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Mirzapuri

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Mirzapuri
मिर्ज़ापुरी 𑂧𑂱𑂩𑂹𑂔𑂺𑂰𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 مرزاپوری
Native toIndia
RegionUttar Pradesh 
Awadh
Mirzapur
EthnicityAwadhis
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-2awa
ISO 639-3awa
Glottologmirz1238[2]
Linguasphere59-AAF-rab

Mirzapuri[3][4][5] (Kaithi: 𑂧𑂱𑂩𑂹𑂔𑂺𑂰𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲, Devanagari: मिर्ज़ापुरी, Nastaleeq: مرزاپوری) is a dialect of the Awadhi language spoken in the district of Mirzapur and adjacent regions in Uttar Pradesh.[6] It is a mother-tongue under Eastern Hindi of Central group and Classified into Hindi language.[7][8] Thus Mirzapuri is reported as Hindi and is the largest language spoken in Mirzapur district.

Distribution of mother tongues in Mirzapur District (Tehsil)

A Local Variant of Awadhi

The Mirzapuri[9][10][11] dialect is a term used by the residents of Mirzapur to describe their local variant of the Awadhi language.[12][13][14][15] While not formally recognized in historical linguistic surveys, "Mirzapuri" is a colloquial designation used by locals and some Awadhi writers to refer to the dialect spoken in the region.[16][17] Historically, the Linguistic Survey of India, conducted by G.A. Grierson, identified the language of the Mirzapur region as Western Standard Bhojpuri.[18] However, significant changes have occurred since the division of the district in 1989, with the 2011 census showing that 80% of the population in the current Mirzapur district reports Hindi as their primary language, with Awadhi being a significant Mother-tongue.[19] The Mirzapuri dialect of Awadhi has been documented with a Glottolog code (mirz1238[20]) and a Linguasphere ID (59-AAF-rab), indicating its recognition within linguistic databases. Efforts have been made by local communities to document and promote the use of the term "Mirzapuri" to preserve the linguistic heritage of the region.

Historical Context and Linguistic Surveys

Historically, the Linguistic Survey of India, conducted by G.A. Grierson, identified the language of the Mirzapur region as Western Standard Bhojpuri. At the time of the survey, the Mirzapur district included what is now the separate Sonbhadra district. However, significant changes have occurred since the division of the district in 1989.[21] According to the 2011 census, 80% of the population in the current Mirzapur district reports Hindi as their primary language, with Awadhi being a significant Mother-tongue.[22]

The term "Mirzapuri" does not appear in Grierson's survey, which reflects the broader categorization of dialects at the time. Nonetheless, local usage and subsequent linguistic studies have highlighted the distinctiveness of the dialect spoken in Mirzapur, which aligns more closely with Awadhi[23] than with Bhojpuri.

Recognition and Documentation

The Mirzapuri dialect has been documented with a Glottolog code (mirz1238) and a Linguasphere ID (59-AAF-rab),[24] indicating its recognition within linguistic databases. Despite its local significance, Mirzapuri is often underrepresented in broader linguistic surveys due to its limited geographical scope and the dominance of more widely recognized languages like Hindi and Bhojpuri.

Literary and Scholarly References

One of the most comprehensive sources on the Awadhi language, including its variants, is Baburam Saxena's book "Evolution of Awadhi: Branch of Hindi" (1938).[25] Saxena discusses the language of Mirzapur in detail, noting its characteristics and its place within the broader Awadhi language family.[26] Saxena states, "The dialect spoken in Mirzapur exhibits features typical of Awadhi, with local variations that distinguish it from other dialects within the region."

Literature

Indravati[27] is a major work in this language written by Nur Muhammad on the model of Padmdvat in 1757 AD.[28] Another work is Shri Ramayana written by Jhama Dasa at Vindhyachal of Mirzapur in 1761 AD.[29] According to Ahmed Shah, who first translated Bijak of Kabir into English, the language of Bijak is in Mirzapuri dialect, which he says a dialect of Bhojpuri but according to Grierson, there isn't even a single word of Bhojpuri in Bijak and it was written in old Awadhi.[30][31] which confirms Bijak was written in Awadhi and also Mirzapuri is a dialect of Awadhi.

Current Linguistic Landscape

The current linguistic landscape of Mirzapur reflects a shift from the historical dominance of Western Bhojpuri to a more complex mix of languages. While Hindi is reported as the primary language by the majority of the population, Awadhi remains a significant local dialect. Bhojpuri is still spoken in the eastern region of Chunar Tehsil, but it is no longer the dominant language across the entire district. Kajri folk song is playing a major role in promoting the Mirzapuri dialect.[32][33]

References

  1. ↑ "पूर्वी हिंदी की प्रमुख बोलियाँ और विशेषताएँ | purvi hindi". 27 March 2020.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mirzapuri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Search this book on
  3. ↑ Frawley, William J. (2003-05-01). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977178-3. Search this book on
  4. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1965). Census of India, 1961: Uttar Pradesh. Manager of Publications. Search this book on
  5. ↑ Commissioner, India Census (1902). Census of India, 1901. Printed at the Government central Press. Search this book on
  6. ↑ International encyclopedia of linguistics. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Search this book on
  7. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1962). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications. Search this book on
  8. ↑ Commissioner, India Census (1902). Census of India, 1901. Printed at the Government central Press. Search this book on
  9. ↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Mirzapuri". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  10. ↑ "Hindi Language Variation". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  11. ↑ Śarmā, Pāṇḍeya Becana (2007). About Me. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-310180-2. Search this book on
  12. ↑ Grierson, G. A. (1967). Linguistic Survey of India. The Long Now Foundation. Motilal Banarsidass. Search this book on
  13. ↑ "OLAC resources in and about the Awadhi language". olac.ldc.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  14. ↑ admin (2020-03-27). "पूर्वी हिंदी की प्रमुख बोलियाँ और विशेषताएँ | purvi hindi". HINDI SARANG. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  15. ↑ "Explore Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India - Things To Do, Best time to Visit, How to Reach and more". www.ixigo.com. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  16. ↑ "OLAC resources in and about the Awadhi language". olac.ldc.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  17. ↑ "Hindi Language Variation". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  18. ↑ Grierson, G. A. (1967). Linguistic Survey of India. The Long Now Foundation. Motilal Banarsidass. Search this book on
  19. ↑ "Mirzapur Language Profile". langlex.com. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  20. ↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Mirzapuri". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  21. ↑ Uttar Pradesh Administrative Atlas. Directorate of Census Operations. 2007. Search this book on
  22. ↑ Chaturvedi, Vartik (2024-07-01). "Know About All The Hindi Dialects In Different Parts Of Uttar Pradesh - Culture". Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  23. ↑ "Mirzapur District Map". Maps of India. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  24. ↑ "hortensj-garden.org". www.hortensj-garden.org. Retrieved 2025-03-19.
  25. ↑ Saksena, Baburam (1938). Evolution of Awadhi: branch of Hindi. Search this book on
  26. ↑ Saksena, Baburam (1938). Evolution of Awadhi: branch of Hindi. Search this book on
  27. ↑ Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha. Indravati Of Kavi Noor Mohammad Vol 1 By Shyama Sundara Dasa Benares 1906 Kashi Nagari Pracharini Sabha. Search this book on
  28. ↑ Saksena, Baburam (1938). Evolution of Awadhi: branch of Hindi. Search this book on
  29. ↑ Saksena, Baburam (1938). Evolution of Awadhi: branch of Hindi. Search this book on
  30. ↑ Vaudeville, Charlotte (1990). "Kabīr's Language and Languages, Hinduī as the Language of Non-Conformity". Indo-Iranian Journal. 33 (4): 259–266. doi:10.1163/000000090790083572. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24655578.
  31. ↑ Ahmad Shah (1917). The Bijak Of Kabir. Search this book on
  32. ↑ "Awadhi music, folk dance performed under 'Gamak'". The Pioneer. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  33. ↑ Vellat, Anuradha (2017-08-17). "That fragrance of soil..." The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2025-03-10.


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