Missing-digit sum
In number theory, a -missing-digit sum in a given number base is a natural number that is equal to the sum of numbers created by deleting digits from the original number. For example, the OEIS lists these two integers as 1-missing-digit sums in base ten:
- 1,729,404 = 729404 (missing 1) + 129404 (missing 7) + 179404 (missing 2) + 172404 + 172904 + 172944 + 172940
- 1,800,000 = 800000 (missing 1) + 100000 (missing 8) + 180000 (missing first 0) + 180000 + 180000 + 180000 + 180000[1]
Definition[edit]
Let be a natural number. We recursively define the -missing-digit sum function for base to be the following:
where is the number of digits in the number in base .
A natural number is a -missing-digit sum if it is a fixed point for , which occurs if .
For example, the number 121 in base is a missing-digit sum with , because .
A natural number is a sociable missing-digit sum if it is a periodic point for , where for a positive integer , and forms a cycle of period . A missing-digit sum is a sociable missing-digit sum with , and a amicable missing-digit sum is a missing-digit sum with .
The number of iterations needed for to reach a fixed point is the missing-digit sum function's persistence of , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.
As a result of the recursive definition of the -missing-digit sum function, when digits are deleted from a -digit natural number, the number of natural numbers in the sum is equal to the binomial coefficient
- .
For a given base , for every number , or n is a trivial missing-digit sum, defined below. This means that non-trivial missing-digit sums and cycles of only exist for .
Missing-digit sums for [edit]
b = k (trivial)[edit]
Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then for all integers :
- is a trivial missing-digit-sum for for all , where the digits are and 0s.
Let . Then
Thus is a missing-digit-sum for for all .
b = 2k[edit]
Let be a positive integer and the number base . Then:
- is a missing-digit-sum for for all , where the digits are , , and 0s.
Let . Then
Thus is a missing-digit-sum for for all .
Searching for missing-digit sums[edit]
Searching for 1-missing-digit sums is simplified when one notes that the final two digits of n determine the final digit of its missing-digit sum. One can therefore test simply the final two digits of a given n to determine whether or not it is a potential missing-digit sum. In this way, the search space is considerably reduced. For example, consider the set of seven-digit base-ten numbers ending in ...01. For these numbers, the final digit of the sum is equal to (digit-0 x 1 + digit-1 x 6) modulo 10 = (0 + 6) mod 10 = 6 mod 10 = 6. Therefore, no seven-digit number ending in ...01 is equal to its own missing-digit-sum in base ten.
Now consider the set of seven-digit base-ten numbers ending in ...04. For these numbers, the final digit of the sum is equal to (0 x 1 + 4 x 6) modulo 10 = (0 + 24) mod 10 = 24 mod 10 = 4. This set may therefore contain one or more missing-digit sums. Next consider seven-digit numbers ending ...404. The penultimate (last-but-one) digit of the sum is equal to (2 + 4 x 2 + 0 x 4) modulo 10 = (2 + 8 + 0) mod 10 = 10 mod 10 = 0 (where the 2 is the tens digit of 24 from the sum for the final digit). This set of numbers ending ...404 may therefore contain one or more missing-digit sums. Similar reasoning can be applied to sums in which two, three and more digits are deleted from the original number.
Missing-digit sums and cycles of Fm,b for specific m and b[edit]
All numbers are represented in base . This table is currently incomplete.
Missing-digit sums | Cycles | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 100 | |
1 | 3 | 112, 121, 1000, 2000 | |
1 | 4 | 1200, 2223, 10000, 20000, 30000 | 1332→2121→2031→1332 |
1 | 5 | 33334, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000 | |
1 | 6 | 14000, 444445, 1000000, 2000000, 3000000, 4000000, 5000000 | |
1 | 7 | 5555556, 10000000, 20000000, 30000000, 40000000, 50000000, 60000000 | |
1 | 8 | 160000, 66666667, 100000000, 200000000, 300000000, 400000000, 500000000, 600000000, 700000000 | |
1 | 9 | 777777778, 1000000000, 2000000000, 3000000000, 4000000000, 5000000000, 6000000000, 7000000000, 8000000000 | |
1 | 10 | 1800000, 14358846, 14400000, 15000000, 28758846, 28800000, 29358846, 29400000, 1107488889, 1107489042, 1111088889, 1111089042, 3277800000, 3281400000, 4388888889, 4388889042, 4392488889, 4392489042, 4500000000,[2] 5607488889, 5607489042, 5611088889, 5611089042, 7777800000, 7781400000, 8888888889, 8888889042, 8892488889, 8892489042, 10000000000, 20000000000, 30000000000, 40000000000, 50000000000, 60000000000, 70000000000, 80000000000, 90000000000 | |
1 | 11 | 9999999999A, 100000000000, 200000000000, 300000000000, 400000000000, 500000000000, 600000000000, 700000000000, 800000000000, 900000000000, A00000000000 | |
1 | 12 | 1A000000, AAAAAAAAAAAB, 1000000000000, 2000000000000, 3000000000000, 4000000000000, 5000000000000, 6000000000000, 7000000000000, 8000000000000, 9000000000000, A000000000000, B000000000000 | |
2 | 10 | 167564622641, 174977122641, 175543159858, 175543162247, 183477122641, 183518142444, 191500000000, 2779888721787, 2784986175699, 212148288981849, 212148288982006, 315131893491390, 321400000000000, 417586822240846, 417586822241003, 418112649991390, 424299754499265, 424341665637682, 526796569137682, 527322398999265, 533548288981849, 533548288982006, 636493411120423, 636531893491390, 642800000000000, 650000000000000, 738986822240846, 738986822241003, 739474144481849, 739474144482006, 739474144500000, 739512649991390, 745699754499265, 745741665637682, 746186822240846, 746186822241003, 751967555620423, 848722398999265, 849167555620423, 854948288981849, 854948288982006, 855396569137682, 862148288981849, 862148288982006, 957893411120423, 957931893491390, 965131893491390, 971400000000000 | |
4 | 10 | 1523163197662495253514, 47989422298181591480943, 423579919359414921365511, 737978887988727574986738 |
Extension to negative integers[edit]
Missing-digit sums numbers can be extended to the negative integers by use of a signed-digit representation to represent each integer.
See also[edit]
- Arithmetic dynamics
- Dudeney number
- Factorion
- Happy number
- Kaprekar number
- Meertens number
- Narcissistic number
- Perfect digit-to-digit invariant
- Perfect digital invariant
- Sum-product number
References[edit]
- ↑ Jon Ayres. "Sequence A131639". Neil Sloane. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- ↑ Jon Ayres. "Sequence A131639". Neil Sloane. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
External links[edit]
- Miss This — missing-digit sums in base ten and other bases
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