslaved more than 1000 people in his silver mines.[62]
O[edit]
- Susannah Ostrehan (d. 1809), Barbadian businesswoman, herself a freed slave, she bought some slaves (including her own family) in order to free them, but kept others to labor on her properties.[63]
- James Owen (1784–1865), American politician, planter, major-general and businessman, he owned the enslaved scholar Omar ibn Said.[64]
P[edit]
- John Page (1628–1692), Virginia merchant and agent for the slave-trading Royal African Company.[65]
- Suzanne Amomba Paillé (c. 1673 – 1755), African-Guianan slave, slave owner and planter.[66]
- Charles Nicholas Pallmer (1772–1848) British Member of Parliament and Jamaican plantation owner.[67]
- William Penn (1644-1718), founder of Pennsylvania, he owned many slaves.[68]
- Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn (1737–1808), owned six sugar plantations in Jamaica and was an outspoken anti-abolitionist.[69]
- John J. Pettus (1813–1867), 20th and 23rd Governor of Mississippi, enslaved 24 people on his farm.[70]
- Philemon (? – 68), bishop of Gaza and one of the Seventy Disciples
- Philip III of Macedon (359–317 BC), king of Macedonia
- Thomas Phillips, founder of Llandovery College and a slave owner.[71]
- Plato, (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC), Athenian philosopher, reported to have owned several slaves.[72]
- Susanna du Plessis (1739 – 1795), planter in Dutch Surinam, legendary for her cruelty.[73]
- Vedius Pollio (died 15 BC), a Roman aristocrat remembered for being exceedingly cruel to his slaves.[74]
- James K. Polk (1795–1849), 11th President of the United States, he owned slaves most of his adult life.[75]
- Leonidas Polk (1806–1864), Episcopal bishop and Confederate general, he enslaved people on his Tennessee plantation.[76]
- Pompey (106–48 BC)
- Rachael Pringle Polgreen (1753–1791) Afro-Barbadian hotelier and brothel owner. Emancipated herself, she had a violent temper and abused her own slaves.[77]
- Ptolemy I of Egypt
- Ptolemy II of Egypt (309–246 BC)
- Ptolemy III of Egypt
- Ptolemy IV of Egypt
- Ptolemy V of Egypt
- Ptolemy VI of Egypt (185–145 BC)
- Ptolemy VII of Egypt
- Ptolemy VIII of Egypt (182–116 BC)
- Ptolemy IX of Egypt (143/142 – 81 BC)
- Ptolemy X of Egypt (117–51 BC)
- Ptolemy XI of Egypt
- Ptolemy XII of Egypt
- Ptolemy XIII of Egypt (62/61 – 47 BC)
- Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (60/59 – 44 BC)
- Ptolemy of Mauretania (13/9 BC – 40 AD)
Q[edit]
- John A. Quitman (1798–1858), Mississippi politician and prominent member of the pro-slavery Fire-Eaters.[78]
R[edit]
- J. G. M. Ramsey (1797–1884), American historian, physician, planter, and businessman.[citation needed]
- Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), American statesman. Eight of his slaves were freed by the Gradual Abolition Act of 1780.[79]
- John Randolph (1773–1833), American statesman and planter, and one of the founders of the American Colonization Society.[80]
- Stedman Rawlins (c. 1784–1830), English Governor of Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts) and plantation owner.
- John Reynolds (1788–1865), 4th Governor of Illinois, owned seven slaves whom he emancipated over 20 years.[81]
- Isaac Ross (1760–1836), Mississippi planter who stipulated in his will that his slaves be freed and moved to Africa.[82]
- Anne Rossignol (1730–1810), Afro-French slave trader.[83]
- John Rutledge (1739–1800), 2nd Chief Justice of the United States, he enslaved as many as sixty people at one time.[84]
S[edit]
- Elisabeth Samson (1715-1771), Surinamese plantation owner and daughter of a formerly-enslaved woman.[85]
- Ana Joaquina dos Santos e Silva (1788–1859), Afro-Portuguese slave trader in Angola.[86]
- William K. Sebastian (1812–1865), American politician[citation needed]
- Sally Seymour (died 1824), American pastry chef and restaurateur[citation needed]
- Ismail Ibn Sharif (1632–1727)
- Benjamin Smith (1717–1770), slave trader[citation needed]
- Solomon (990–931 BC), ancient King of Israel
- D. H. Starbuck (1818–1887), North Carolina lawyer, judge, and United States Attorney, he owned at least one enslaved person.[87]
- Peter Burwell Starke (1813–1888), politician and Confederate general[citation needed]
- Alexander H. Stephens (1812–1883), Vice President of the Confederate States of America and proponent for the expansion of slavery.[88]
- J. E. B. Stuart (1833–1864), Confederate general. He and his wife enslaved two people.[89]
- Sulla (138–78 BC), Roman consul and dictator
- Mary Surratt (1823–1865), alleged conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the first woman executed by the U.S. federal government. She and her husband were slaveholders.[90]
T[edit]
- Clemente Tabone (c. 1575 – 1665), Maltese landowner who owned at least two slaves[91]
- Lawrence Taliaferro (1794–1871), soldier and Indian agent, he officiated the wedding between his slave, Harriet Robinson, and Dred Scott.[92]
- Roger Taney (1777–1864), 5th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, as a young man he inherited slaves from his father but quickly emancipated them.[93]
- Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), 12th President of the United States, he enslaved as many as 200 people on his Cypress Grove Plantation.[94]
- Tegbessou King of the Kingdom of Dahomey from 1740 until 1774.
- Edward Telfair (1735–1807), 19th Governor of Georgia and a slave owner.[95]
- Tewodros I, Emperor of Abyssinia from 1413 until 1414.[citation needed]
- George Henry Thomas, Union General in the American Civil War, he owned slaves during much of his life.[96]
- Tiberius (42 BC – 37 AD) Roman emperor[citation needed]
- Madam Tinubu (1810–1887), Nigerian aristocrat and slave trader.[97]
- Tippu Tip (1832–1905), Zanzabari slave trader.[98]
- Tiradentes (1746–1792), Brazilian revolutionary.[citation needed]
- Alex Tizon (1959–2017), Pulitzer Prize winner and author of "My Family's Slave".[99]
- Robert Toombs (1810–1885), U.S. Congressman, 1st Confederate Secretary of State, and brigadier general in the Confederate Army. He owned many slaves on his plantations, including Garland H. White, William Gaines and Wesley John Gaines.[100]
- George Trenholm (1807–1876), American financier, he enslaved hundreds of people on his plantations and in his household.[101]
- George Troup (1780–1856), U.S. Congressman and 32nd Governor of Georgia[citation needed]
- Homaidan Al-Turki (b. 1969), Colorado resident convicted in 2006 of enslaving and abusing his housekeeper.[102]
- John Tyler (1790–1862), 10th President of the United States, when he was 23 he inherited his father's Virginia plantation and 13 slaves.[103]
V[edit]
- Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), 8th President of the United States and later a vocal abolitionist, owned at least one enslaved person and apparently leased others while he lived in Washington.[104]
- James Vann (1766-1809), Cherokee chief and holder of more than one hundred slaves in Georgia
- Joseph H. Vann (1798-1844), Cherokee leader with hundreds of slaves in Indian Territory, some of whom revolted in 1842
- Jacques Villeré (1761–1830), Governor of Louisiana. 53 people he had enslaved were liberated by the British after the Battle of New Orleans.[105]
- Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent (1798–1883) a Haitian-born free businesswoman of color who, along with her husband, owned slaves in New Orleans.[106]
W[edit]
- Joshua John Ward (1800–1853), Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina and "the king of the rice planters", whose estate was once the largest slaveholder in the United States (1,130 slaves)[107]
- Robert Wash (1790-1856), Missouri Supreme Court Justice. A slave-owner himself, he dissented in several important freedom suits.[108][109]
- Augustine Washington (1694–1743), father of George Washington. At the time of his death he owned 64 people.[110]
- George Washington (1732–1799), 1st President of the United States, who owned as many as 300 people.[111]
- Martha Washington (1731–1802), 1st U.S. First Lady, inherited slaves upon the death of her first husband and later gave slaves to her grandchildren as wedding gifts.[112]
- James Moore Wayne (1790–1867), U.S. Congressman and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court who owned slaves and had three children by an enslaved woman.[113]
- Thomas H. Watts (1819–1892), 18th Governor of Alabama and slave owner.[114]
- John Wedderburn of Ballindean (1729–1803), Scottish landowner whose slave, Joseph Knight, successfully sued for his freedom.[115]
- John H. Wheeler (1806–1882), U.S. Cabinet official and North Carolina planter. In separate, well-publicized incidents, two women he enslaved, Jane Johnson and Hannah Bond, escaped from him and both gained their freedom.[116][117]
- William Whipple (1730–1785), American general and politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and slave trader.[118]
- George Whitefield (1714–1770), English Methodist preacher who successfully campaigned to legalize slavery in Georgia.[119]
- John Witherspoon (1723–1794), Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, Founding Father of the United States, president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). At the time of his death, he owned "two slaves...valued at a hundred dollars each".[120]
- John Winthrop (1587/88–1649), one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the 3rd Governor of Massachusetts. He enslaved two Pequot people.[121]
- Joseph Wragg (1698–1751), British-American merchant and politician. He and his partner Benjamin Savage were among the first colonial merchants and ship owners to specialize in the slave trade.[122]
- Wynflaed (died c. 950/960), an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman, she bequeathed a male cook named Aelfsige to her granddaughter Eadgifu.[123][124]
- George Wythe (1726–1807), American legal scholar, U.S. Declaration of Independence signatory
Y[edit]
- Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, the first person born in Canada to be declared a saint and "one of Montreal's more prominent slaveholders."[125]
See also[edit]
Other articles of the topic Biography : Umar II, List of pneumonia deaths, Tony Tinderholt, Icewear Vezzo, PewPew, Kayden James Buchanan, Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
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References[edit]
- ↑ "Elizabeth Swain Bannister". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. London: University College London. 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ↑ "Δήμος Κέρκυρας – Δεύτερη Ενετοκρατία". www.corfu.gr.
- ↑ "The Diary of Bennet H. Barrow, Louisiana Slaveowner". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
- ↑ "Bill of sale from the heirs of Jesse Batey to Washington Barrow, January 18, 1853 · Georgetown Slavery Archive". slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ↑ "Death's Doings". New Orleans Republican. July 29, 1875. p. 1. Retrieved June 12, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ The American Historical Review, JSTOR 1842457
- ↑ Rafferty, Milton D (1980), The Ozarks: Land and Life, ISBN 978-1610753029, retrieved 13 January 2013
- ↑ "James Blair: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ↑ Manrique, Jaime (2006-03-26). "Simon Bolivar's extreme makeover". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
- ↑ Hanabarger, Linda (13 July 2010). "The story of Illinois' first governor". The Leader-Union. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ↑ Hopewell, Clifford (1994). James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-89015-881-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Gaspar, David Barry; Hine, Darlene Clark (1996). More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas. Indiana University Press. p. 291. ISBN 9780253210432. Search this book on
- ↑ Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, p. 84, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
- ↑ "Butler Family". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- ↑ Mangion, Giovanni (1973). "Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento" (PDF). Melita Historica (in Italian). Malta Historical Society. 6 (2): 192–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men, Volume 1, translated by John Langhorne and William Langhorne, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853, p. 389
- ↑ "Lewis and Clark . Inside the Corps . York". PBS.
- ↑ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places". Smithsonian.
- ↑ Coles, Edward. "Autobiography." April 1844. Coles Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
- ↑ Welch, Pedro L. V. (1999). "Unhappy and Afflicted Women? Free Coloured Women in Barbados 1780–1834". Revista/Review Interamericana. Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Press. 29 (1–4): 9–12. ISSN 0196-1373. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ↑ Loewen, James W. (1995). Lies My Teacher Told Me. The New Press. pp. 57–58. Search this book on
- ↑ Jane Landers, Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America, UNM Press, 2006, p. 43
- ↑ Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1, 6. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Redfearn, Winifred V. "Slavery in Wisconsin" Wisconsin 101: Our History in Objects September 11, 2018
- ↑ Calautti, Katie (2 March 2014). ""What'll Become of Me?" Finding the Real Patsey of 12 Years a Slave". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ↑ Theuws, De Jong and van Rhijn, Topographies of Power, p. 255.
- ↑ Mouser, Bruce L. (17 October 1980). "Women Traders and Big-Men of Guinea-Conakry" (PDF). tubmaninstitute.ca. Tubman Institute. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2019. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Nash, Gary B. "Franklin and Slavery." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150, no. 4 (2006): 620.
- ↑ Alan Axelrod (2011). Generals South, Generals North: The Commanders of the Civil War Reconsidered. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7627-7488-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida
- ↑ Michael Craton, "Proto-peasant revolts? The late slave rebellions in the British West Indies 1816-1832." Past & Present 85 (1979): 99-125 online.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b062nqpd
- ↑ Smith, Jean Edward (2001). Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-684-84927-5. Search this book on
- ↑ "Hjörleifshöfði". brydebud.vik.is. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
- ↑ "William James MP: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History 2014. 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ↑ We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution
- ↑ The history of Georgetown County, South Carolina, p. 297 and p. 525, University of South Carolina Press, 1970
- ↑ "Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice" (PDF). Brown University. October 2006.
- ↑ Holloway, Joseph E., ed. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington, IND: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253217-493. Search this book on
- ↑ Long, Carolyn Morrow (2012). Madame Lalaurie Mistress of the Haunted House. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813038063. Search this book on
- ↑ Lamont, John (21 March 2017). "Summary of Individual". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ Carolyn Morrow Long: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, 2018
- ↑ "Sully Historic Site History". Fairfax County, Virginia. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ↑ Storrow, Emily (March 18, 2015). "Griffin: Slave owners here no more benevolent than others". Wilkes Journal-Patriot.
- ↑ Gail Guymon, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, February 2006. Retrieved: 2009-11-03.
- ↑ Morgan, Kenneth. "Long, Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16964. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Broadwater, Jeff. (2012). James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of a Nation. University of North Carolina Press. p. 188. Search this book on
- ↑ Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling. (Jan. 2012), A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons, Foreword by Annette Gordon-Reed, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Chapter 1
- ↑ Singapore, National Library Board. "Purbawara Panglima Awang - BookSG - National Library Board, Singapore". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
- ↑ "American slave owners". Geni. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ↑ Paul, Joel Richard (2018). Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1594488238. Search this book on
- ↑ Copeland, Pamela C.; MacMaster, Richard K. (1975). The Five George Masons: Patriots and Planters of Virginia and Maryland. University Press of Virginia. p. 162. ISBN 0-8139-0550-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Everett-Green, Robert (May 12, 2018). "200 Years a Slave: The Dark History of Captivity in Canada". The Globe and Mail.
- ↑ Van Deusen, John G. (1961). "Middleton, Henry". Dictionary of American Biography. 6 (revised ed.). New York: Scribner's. p. 600. Search this book on
- ↑ Bellamy, Donnie D.; Walker, Diane E. (1987). "Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia". Phylon. 48 (2): 165–177. doi:10.2307/274780.
- ↑ "1811 Jamaica Almanac – Clarendon Slave-owners". Jamaicanfamilysearch.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-31. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Gawalt, Gerard W. (1993). "James Monroe, Presidential Planter". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 101 (2): 251–272.
- ↑ Montgomery, Frank A. (1901). Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War. Cincinnati: The Robert Clark Company Press. p. 6. LCCN 01023742. OCLC 1470413. OL 6909271M. Search this book on
- ↑ Rose, Alexander during the American Revolutionary War. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell, a division of Random House, 2007. First published in hardcover in 2006. ISBN 978-0-553-38329-4 Search this book on .. p. 226.
- ↑ Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. ISBN 978-0-14-303475-9 Search this book on .. Originally published New York, Penguin Press, 2004. p. 214.
- ↑ Hochschild, Adam (2005), Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery, Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, p. 77
- ↑ Plutarch, The Lives, "Nicias"
- ↑ Candlin, Kit; Pybus, Cassandra (2015). "A Lasting Testament of Gratitude: Susannah Ostrehan and her nieces". Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic. University of Georgia Press. pp. 83, 89. Search this book on
- ↑ Hunwick, John O. (2004). "I Wish to be Seen in Our Land Called Afrika: Umar b. Sayyid's Appeal to be Released from Slavery (1819)" (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 5.
- ↑ "Plantation Life & Slavery". The Rosewell Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ↑ Régnier, Louis-Ferdinand (March 2010). "Suzanne Amomba Paillé, une femme guyanaise". Blada (in French). French Guiana. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
- ↑ Fisher, D.R. (2009). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820-1832. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521193146. Retrieved 4 April 2020. Search this book on
- ↑ Avery, Ron (December 20, 2010). "Slavery stained some unlikely founders, too". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
- ↑ http://www.spanglefish.com/sugarandslaverythepenrhyncastleconnection/pennants.asp
- ↑ Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). American National Biography. 17. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 414–415 – via American Council of Learned Societies. Search this book on
- ↑ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
- ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_III Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laërtius, Book III, 42
- ↑ Vink, Wieke (2010). Creole Jews: Negotiating Community in Colonial Suriname. Brill. p. 121. ISBN 9789004253704. Search this book on
- ↑ Dio 52.23.2; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 9.39; Seneca the Younger, On Clemency 1.18.2.
- ↑ Dusinberre, William (2003). Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk. New York, New York: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-515735-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Robins, Glenn. "Leonidas Polk." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5 Search this book on ..
- ↑ Fuentes, Marisa J. (2016a). "Power and historical figuring: Rachael Pringle Polgreen's Troubled Archive". In Brier, Jennifer; Downs, Jim; Morgan, Jennifer L. Connexions: Histories of Race and Sex in North America. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 143–168. ISBN 978-0-252-09881-9 – via Project MUSE. Search this book on
- ↑ Walther, Eric H. (1992). The Fire-Eaters. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 83–111. ISBN 9780807141519. Search this book on
- ↑ Lawler, Edward, Jr. "Washington, the Enslaved, and the 1780 Law". The President's House, Philadelphia. USHistory.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ↑ David Lodge, "John Randolph and His Slaves", Shelby County History, 1998, accessed 15 March 2011
- ↑ Klickna, Cinda (2003). "Slavery in Illinois". Illinois Heritage. Illinois Periodicals Online.
- ↑ Dale Edwyna Smith, The Slaves of Liberty: Freedom in Amite County, Mississippi, 1820-1868, Routledge, 2013, pp. 15-21
- ↑ Stewart R. King: Blue Coat Or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue
- ↑ "Intellectual Founders – Slavery at South Carolina College, 1801–1865". University of South Carolina Libraries. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
- ↑ Candlin, Kit (2016). "Samson, Elisabeth (1715–1771), free colored Surinamese planter and businesswoman". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-93580-2. Search this book on – via Oxford University Press's Reference Online (subscription required)
- ↑ Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Dictionary of African Biography, Volym 1–6
- ↑ "Seventh Census of the United States: Slave Schedule, 1850"; database with images, FamilySearch, Darius H. Starbreck, Forsyth County, North Carolina; digital file number 004204431-00278, page 17, line 12, Family History film 444665, National Archives publication number M432. Retrieved on October 3, 2015.
- ↑ Schott, Thomas E. (1988). Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807140963. Search this book on
- ↑ Wert, Jeffry D. Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J.E.B. Stuart. pp. 60–61. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7432-7819-5 Search this book on ..
- ↑ Larson, Kate Clifford. The Assassin's Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln. p. 21. Basic Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-465-03815-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ Bugeja, Anton (2014). "Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel" (PDF): 42–57. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018.
- ↑ "Scott, Harriet Robinson". African American National Biography. Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.35930.
- ↑ McNeal, J., "Roger Brooke Taney", The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from New Advent.
- ↑ Stanley Nelson, Taylor's Cypress Grove Plantation, The Ouachita Citizen, August 6, 2014
- ↑ Edward Telfair Papers, 1764–1831; 906 Items & 5 Volumes; Savannah, Georgia; "Papers of a merchant, governor of Georgia, and delegate to the Continental Congress".
- ↑ Einolf, Christopher J. George Thomas: Virginian for the Union. p. 19. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3867-1 Search this book on ..
- ↑ "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine". The Nation. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
- ↑ Sheriff, Abdul (1987). Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 108. Search this book on
- ↑ "'Disgusted' Women, Minorities Criticize Viral Atlantic Story 'My Family's Slave'". Observer. 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
- ↑ "Jackson Chapel to celebrate 150 years in special service with Bishop Jackson - www.news-reporter.com - News-Reporter".
- ↑ Betty Myers (August 1973). "Annandale Plantation" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ↑ "Saudi linguist gets reduced sentence in sex slave case". KDVR. CENTENNIAL, Colo. February 25, 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2013. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Crapol, Edward P. (2006). John Tyler, the Accidental President. University of North Carolina Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8078-3041-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Costello, Matthew (27 November 2019). "The Enslaved Households of President Martin Van Buren". The Whitehouse Historical Association. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ↑ Johnson, Rashauna (2016). Slavery's Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans During the Age of Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 9781107133716. Search this book on
- ↑ Scott, Rebecca J.; Hébrard, Jean M. (2012). Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-674-06516-1. Search this book on
- ↑ The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules Archived 2013-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Transcribed by Tom Blake, April to July 2001, (updated October, 2001 and December 2004 – now includes 19 holders)
- ↑ "United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850". FamilySearch. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ↑ Wong, Edlie L. (July 2009). Neither Fugitive nor Free. NYU Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780814794555. Search this book on
- ↑ "Slavery at Popes Creek Plantation", George Washington Birthplace National Monument, National Park Service, accessed April 15, 2009
- ↑ "The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump". 24/7 Wall St. 247wallst.com. November 10, 2016. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2020. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ "Martha Washington & Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
- ↑ Henningson, Trip. "James Moore Wayne". Princeton and Slavery. Princeton University. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ↑ McKiven, Henry M. Jr. (30 September 2014). "Thomas Hill Watts (1863-65)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ↑ National Archives of Scotland website feature - Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? - the Joseph Knight case Retrieved May 2012
- ↑ "The Liberation of Jane Johnson", One Book, One Philadelphia, story behind The Price of a Child, The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed 2 March 2014
- ↑ Bosman, Julie (18 September 2013). "Professor Says He Has Solved a Mystery Over a Slave's Novel". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ↑ Vaughan, Dorothy Mansfield (February 26, 1964). "This Was a Man: A Biography of General William Whipple". New Hampshire: The National Society of The Colonial Dames in the State of New Hampshire. Retrieved January 18, 2003.
- ↑ Dallimore, Arnold A. (2010) [1990]. George Whitefield: God's Anointed Servant in the Great Revival of the Enlightened Century. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4335-1341-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Knowlton, Steven. "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton". libguides.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
- ↑ Manegold (January 18, 2010), New England's scarlet 'S' for slavery; Manegold (2010), Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North, 41–42 Harper (2003), Slavery in Massachusetts; Bremer (2003), p. 314
- ↑ Jon Butler, Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776, p. 38, 2000
- ↑ S 1539 Will of Wynflæd, circa AD 950 (11th-century copy, BL Cotton Charters viii. 38)
- ↑ Christine Fell, Women in Anglo-Saxon England: and the Impact of 1066, p 49, ISBN 0-7141-8057-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ Walker, James W. St. G. (2006). "Race," Rights and the Law in the Supreme Court of Canada: Historical Case Studies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 137. Search this book on
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