Nature exposure sufficiency insufficiency
The nature exposure sufficiency (NES) and nature exposure insufficiency (NEI)[1] continuum was proposed by Dr. John R. Reddon and Salvatore B. Durante. They argue that nature exposure sufficiency (NES) is a subjective experience involving varying levels of nature exposure. Most individuals report feeling reinvigorated after interactions with nature.[2] In contrast, nature exposure insufficiency (NEI) is the subjective experience of inadequate nature exposure. Individuals who experience NEI could be living in areas where there is little to no exposure to nature.
Climate change and the need for environmental preservation[edit]
In the 20th and 21st century several scientists have called for nations and other collectives to monitor their emissions because of a growing concern for man-made climate change. Many scientists have argued for environmental preservation and investments in renewable energy to avoid further destruction to the environment. For example, the increases in temperature around the world resulted in the calving of an iceberg off the coast of Antarctica in 2017.[3] This is one incident demonstrating suspected man-made climate change; however, many have witnessed other extremes in weather patterns, which may be a result of humanity's over-consumption and environmental neglect.
Historical use of nature exposure[edit]
Biophilia[4] is a fondness for living things and phytophilia[4] is an affinity for vegetation, which are fundamental terms for understanding the historical incorporation of nature exposure.[5] In paleolithic times early humans monitored changes in the environment to avoid weather and predator threats. In addition, the environment provided a way for early humans to experience calmness by viewing and interacting with their natural surroundings.
In ancient Greece and Rome, some of the first sanitariums were opened near forests and valleys.[6] In the Middle Ages, hospitals such as the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris were designed to have rooms that faced courtyards. It was believed that simply viewing nature would improve the health of patients. Even the famous nurse and researcher Florence Nightingale suggested the implementation of flowers in patient rooms and open windows for fresh air[7] to improve health.
An undervalued contributor to our historical inclination to experiencing nature in our daily lives is Frederick Law Olmsted.[8][9][10][11][12] Olmsted is famous for designing Central Park in New York City and Yosemite National Park in California which were influenced by his trip to Birkenhead Park in Liverpool. An overlooked and major contribution of Olmsted was his landscape design for homes which featured homes setback 30 feet. This now common North American feature allowed homeowners to plant gardens, trees, and other vegetation which facilitated nature exposure.
Alleviation[edit]
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5)[13] currently does not include the nature exposure sufficiency (NES) and nature exposure insufficiency (NEI) continuum. There are some disorders that are related to the nature exposure continuum such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD)[14] and nature deficit disorder (NDD).[15][16] With respect to SAD, individuals with SAD are treated with light therapy, but an additional or alternative treatment could include nature exposure because individuals may be experiencing NEI rather than SAD. NDD was coined by Richard Louv who has been an important advocate for nature exposure, especially for youth and community well being.[17] Despite SAD and NDD being important for viable treatments for individuals, both suggest that the individual is experiencing an abnormality. In contrast, the nature exposure sufficiency (NES) and nature exposure insufficiency (NEI) does not pathologize the physical and mental health experiences that individuals experience as a result of insufficient nature exposure.
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Treatments for nature exposure insufficiency (NEI) are numerous and involve direct[18][19][20] and indirect[21][22] exposure. A viable treatment that has shown some neuroplasticity in individuals through direct nature exposure is horticultural therapy.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] In addition, walking in nature exposes individuals to phytochemicals that are produced by plants which may explain self-reports of positivity and reinvigoration.[32] In contrast, indirect nature exposure can also produce mental and physical health and may be easier for clinicians to use because of advances in technology. For example, virtual reality goggles and video games could be used because of studies that have shown that simply viewing nature results in feelings of calmness.
References[edit]
- ↑ Reddon JR, Durante SB. Nature Exposure Sufficiency and Insufficiency: The Benefits of Environmental Preservation. Medical Hypotheses. 2017 Oct 28.
- ↑ van der Berg AE Hartig T Staats H: Preference for nature in urbanized societies: stress restoration and the pursuit of sustainability. J Soc Issues 2007; 63: 79-96.
- ↑ Antarctic split; The break in the larsen c ice shelf highlights the vulnerable nature of other Antarctic environments and the impact that people are having on the continent. Nature July 20 2017; 547: 257.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tifferet S Vilnai Yavetz I: Phytophilia and service atmospherics: the effect of indoor plants on consumers. Environ Behav 2017; 814-844.
- ↑ Joye Y van der Berg A: Is love for green in our genes? a critical analysis of evolutionary assumptions in restorative environments research. Urban Forestry Urban Greening 2011; 10: 261-268.
- ↑ van der Berg AE: Health impacts of healing environments: a review of evidence for benefits of nature, daylight, fresh air, and quiet in healthcare settings. Groningen, Architecture of Hospitals 2005; 1-95. Source http://www.agnesvandenberg.nl/healingenvironments.pdf
- ↑ Nightingale F: Notes on nursing: what it is and what it is not. Harrison 1859.
- ↑ Martin J: Genius of place: the life of Frederick Law Olmsted. Da Capo Press 2011.
- ↑ Olmsted FL: Walks and talks of an American farmer in England. Putnam 1852.
- ↑ Olmsted FL: Frederick Law Olmsted: plans and views of public parks. John Hopkins Univ Pr 2015.
- ↑ Wishinsky F Zhang SN: The man who made parks: the story of parkbuilder Frederick Law Olmsted. Tundra Books 2009.
- ↑ Olmsted FL: Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove: a preliminary report. Source: http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/olmsted/
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition DSM 5. Am Psych Assoc 2013.
- ↑ Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, et al: Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 72-80.
- ↑ Louv R: Last child in the woods: saving our children from nature deficit disorder. Algonquin Books 2008.
- ↑ Louv R: Vitamin n: the essential guide to a nature rich life. Algonquin Books 2016.
- ↑ Taylor AF Kuo FE: Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. J Atten Disorder 2009; 12: 402-409.
- ↑ Mayer FS McPhersen Frantz C Bruehlman Senecal E Dolliver K: Why is nature beneficial? the role of connectedness to nature. Environ Behav 2009; 41: 607-643.
- ↑ Bratman GN Hamilton JP Hahn KS et al: Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2015; 112: 8567-8572.
- ↑ Beute F de Kort YAW: Natural resistance: exposure to nature and self regulation mood and physiology after ego depletion. J Environ Psych 2014; 40: 167-178.
- ↑ Annerstedt M Jonsson P Wallergard M et al: Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest results from a pilot study. Physiol Behav 2013; 118: 240-250.
- ↑ Kim GW Jeong GW Kim TH et al: Functional neuroanatomy associated with natural and urban scenic views in the human brain: 3.0t functional mr imaging. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11: 507-513.
- ↑ Ngom R Gosselin P Blais C Rochette L: Type and proximity of green spaces are important for preventing cardiovascular morbidity and diabetes: a cross sectional study for Quebec Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 423.
- ↑ Puett R Teas J Espana Romero V et al: Physical activity: does environment make a difference for tension stress emotional outlook and perceptions of health status. J Physic Activ Health 2014; 11: 1503-1511.
- ↑ Detweiler MB: Dementia wander garden aids post cerebrovascular stroke restorative therapy: a case study. Alt Ther 2005; 11: 54-58.
- ↑ Morley JE: New horizons in the management of alzheimer disease. JAMDA 2015; 16: 1-5.
- ↑ Palsdottir AM Persson D Persson B Grahn P: The journey of recovery and empowerment embraced by nature: clients perspectives on nature based rehabilitation in relation to the role of the natural environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11: 7094-7115.
- ↑ Prett J Rogerson M Barton J: Green mind theory: how brain body behaviour links into natural and social environments for healthy habits. In J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14: 706.
- ↑ Smith DJ: Horticultural therapy: the garden benefits everyone. J Psychosoc Nurs 1998; 36 14-21. Physiol Behav 2013; 118: 240-250.
- ↑ Soderback I Soderstrom M Schalander E: Horticultural therapy: the healing garden and gardening in rehabilitation measures at Danderyd hospital rehabilitation clinic Sweden. Ped Rehab 2004; 7: 245-260.
- ↑ White PCL Wyatt J Chalfont G et al: Exposure to nature gardens has time dependent associations with mood improvements for people with mid and late stage dementia: innovative practice. Dementia 2017; 0: 1-8.
- ↑ Sifferlin A: The healing power of nature. Time July 25 2016; 24-26.
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