Magahi people
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| India (Bihar, Jharkhand) | |
| Languages | |
| Magadhi, Hindi | |
| Religion | |
 Hinduism ·  Islam ·  Buddhism ·  Jainism ·  Christianity · Others | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Hindustani · Awadhis · Bhojpuris · Maithils · Nagpuri people |
Magadhis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Magadhi language which is considered by some to be a dialect of Hindi and reside in the Magadh region of Bihar and Jharkhand.[1][2][3]
Language
Magahi language is spoken in south Bihar. It is a Bihari group of Indo Aryan languages. Around 16 million people speak Magahi as their native language. It is spoken in eight districts of Bihar (Gaya, Patna, Jehanabad, Aurangabad, Nalanda, Nawada, Sheikhpura, Arwal), seven districts of Jharkhand (Hazaribag, Chatra, Koderma, Jamtara, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Giridih) and in West Bengal's Malda district.[4]
Culture
Magahi culture refers to the culture of Magadh.[5] The culture of Magadh has been rich since ancient times and the land has produced many important personalities who contributed to India’s development. The land has been the epicenter of various religious and political movements since ancient times. Lord Buddha and Mahavira attained enlightenment on this land and moved around the neighboring places for their religious preaching. Buddhism and Jainism were the first religions to rise against the hypocrisies of the caste system, Brahmanism and Vedic karmkandas. Buddha advocated ‘The Middle Path’ for his disciples. He spoke of Ashtangika-marga for attaining nirvana, which is liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Mahavira advocated rigorous asceticism for his disciples. Both Buddhism and Jainism stood for the pursuit of truth and non-violence. Sikhism also has roots in Magadh. The tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Govind Singh, was born on this land. In the nineteenth century, during the struggle for independence against the British, Patna became the center for the Wahabi movement. This movement was led by Sayyed Ahmed Shahid. It was both a political and religious movement. The movement aimed towards reforming Islam. But to achieve this, reformers thought that independence from the British was essential. So they also acted against the British.
Arts
Magadh has contributed a lot to Indian culture. Mauryan art is the first imperial art in India. Ashokan pillars are unique and their incredible ‘finish’ is the pride of Indian Architecture. These pillars are carved out of a single rock. These rock pillars are polished in such a fashion that they appear to be made of metal. Such polishing is a striking example of Mauryan art and the technique vanished after Ashoka. The pillar at Sarnath is one of Ashoka’s pillars. The four lions carved on the top of the pillar are chosen as the national symbol of independent India. There is Iranian influence on Mauryan art. In Indian history, Ashoka was the first to use inscriptions for spreading his messages. He followed the tradition of inscriptions from Iran. The tradition of rock-cut caves in India began with the Mauryas. Rock-cut caves in the Barabar and Nagarjuni hills in Gaya are examples from the Mauryan period. These were excavated by Ashoka and his grandson Dasaratha for the abode of Ajivika monks. A glimpse of the folk art of the period can be seen in the Yaksha and Yakshani figures found from Mathura, Pawa, and Patna. The Yakshini statue from Didarganj, near Patna is the most famous one and shows Mauryan polish.
Religion
Gupta’s contributions to Indian culture are also remarkable. Hinduism reemerged in the form of Bhagavatism (Vaishnavism), Saivism and Saktism. Bhakti became central to the philosophy of Hinduism.
Hinduism also got influenced by Buddhism. Under this influence Vaishnavism imbibed Buddha as one of the incarnations of Vishnu. Sculptures and temples of the Gupta period are milestones in the field of art. Guptas were the first to use dressed stone for temple construction. Before this, temples were made of wood or other perishable material.
The Gupta period is known as the “classical period” in the genre of sculpture as they were a combination of spirituality and idealism into art. This combination gets reflected in the images of Vishnu, in the Dasavtara Temple at Deogarh. The seated Buddha from Sarnath and standing Buddha from Mathura represent a fully developed form of Buddhist art. Their radiant spiritual expression carved with grace and refinement makes them masterpieces (Lal ed. 2002). Paintings at Ajanta and Ellora caves were made during the Gupta period.
Literature
Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, is an important work of literature from the period for understanding politics and administration in general. Aryabhata, an outstanding scholar of the Gupta age, lived at Kusumpura, near Patna. He wrote Aryabhattiya, which discusses geometry. He was the first to use decimals and thus gave a new dimension to mathematics. He was the first to give the right reasons behind eclipses. Aryabhata was the first to utilize sign functions in astronomy. This age contributed Puranas and Smiritis to Hindu literature. Kavyas such as Meghduta, Raguvansa and Kumarsambhava, dramas such as Abhijnashakuntalam, Mudrarakshasa and Devichandragupta are contributions of the Gupta period to Indian literature (Lal ed. 2002). Guptas established many Universities for promoting education. Nalanda University was one of them. It was famous for education in religion and philosophy. Students from all over India, China, Tibet, Indonesia and Sri Lanka used to come here for studies. The famous Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang and I-tsing studied at Nalanda University. Hiuen-Tsang mentioned the glory of Nalanda University in his book Si-yu-ki. I-tsing stayed at Nalanda for ten years. He translated many Sanskrit manuscripts into Chinese. This glory was reduced to ashes by the Muslim invader, Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar in about the twelfth century. This was a great loss to Magahi language also as it was the time when Magahi was growing.
Festivals
Chhath is an important festival of the Magahi people.[6] Other important festivals are Nag Panchami and Holi.[7][8]
Music and dance
Folk songs and folk dance are an important aspect of Magadh culture. Folk songs like Phaag and Chaita are sung all over Bihar. While Phaag are sung in the month of Phalgun, Chaita are sung in the month of Chait. Rajashah of Patna is a famous name in the field of Indian classical music. He has not only reclassified the Indian Ragas but also discovered a new musical instrument called ‘Thaat’. Rajashah also authored a book ‘Nagmat Ashfi’ on Indian music. Folk music of Bihar reflects the culture of its day to day life. Sanskaar geet like sohar, khilona, kohbar, sumangali are sung at various occasions like birth, munden, marriage etc. There are different kinds of songs for each kind of festival celebrated in the region like holi, chhath, jitia, teej, bahura, pidia, godhan, diwali and ramnavami. There are also seasonal songs like chaiti, kajari, chaturmasa, barahmasa, hindola etc. Folk songs also include songs like ropani, sohani, jata-pisai, chavai, thapai etc. which are sung during various day to day activities.
Various folk dances performed by local people in the area are: dhobia nritya, karia jhumar, Jhijhiya, jharni nritya, jat-jatin, sama-chakava and domkach. These dances are based on different religious, historical and social significance.[9]
Cinema
Many movies also reflect the culture of Magadh. In the movie ‘Abhijan’, which was directed by Satyajit Ray, the actress Vahida Rahman delivered her dialogues in Magahi.
Other famous Magahi films are ‘Maiyaa’ directed by Fani Majumdar and ‘More Man Mitwa’ directed by Girish Ranjan.
Painting
In the genre of painting, Magadh is known for its ‘Patna Kalam Shaili’. The influence of both Mughals and British are found on the paintings of this school. Along with carrying these influences, this school has developed its own local features which make them unique. The famous painters of this school are Sevak Ram, Hulas Lal, Jayram Das and Shivdayal Lal.
Notable people
- Ajatshatru, King of Magadha
- Chandragupta Maurya, First to rule whole India
- Ashoka, King of India
- Jarasandha, King of Magadha
- Bimbisara, King of Magadha
- Shri Krishna Singh, Politician
- Mathura Prasad Naveen, Poet
- Nitish Kumar, Politician
- Jitan Ram Manjhi, Politician
- Loknath Mahto, Politician
References
- ↑ "Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study". p. 6. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ↑ "Language, Religion and Politics in North India". p. 93. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ↑ Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study. p. 6. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Search this book on
- ↑ "Magahi". ethnologue.
- ↑ "मजबूत है मगध की संस्कृति व सांस्कृतिक धरोहर". 13 July 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ↑ "Bhopal: Over 25k devotees perform Chatt puja with religious fervor". 4 November 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ↑ Magahi Culture: A Monographic Study. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Search this book on
- ↑ A Peep into seventyfive years of Bihar. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Search this book on
- ↑ "Bihar". Retrieved 19 January 2020.
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