List of the oldest living Major League Baseball players
This article contains a list of the oldest living Major League Baseball player since the start of professional league play in 1871.
Overview[edit]
Bill Lennon was the oldest player in baseball on his team's Opening Day of the National Association, the first major league on professional baseball, and Harry Wright became the oldest player when his team played its first game the following day. Wright remained the oldest player until Nate Berkenstock played in the last game of the season, his only appearance in a professional game.[1] Berkenstock remained the oldest to have played until he died, which has been the pattern since then. A list of the same players appears in a slightly different format on the Baseball-reference website.[2]
Players[edit]
= member of the Baseball Hall of Fame |
Name | Born | Died | Age | Team(s) | Start and end dates as oldest ballplayer | Duration as oldest player |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bill Lennon[3] | January 3, 1845 Brooklyn, New York |
August 19, 1910 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
65 years, 228 days | Fort Wayne Kekiongas (1871) Washington Nationals (1872) Baltimore Marylands (1873) |
May 4, 1871 – May 5, 1871 | 1 day |
Harry Wright[4][5] | January 10, 1835 Sheffield, England |
October 3, 1895 Atlantic City, New Jersey |
60 years, 266 days | Boston Red Stockings (1871–1877) | May 5, 1871 – October 30, 1871 | 178 days |
Nate Berkenstock[6] | September 17, 1832 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
February 23, 1900 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
67 years, 159 days | Philadelphia Athletics (1871) | October 30, 1871 – February 23, 1900 | 28 years, 116 days |
Dickey Pearce[7][8] | February 29, 1836 Brooklyn, New York |
September 18, 1908 Wareham, Massachusetts |
72 years, 202 days | New York Mutuals (1871–1872) Brooklyn Atlantics (1873–1874) St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875–1877) |
February 23, 1900 – September 18, 1908 | 8 years, 208 days |
Al Barker[9][10] | January 18, 1839 Lost Creek Township, Indiana |
September 15, 1912 Rockford, Illinois |
73 years, 241 days | Rockford Forest Citys (1871) | September 18, 1908 – September 15, 1912 | 3 years, 363 days |
Al Reach[11] | May 25, 1840 London, England |
January 14, 1928 Atlantic City, New Jersey |
87 years, 234 days | Philadelphia Athletics (1871–1875) | September 15, 1912 – January 14, 1928 | 15 years, 121 days |
Harry Berthrong[12] | January 1, 1844 Mumford, New York |
April 24, 1928 Chelsea, Massachusetts |
84 years, 114 days | Washington Olympics (1871) | January 14, 1928 – April 24, 1928 | 101 days |
Phonney Martin[13] | August 4, 1845 New York, New York |
May 24, 1933 Hollis, Queens, New York |
87 years, 293 days | Troy Haymakers (1872) Brooklyn Eckfords (1872) New York Mutuals (1873) |
April 24, 1928 – May 24, 1933 | 5 years, 30 days |
Harry Schafer[14][15] | August 14, 1846 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
February 28, 1935 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
88 years, 198 days | Boston Red Stockings/Red Caps (1871–1878) | May 24, 1933 – February 28, 1935 | 1 year, 280 days |
George Wright[16] | January 28, 1847 New York, New York |
August 21, 1937 Boston, Massachusetts |
90 years, 205 days | Boston Red Stockings/Red Caps (1871–1878) Providence Grays (1879) Boston Red Stockings/Red Caps (1880–1881) Providence Grays (1882) |
February 28, 1935 – August 21, 1937 | 2 years, 174 days |
John McKelvey[17] | August 27, 1847 New York, New York |
May 31, 1944 New York, New York |
96 years, 278 days | New Haven Elm Citys (1875) | August 21, 1937 – May 31, 1944 | 6 years, 284 days |
Charles Witherow[18] | April 1852 (approx.) Washington, D.C. |
July 3, 1948 Washington, D.C. |
96 years and 2 or 3 months | Washington Nationals (1875) | May 31, 1944 – July 3, 1948 | 4 years, 33 days |
Henry Jones[19][20] | May 19, 1857 New York |
May 31, 1955 Manistee, Michigan |
98 years, 12 days | Detroit Wolverines (1884) | July 3, 1948 – May 31, 1955 | 6 years, 332 days |
John Leighton[21] | October 4, 1861 Peabody, Massachusetts |
October 31, 1956 Lynn, Massachusetts |
95 years, 27 days | Syracuse Stars (1890) | May 31, 1955 – October 31, 1956 | 1 year, 153 days |
Dummy Hoy[22][23] | May 23, 1862 Houcktown, Ohio |
December 15, 1961 Cincinnati, Ohio |
99 years, 206 days | Washington Nationals (1888–1889) Buffalo Bisons (1890) St. Louis Browns (1891) Washington Senators (1892–1893) Cincinnati Reds (1894–1897) Louisville Colonels (1898–1899) Chicago White Sox (1901) Cincinnati Reds (1902) |
October 31, 1956 – December 15, 1961 | 5 years, 45 days |
Buster Burrell[24] | December 22, 1866 Weymouth, Massachusetts |
May 8, 1962 Weymouth, Massachusetts |
95 years, 137 days | New York Giants (1891) Brooklyn Grooms/Bridegrooms (1895–1897) |
December 15, 1961 – May 8, 1962 | 144 days |
William Kinsler[25] | November 9, 1867 New York, New York |
August 10, 1963 Miami Beach, Florida |
95 years, 274 days | New York Giants (1893) | May 8, 1962 – August 10, 1963 | 1 year, 94 days |
John Grimes[26] | April 17, 1869 Woodstock, Maryland |
January 17, 1964 San Francisco, California |
94 years, 275 days | St. Louis Browns (1897) | August 10, 1963 – January 17, 1964 | 160 days |
John Hollison[27] | May 3, 1870 Chicago, Illinois |
August 19, 1969 Chicago, Illinois |
99 years, 108 days | Chicago Cubs (1892) | January 17, 1964 – August 19, 1969 | 5 years, 214 days |
Ralph Miller[28] | March 15, 1873 Cincinnati, Ohio |
May 7, 1973 Cincinnati, Ohio |
100 years, 53 days | Brooklyn Bridegrooms (1898) Baltimore Orioles (1899) |
August 19, 1969 – May 7, 1973 | 3 years, 261 days |
Charlie Emig[29] | April 5, 1875 Cincinnati, Ohio |
October 2, 1975 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
100 years, 180 days | Louisville Colonels (1896) | May 7, 1973 – October 2, 1975 | 2 years, 148 days |
Paddy Livingston[30] | January 14, 1880 Cleveland, Ohio |
September 19, 1977 Cleveland, Ohio |
97 years, 248 days | Cleveland Blues (1901) Cincinnati Reds (1906) Philadelphia Athletics (1909–1911) Cleveland Naps (1912) St. Louis Cardinals (1917) |
October 2, 1975 – September 19, 1977 | 1 year, 352 days |
Sam Edmonston[31] | August 30, 1883 Washington, D.C. |
April 12, 1979 Corpus Christi, Texas |
95 years, 225 days | Washington Senators (1907) | September 19, 1977 – April 12, 1979 | 1 year, 205 days |
Red Morgan[32] | October 6, 1883 Neola, Iowa |
March 25, 1981 New York, New York |
97 years, 170 days | Boston Americans (1906) | April 12, 1979 – March 25, 1981 | 1 year, 347 days |
Jack Snyder[33] | October 6, 1886 Lincoln, Pennsylvania |
December 13, 1981 Brownsville, Pennsylvania |
95 years, 68 days | Brooklyn Robins (1917) | March 25, 1981 – December 13, 1981 | 263 days |
Carl Manda[34] | November 16, 1886 Little River, Kansas |
March 9, 1983 Artesia, New Mexico |
96 years, 113 days | Chicago White Sox (1914) | December 13, 1981 – March 9, 1983 | 1 year, 86 days |
John Daley[35] | May 25, 1887 Du Bois, Pennsylvania |
August 31, 1988 Mansfield, Ohio |
101 years, 98 days | St. Louis Browns (1912) | March 9, 1983 – August 31, 1988 | 5 years, 175 days |
Bill Otis[36][37] | December 24, 1889 Scituate, Massachusetts |
December 15, 1990 Duluth, Minnesota |
100 years, 356 days | New York Highlanders (1912) | August 31, 1988 – December 15, 1990 | 2 years, 106 days |
Red Hoff[38][39][40] | May 8, 1891 Ossining, New York |
September 17, 1998 Daytona Beach, Florida |
107 years, 132 days | New York Highlanders/Yankees (1911–1913) St. Louis Browns (1915) |
December 15, 1990 – September 17, 1998 | 7 years, 276 days |
Ike Kahdot[41] | October 22, 1899 Georgetown, Oklahoma |
March 31, 1999 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
99 years, 160 days | Cleveland Indians (1922) | September 17, 1998 – March 31, 1999 | 195 days |
Karl Swanson[42] | December 17, 1900 North Henderson, Illinois |
April 3, 2002 Rock Island, Illinois |
101 years, 107 days | Chicago White Sox (1928–1929) | March 31, 1999 – April 3, 2002 | 3 years, 3 days |
Ralph Erickson[43] | June 25, 1902 Dubois, Idaho |
June 27, 2002 Chandler, Arizona |
100 years, 2 days | Pittsburgh Pirates (1929–1930) | April 3, 2002 – June 27, 2002 | 85 days |
Ray Hayworth[44][45] | January 29, 1904 High Point, North Carolina |
September 25, 2002 Salisbury, North Carolina |
98 years, 239 days | Detroit Tigers (1926, 1929–1938) Brooklyn Dodgers (1938–1939) New York Giants (1939) St. Louis Browns (1942) Brooklyn Dodgers (1944–1945) |
June 27, 2002 – September 25, 2002 | 90 days |
Paul Hopkins[46][47][48] | September 25, 1904 Chester, Connecticut |
January 2, 2004 Middletown, Connecticut |
99 years, 99 days | Washington Senators (1927, 1929) St. Louis Browns (1929) |
September 25, 2002 – January 2, 2004 | 1 year, 99 days |
Ray Cunningham[49] | January 17, 1905 Mesquite, Texas |
July 30, 2005 Pearland, Texas |
100 years, 194 days | St. Louis Cardinals (1931–1932) | January 2, 2004 – July 30, 2005 | 1 year, 209 days |
Howdy Groskloss[50][51][52] | April 10, 1906 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
July 15, 2006 Vero Beach, Florida |
100 years, 96 days | Pittsburgh Pirates (1930–1932) | July 30, 2005 – July 15, 2006 | 350 days |
Rollie Stiles[53][54] | November 17, 1906 Ratcliff, Arkansas |
July 22, 2007 St. Louis, Missouri |
100 years, 247 days | St. Louis Browns (1930–1933) | July 15, 2006 – July 22, 2007 | 1 year, 7 days |
Billy Werber[55][56][57] | June 20, 1908 Berwyn Heights, Maryland |
January 22, 2009 Charlotte, North Carolina |
100 years, 216 days | New York Yankees (1930, 1933) Boston Red Sox (1933–1936) Philadelphia Athletics (1937–1938) Cincinnati Reds (1939–1941) New York Giants (1942) |
July 22, 2007 – January 22, 2009 | 1 year, 184 days |
Tony Malinosky[58] | October 7, 1909 Collinsville, Illinois |
February 8, 2011 Oxnard, California |
101 years, 124 days | Brooklyn Dodgers (1937) | January 22, 2009 – February 8, 2011 | 2 years, 17 days |
Connie Marrero[59][60] | April 25, 1911 Sagua La Grande, Cuba |
April 23, 2014 Havana, Cuba |
102 years, 363 days | Washington Senators (1950–1954) | February 8, 2011 – April 23, 2014 | 3 years, 46 days |
Mike Sandlock[61][62] | October 17, 1915 Old Greenwich, Connecticut |
April 4, 2016 Cos Cob, Connecticut |
100 years, 170 days | Boston Braves (1942, 1944) Brooklyn Dodgers (1945–1946) Pittsburgh Pirates (1953) |
April 23, 2014 – April 4, 2016 | 1 year, 347 days |
Eddie Carnett[63][64] | October 21, 1916 Springfield, Missouri |
November 4, 2016 Ringling, Oklahoma |
100 years, 14 days | Boston Braves (1941) Chicago White Sox (1944) Cleveland Indians (1945) |
April 4, 2016 – November 4, 2016 | 214 days |
Bobby Doerr[65][66] | April 7, 1918 Los Angeles, California |
November 13, 2017 Junction City, Oregon |
99 years, 220 days | Boston Red Sox (1937–1944, 1946–1951) | November 4, 2016 – November 13, 2017 | 1 year, 9 days |
Chuck Stevens[67][68] | July 10, 1918 Van Houten, New Mexico |
May 28, 2018 Long Beach, California |
99 years, 322 days | St. Louis Browns (1941, 1946, 1948) | November 13, 2017 – May 28, 2018 | 196 days |
Fred Caligiuri[69][70] | October 22, 1918 West Hickory, Pennsylvania |
November 30, 2018 Charlotte, North Carolina |
100 years, 39 days | Philadelphia Athletics (1941–1942) | May 28, 2018 – November 30, 2018 | 186 days |
Tom Jordan[71][72] | September 5, 1919 Lawton, Oklahoma |
August 26, 2019 Roswell, New Mexico |
99 years, 355 days | Chicago White Sox (1944, 1946) Cleveland Indians (1946) St. Louis Browns (1948) |
November 30, 2018 – August 26, 2019 | 269 days |
Val Heim[73][74] | November 4, 1920 Plymouth, Wisconsin |
November 21, 2019 Superior, Nebraska |
99 years, 17 days | Chicago White Sox (1942) | August 26, 2019 – November 21, 2019 | 87 days |
Eddie Robinson[75] | December 15, 1920 Paris, Texas |
living | 103 years, 343 days | Cleveland Indians (1942, 1945–1948) Washington Senators (1949–1950) Chicago White Sox (1950–1952) Philadelphia Athletics (1953–1956) New York Yankees (1954–1956) Kansas City Athletics (1956) Detroit Tigers (1957) Cleveland Indians (1957) Baltimore Orioles (1957) |
November 21, 2019 – current | 5 years, 1 day |
On deck[edit]
The next oldest living former major league player is George Elder, who was born March 10, 1921.[2]
See also[edit]
Some use of "" in your query was not closed by a matching "".Some use of "" in your query was not closed by a matching "".
References[edit]
- Notes
- ↑ "Charlton's Baseball Chronology - 1871". baseballlibrary.com. Baseball Library. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2019. Unknown parameter
|url-status=
ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Oldest Living MLB Player". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ↑ "Bill Lennon". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Harry Wright". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Devine, Christopher. "Harry Wright biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Nate Berkenstock". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Dickey Pearce". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ McKenna, Brian. "Dickey Pearce biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Al Barker". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Morris, Peter. "Al Barker biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Al Reach". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Harry Berthrong". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Phonney Martin". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Harry Schafer". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Nemec, David. "Henry C. Schafer biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "George Wright". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "John McKelvey". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Charles Witherow". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Henry Jones". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Morris, Peter. "Henry Jones biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "John Leighton". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Dummy Hoy". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Berger, Ralph. "Dummy Hoy biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Buster Burrell". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "William Kinsler". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "John Grimesck". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "John Hollison". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Ralph Miller". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Charlie Emig". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Paddy Livingston". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Sam Edmonston". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Red Morgan". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Jack Snyder". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Carl Manda". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "John Daley". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Bill Otis". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Costello, Rory. "Bill Otis biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Red Hoff". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Sidelines: Et Cetera – From Contest to Final Test". New York Times. May 27, 1991. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Goldstein, Richard (September 24, 1998). "Chet Hoff, 107, Oldest Former Major Leaguer". New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Ike Kahdot". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Karl Swanson". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Ralph Erickson". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Ray Hayworth". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Ailsworth, Kent. "Ray Hayworth biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Ray Cunningham". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Zanardi, Pete. "Paul Hopkins biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Goldstein, Richard (2004-01-06). "Paul Hopkins, Pitcher, 99, Oldest Living Major Leaguer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
- ↑ "Ray Cunningham". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Howdy Groskloss". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Chass, Murray (April 9, 2006). "Oldest Ex-Player Nears 100". New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Howard H. "Howdy" Groskloss". Obituaries and Death Notices. TC Palm. July 18, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Rollie Stiles". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Clifford, Matthew. "Rollie Stiles biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Bill Werber". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Rogers III, C. Paul. "Billy Werber biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Goldstein, Richard (January 24, 2009). "Bill Werber, Infielder Who Played With Ruth, Is Dead at 100". New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ↑ "Tony Malinosky". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Connie Marrero". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Goldstein, Richard (April 24, 2014). "Connie Marrero, 102, Dies; Pitcher Starred in Cuba and the Majors". New York Times. p. A29. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Mike Sandlock". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Weber, Bruce (April 6, 2016). "Mike Sandlock Dies at 100; Was Oldest Living Big Leaguer". New York Times. p. B17. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Eddie Carnett". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Adler, David (November 4, 2016). "Oldest Ex-MLB Player Carnett Dies at 100". MLB.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Bobby Doerr". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Nowlin, Bill. "Bobby Doerr biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Chuck Stevens". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ Armour, Mark. "Chuck Stevens biography at the Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
- ↑ "Fred Caligiuri". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ↑ "Fred J. Caligiuri". The Derrick and The News Herald (Oil City, Pa.). December 3, 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ↑ "Tom Jordan". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ↑ Diunte, Nick (August 26, 2019). "Tom Jordan, Oldest Living Ex-MLB Player, Dies At 99". Forbes. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ↑ "Val Heim". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ↑ "Val R. Heim – Obituary". wmsfh.com. Williams Funeral Homes. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ↑ "Eddie Robinson". baseball-reference.com. Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- Sources
This article "List of the oldest living Major League Baseball players" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:List of the oldest living Major League Baseball players. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.