New Saxon Spelling
The New Saxon Spelling (Low Saxon: Nysassiske Skryvwyse, (NSS)) is a Low Saxon set of spelling rules for the entire Low Saxon language area, including both the Dutch and the German side of the border. Whereas other spelling forms usually focus on correct display of local pronunciation, the NSS aims for maximum mutual legibility and non-ambiguity.
Advantages of this spelling include:
- non-ambiguity
- mutual legibility
- equality for all dialects on both sides of the border
- freedom of applying personal pronunciation
- recognisable word forms across all dialects
- recognisable language marker
The NSS can be seen as an extended version of the Algemeyne Schryvwys’ (Common Orthography) by Reinhard Franz Hahn, now made suitable for other, non-Northern Low Saxon varieties as well. It also incorporates bits and pieces from various other pronunciation-based spellings and the Middle Saxon spelling from the era of the Hanseatic League. This spelling was compiled by the “warkgruppe AS2.0” (AS 2.0 project team), a team of language activists from the Dutch Veluwe and Twente regions, and from Ostwestfalen and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany).
Aim and background[edit]
The aim of the New Saxon Spelling is to simplify and encourage cross-border communication. This is achieved by finding a middle ground, and stripping words of their local verbal decorations.
Whereas the usual consensus on both sides of the border is “write it like you pronounce it” (which usually comes down to: “write it as if it is Dutch or German”), the NSS helps people write it so others who are unfamiliar with either Dutch- or German-based spelling can understand it. Readers may then apply their own pronunciation.
Existing Low Saxon spelling forms usually follow either High German or Standard Dutch orthographies, with slight modifications to cater to local Low Saxon pronunciation. However, few people strictly adhere to them, or even know about them.
Germans, instead, tend to use High-German spelling rules to write Low Saxon, while the Dutch apply Standard Dutch orthography. This unnecessarily hinders mutual understanding in written form. Neither are designed for the Low Saxon language, creating gaps which are left to the whims of the writers’ imagination and creativity. On the Dutch side, this usually results in a flurry of diacritics and double or even triplet vowels.
Example[edit]
The following Twents example sentence shows the difference of the NSS, compared to other, more or less common writing standards, such as the Sass'sche Schriefwies (focussed at Northern Low Saxon in Germany) and the Standaard Schriefwieze (focussed at Twents in the Netherlands).
- English: "The soldier wrote to his mom that he would be home soon."
- Twents, in the Sass'sche Schriefwies: "Den Suldaat schreev an sien Moder, dat he gau wedder to Huus kömm."
- Twents, in the Standaard Schriefwieze: "'n Soldoat skreef an zien moo dat e gauw wier thoes köm."
- Twents, in the NSS: "Den soldåt skreev an syn moder dat hee gauw wyr te huus köm."
Forms[edit]
The New Saxon Spelling can be applied as both a broad form and a range of narrow forms. On the one hand, there is an Cross-Regional maximum version, which incorporates all spoken differences of all the various dialects. On the other hand, there is a range of regional minimal versions, which allow for grapheme mergers if a dialect has lost a certain sound distinction that others have retained.
The New Saxon Spelling follows three main principles
- etymology
- uniformity
- open and closed syllables
As well as a range of other qualities, explained in detail below.
Principle 1: etymology[edit]
In the cross-regional maximum version, etymology dictates the way a word is written. In regional minimal versions, derived forms are allowed when phonemes have merged which were originally different.
Apocope ‘e’[edit]
Apocope ‘e’ is retained in the NSS. Northern dialects in Germany (and some Dutch Low Saxon dialects) have dropped the “e” at the end of words. Many southern dialects, however, have not. Therefore, the ‘e’ should be retained, to reduce visual differences. It additionally offers a simple and systematic solution for showing word-final consonant voicing in the Northern dialects: wyse = [vi:z], breyve = [brɛ:ɪ̯v].
Principle 2: uniformity[edit]
Uniformity dictates that words are written in the same way as much as possible, both dialect-internally as well as in interdialectal situations.
Final devoicing[edit]
At the end of syllables, obstruents usually become devoiced. As this is a natural rule of Low Saxon, there is no need to show this in spelling. This means it is written as tyd - tyden (not: Tiet - Tieden like the SASS dictates) and skryven - skrivt (Not like Dutch schrijven - schrijft).
Assimilation[edit]
General assimilation is not reflected in the NSS. Therefore, one should write bild - bilder (instead of bild - biller), hand - handen/hände, ölven, seggen etc.
Exceptions[edit]
Exceptions to this rule are base words ending in s, sj, or other sibilants. The s from the -st suffix is dropped: nervöös → up't nervööst, duusjen → du duusjt.
Principle 3: open and closed syllables[edit]
Vowel length[edit]
Long monophthongs in open syllables are written using one single character. In closed syllables, they are doubled: maken - maakt, good - gode.
Exceptions[edit]
Exceptions to this rule are the letters e, y and å:
- Long “e” can be doubled in stressed open syllables. This mostly applies to one-syllable words. For instance, as an alternative to northern “sey” (DE “See”, NL “zee”), southern dialects may write “see”.
- y always represents a long vowel. Doubling it in closed syllables is therefore unnecessary. Examples are hyr and myn, instead of hyyr or myyn.
- å also always represents a long vowel. Doubling it in closed syllables is, again, unnecessary. One should write stån and gån, instead of ståån or gåån.
Syllable-final consonants[edit]
The NSS does not write double consonants at the end of syllables, like High German. This means, one should write kan, nat and wil, instead of kann, natt and will, like in the SASS spelling.
Further characteristics[edit]
Adapting loans and foreign words[edit]
Loan words which are now part of everyday language will be written as they are pronounced. For foreign words, the original language spelling should be heeded, if Latin letters are used. Otherwise, the following aspects apply:
- Open/closed syllables: long vowels in closed syllables are written with two letters, for instance kanaal, systeem, and kultuur.
- C is k if pronunciation is /k/, and will remain c by if pronunciation is /ts~s/, for instance konferens(y) and kakao, but citrone and centrum.
- cc is ks when pronunciation is /ks/ (aksent, aksepteren), and kk when pronunciation is /k/ (akkumuleren, akkoord).
- qu is kw when pronunciation is /kv/ or /kʋ/, for instance in kwaliteyt and frekwens(y).
- qu is k if pronunciation is /k/, such as in karantene, kwotum and kwotient. When it includes personal names or locations, NSS may retain qu, for instance in Quebec.
- th and ph are written as t and f. For instance, in teory, tema, telefoon, and foto.
- x is ks, such as in eksempel and kontekst.
Capitalisation[edit]
Only words at the beginning of sentences, personal names, and countries are written with a capital letter. Other nouns and adjectives aren’t written with capital letters, not even if a country’s name serves as an adjective.
Punctuation[edit]
- Use of commas follows grammar. NSS places a comma between two sub-clauses, for instance [main clause, main clause], or [main clause, sub-clause]. If a sub-clause is short (about two words), the comma can be left out. Exception: there’s no comma before un/en (and), or un or/oder/of (or).
- Citation marks are always up. possibilities: "...", “...”, and ”...”.
Grapheme use[edit]
For consonants, there isn’t much phonemic difference between dialects. Here, the cross-regional spelling can be applied to all dialects.
For vowels, dialect-specific exceptions make it harder to merge vowel graphemes in cross-dialectal spelling. Some dialects or dialect groups require small adaptations.
Consonants[edit]
Plosives[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | p | panna opan ūp, upp |
panne oapen up |
Pann apen up, op |
paan, pane open op |
Pan uopen up |
panne oopn op |
pan open op |
Pfanne offen auf |
pan open up | |
b | b | beki berg |
beake, bekke berg, barg |
Beek Barg |
baarg |
Biëk Biärg |
bekke bearg |
beek berg |
Bach Berg |
beck barrow | |
t | t | tīd lātan fat |
tyd låten vat |
Tiet laten Fatt |
tied loaten vat |
Tied laoten Fat |
tied loatn vat |
tijd laten vat |
Zeit lassen Fass |
tide let(en) fat | |
d | d + th | thiustri mōdar rād |
düüster moder råd |
düüster Moder Raat |
duuster mouder road |
düüster Moder Raod |
duuster moder road |
duister moeder raad |
düster Mutter Rat |
thester* mother rede | |
k | k | kind brekan ik |
kind breaken, brekken Westphalian also: braeken ik |
Kind breken ik |
kind breken ik |
Kind briäken ik |
keend brekn ik |
kind breken ik |
Kind brechen ich |
break(en) I(ch) | |
g | g | grōni seggian slag |
gröön seggen slag |
gröön seggen Slag |
greun, gruin zeggen slag |
gröön säggen Slag |
greun zegn slag |
groen zeggen slag |
grün sagen Schlag |
green say(en) sley |
* Middle English
Fricatives[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
w | w + hw | hwanēr wind werold |
woneyr, woneer wind werld, wearld |
wonehr Wind Welt |
wanneer wind wereld |
wän Wind Wiält |
wonneer weend weerld |
wanneer wind wereld |
wann Wind Welt |
when wind world | |
wr | wr | wrāka wrīvan |
wråke wryven |
Wraak wrieven |
vroak vrieven |
wroake wrievn |
wraak wrijven |
Rache reiben |
wreak ribald | ||
v | f + v | findan fugal biovan liof |
vinden voagel, vuggel Westphalian also: vuagel boaven leyv, leev |
finnen Vagel baven leef |
vinden vogel boven laif |
finnen Vuëgel buowen laiw |
veendn voggel, vogel boavn leef |
vinden vogel boven lief |
finden Vogel oben lieb |
find(en) fowl (a)bove lief | |
s | s + hs | sand storm wīsian mūs fohs |
sand storm wysen muus vos |
Sand Storm wiesen Muus Voss |
zaand störm wiezen moes vos |
Sand Stuorm wisen Muus Fos |
zaand stoarm wiezn moes vos |
zand storm wijzen muis vos |
Sand Sturm weisen Maus Fuchs |
sand storm wise(n) mouse fox | |
sk | sk | skip wiskian flēsk |
skip wisken vleysk, vleesk |
Schipp wischen Fleesch |
schip wissen vlees |
Schip wisken Fleesk |
schip wisken vleis |
schip wissen vlees |
Schiff wischen Fleisch |
ship whisk(en) flesh | |
sj | (/ʃ~s/ in leyn- un vrömdwöörde) | sjokolade duusj(e) |
Schokolaad Duusch |
sukkeloaden does |
Schokelaor |
sokkelaa does |
chocolade douche |
Schokolade Dusche |
Chocolate Douche | ||
j | j | jukkian jār |
jöäken, jokken, jökken jår |
jöken Johr |
jeuken joar |
jocken Jaor |
jökn joar |
jeuken jaar |
jucken Jahr |
itch year | |
h | h | hebbian hūd |
hebben huud, hüüd |
hebben Huut |
hebben hoed, huud |
häbben Huut |
hebn hoed |
hebben huid |
haben Haut |
have(n) hide |
Sonorants[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | m | miluk kuman arm |
melk koamen, kummen westföälsk ouk: kuamen arm |
Melk kamen Arm |
melk komen, kommen aarm |
Miälk, Melk kuëmen Arm |
melk komn aarm |
melk komen arm |
Milch kommen Arm |
milk come(n) arm | |
n | n + hn | hnut naht winnan hlōpan |
nut, noat, nöät(e) westföälsk ouk: nuat nacht winnen loupen |
Nutt, Nööt Nacht winnen lopen |
neut nacht winnen lopen |
Nuët Nacht winnen laupen |
not, noot nacht winn loopn |
noot nacht winnen lopen |
Nuss Nacht gewinnen laufen |
nut night win(nen) leap(en) | |
l | l + hl | hlōpan līthan fallan kald wal |
loupen lyden vallen kold wal |
lopen lieden fallen koolt Wall |
lopen lieden valen kòld waal, wale |
laupen liden fallen kolt Wol |
loopn liedn valn koald wal |
lopen lijden vallen koud wal |
laufen leiden fallen kalt Wall |
leap(en) loath(en) fall(en) cold wall | |
r | r + hr | hrōpan rīki lērian ovar |
ropen ryk leyren, leren, lyren öäver, oaver |
ropen riek lehren, lihren över |
roupen riek leren over |
ropen riek läern üöwer |
roopn riek leern, learn oaver |
roepen rijk leren over |
rufen reich lehren über |
roop(en) riche lear(en) over |
Vowels[edit]
Old long vowels[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
å | ā | ēƀanđaz đēđiz |
āvand dād |
åvend dåd |
Avend Daat |
oavend doad |
Aomd |
oavnd doad |
avond daad |
Abend Tat |
even deed |
ey, e / ee | ē1 | skērjan~skērō lēʒaz |
skāra kāsi |
skeyre, skere keyse, kese leyg, leeg |
Scheer Kees leeg |
scheer, schere kees, keze leeg |
(Schäer) kaise laig |
scheer kees leeg |
schaar kaas laag |
Schere Käse |
shear cheese low |
ey, e / ee | ē2a | saip(j)ōn raipan~raipaz |
seype, sepe reyp, reep |
Seep Reep |
zaip(e) |
Sepe Reep |
zeep, zepe reep |
zeep reep |
Seife Reif |
soap rope | |
ey, e / ee, y | ē2b | stainaz ƀainan |
stēn bēn |
steyn, steen beyn, been |
Steen Been |
stain bain |
Stene Been |
steen been |
steen been |
Stein Bein |
stone bone |
ay, ey | ē3 | laiđjanan ʒailaz |
lēdian gēl |
bayde, beyde layden, leyden gayl, geyl |
beide leiden geil |
baaide laaiden gaail |
baide laien gail |
beide leidn geil |
beide leiden geil |
beide leiten geil |
both lead(en) gole |
ey, e / ee, y | ē4 | leuƀaz fleuganan ʒeutanan |
liof fliogan giotan |
leyv, leev vleygen, vlegen geyten, geten |
leef flegen geten |
laif vlaigen gaiten |
laiw flaigen gaiten |
leef vleegn geetn |
lief vliegen gieten |
lieb fliegen gießen |
lief fly(en) yet(en) |
y | ī | ʒlīđanan swīnan |
glīdan swīn |
glyden swyn |
glieden Swien |
glieden zwien |
gliden Swien |
gliedn zwien |
glijden zwijn |
gleiten Schwein |
glide(n) swine |
o / oo | ō1 | fōtz, fōtuz xrōpanan |
fōt hrōpan |
voot ropen |
Foot ropen |
vout roupen |
Foot ropen |
voot roopn |
voet roepen |
Fuß rufen |
foot roop(en) |
ö / öö | umlaut from ō1 | sōkjanan fōljanan |
sōkian fōlian |
söken völen |
söken föhlen |
zuiken, zuken vuilen, vulen |
söken fölen |
zeukn veuln |
zoeken voelen |
suchen fühlen |
seek(en) feel(en) |
ou | ō2 | ʒrautaz kaupjanan |
grōt kōpian |
grout koupen, köypen |
groot kopen, köpen |
groot kopen |
graut kaupen |
groot koopn |
groot kopen |
groß kaufen |
great cheap(en) |
öy | umlaut from ō2 | nauđiʒaz |
nöydig löyper |
nödig Löper |
neudeg |
naidig Laiper |
neudig leuper |
nodig loper |
nötig Läufer |
needy leaper | |
u / uu | ū | mūsz skūƀōjanan |
mūs skūvan |
muus skuven(, sküven) |
Muus schuven |
moes schoeven(, schuven) |
Muus schuwen |
moes schoevn |
muis schuiven |
Maus schieben |
mouse shove(n) |
ü / üü | umlaut from ū + iu | xlūđjanan |
hlūdian thiustri |
lüden düüster |
lüden düüster |
luden duuster |
lüden düüster |
luden düüster |
luiden duister |
läuten düster |
louden thester* |
* Middle English
Advantages of ē sound graphemes[edit]
Northern Saxon[edit]
In eastern dialects of Northern Saxon (especially Meckelenburg and the east of Holstein), ē vowels have a triple opposition: ē1 and ē2a are /e:/, ē2b and ē4 are /ɛɪ̯/ and ē3 is /aɪ̯/. NSS writes these:
ē1: skere, kese, leeg
ē2a: sepe, reep
ē2b: steyn, beyn
ē3: bayde, layden, gayl
ē4: leyv, vleygen, geyten
In western dialects on the German side of the border (i.e. Northern Lower Saxony, Western Holstein, and Sleswig), ē1 and ē2a are identical to ē2b and ē4. They are widely diphthongated. Therefore, NSS writes:
ē1: skeyre, keyse, leyg
ē2a: seype, reyp
ē2b: steyn, beyn
ē3: bayde, layden, gayl
ē4: leyv, vleygen, geyten
Grönnings and northern Drenths in the Netherlands have kept ē1 distict. NSS prescribes:
ē1: skere, kese, leeg
ē2a: seype, reyp
ē2b: steyn, beyn
ē3: bayde, layden, gayl
ē4: leyv, vleygen, geyten
Westphalian[edit]
In Eastern Westphalia, all the ē sounds have a vowel glide, represented as /aɪ̯/ in ē1 and ē2a. Therefore, Westphalian NSS writes:
ē1: skayre (before /r/ as /e:/), kayse, layg
ē2a: saype, rayp
ē2b: steyn, beyn
ē3: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē4: leyv, vleygen, geyten
In the Münsterland, ē1, ē3 and ē4 are pronounced /aɪ̯/, while ē2 is pronounced /e:/. NSS writes:
ē1: skayre (before /r/ as /e:/), kayse, layg
ē2a: sepe, reep
ē2b: steen/stene, been
ē3: bayde, layden, gayl
ē4: layv, vlaygen, gayten
Middle and southern Drenths, like stellingwarvsk, make a distinction in these phonemes. They use the following phoneme-grapheme correspondence: ē1 and ē2a = /e:/ = <ee>, ē2b and ē4 = /i:/ = <y>, ē3 = /ɛɪ̯/ = <ey>:
ē1: skere, kese, leeg
ē2a: sepe, reep
ē2b: styn, byn
ē3: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē4: lyv, vlygen, gyten
Twents and Westmünsterlandic dialects have a distinction between diphthongs ē3 and monophthongs ē1, ē2 and ē4. NSS writes:
ē1: skere, kese, leeg
ē2a: sepe, reep
ē2b: steen, been
ē3: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē4: leev, vlegen, geten
Eastphalian[edit]
In Eastphalian, ē1 and ē2a are monophthongs, while ē2b, ē3 and ē4 are diphthongs. NSS prescribes:
ē1: skere, kese, leeg
ē2a: sepe, reep
ē2b: stayn, bayn
ē3: bayde, layden, gayl
ē4: layv, vlaygen, gayten
Comparison table[edit]
Region | Dialect | ē1 | ē2a | ē2b | ē3 | ē4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Germanic | ē | ai | eu | |||
Old Saxon | ā | ē | io | |||
Northern Saxon | Eastern | /e:/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | /aɪ̯/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | |
Western | /ɛɪ̯/ | /aɪ̯/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | |||
Grönnings and northern Drenths | /e:/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | /aɪ̯/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | ||
Westphalian | Eastern | /aɪ̯/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | |||
Münsterland | /aɪ̯/ | /e:/ | /aɪ̯/ | |||
Middle and southern Drenths | /e:/ | /i:/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | /i:/ | ||
Twents | /e:/ | /ɛɪ̯/ | /e:/ | |||
Eastphalian | /e:/ | /aɪ̯/ | ||||
Standard Dutch | aa | ee | ei | ie | ||
Standard German | e / ä | ei | ie |
Old short vowels in open syllables[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a / aa | a | fađēr xamaraz |
fadar hamar |
vader, vadder hamer |
Vader, Vadder Hamer |
voader hoamer |
Vader Hamer |
vader hamer |
vader hamer |
Vater Hammer |
father hammer |
ä / ää | umlaut from a | đraʒanan | dragan | drägen | dregen | (droagen) | driägen | dreagn | dragen | tragen | draw(en) |
ea, e westphalian also: ae |
e | lesanan sweƀlaz |
lesan sweval |
leasen sweavel |
lesen Swevel |
lezen swevel |
liäsen Swiëwel |
leazn zweavel |
lezen zwavel |
lesen Schwefel |
lease(n) swefel* |
ea, i | i | siƀaz liþuz |
lith |
seav(e), siv(ve) lid, lead |
Seev Lidd |
zeef lid |
Siëwt Liëd |
zev(ve), zieve lid |
zeef lid |
Sieb Glied |
sieve lith |
oa, o | o | luƀōjanan kulan |
lovon |
loaven, löäven koale, köäle, kolle |
laven, löven Kahl, Köhl |
loven kool |
luowen Kuole |
loavn kolle |
loven kool |
loben Kohle |
lofe(n) coal |
öä, ö | umlaut from o | furai sbst. đrupōn |
fora sbst. dropo |
vöär dröppelen, dröäpelen |
vör drüppeln |
veur |
vüör drüöpeln |
vuur dröppeln |
voor druppelen |
vor tröpfeln |
fore dribble(n) |
oa, u westphalian also: ua |
u | fuʒlaz wunēnan |
fugal wunōn |
voagel, vuggel woanen, wunnen |
Vagel wahnen |
vogel wonen |
Vuëgel wuënen |
voggel, vogel wonn |
vogel wonen |
Vogel wohnen |
fowl wone(n) |
öä, ü westphalian also: üä |
umlaut from u | uƀelaz kuninʒaz |
ubil kuning |
öävel, üvvel köäning, künning |
övel König |
euvel keunenk |
üëwel Küëning |
övvel könnink |
euvel koning |
übel König |
evil king |
* Middle English
Merged ā, a, o un u In Northern Saxon[edit]
Northern Saxon dialects today no longer make a distinction between old long ā and old short a, o un u in open syllables.[1] Should one want to show this in spelling, these phonemes may be written as <oa>, for instance in oavend, doad, voader, and hoamer.
Old short vowels in closed syllables[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | axtōu lanđan |
ahto land |
acht land |
acht Land |
acht laand |
acht Land |
acht laand |
acht land |
acht Land |
eight land |
ä | umlaut from a | lanʒiþō | längte | Längde | Längte | leangte | lengte | Länge | length | ||
e | e | kannjanan xelpanan |
kennian helpan |
kennen helpen(, hölpen) |
kennen helpen, hölpen |
kennen helpen |
kennen helpen |
kenn helpn |
kennen helpen |
kennen helfen |
ken(nen) help(en) |
i | i | wissaz đrenkanan |
wiss drinkan |
wis drinken |
wiss drinken |
wis drinken |
wis drinken |
wis dreenkn |
gewis drinken |
gewiss trinken |
(i)wis drink(en) |
o | o | fuhsaz kuppaz |
fohs kop(p) |
vos kop |
Voss Kopp |
vos kop |
Fos Kop |
vos kop |
vos kop |
Fuchs Kopf |
fox cop |
ö | Umlaut from o | vösse | Vöss | Fösse | vösse | vossen | Füchse | foxes | |||
u | u | đumƀaz xunʒruz |
dumb hungar |
dum hunger |
dumm Hunger |
dom honger |
dum Hunger |
dom honger |
dom honger |
dumm Hunger |
dumb hunger |
ü | umlaut from u | xruʒjaz | hruggi | rüg(gen) | Rügg | rug | Rüg, Rüggen | rugn | rug | Rücken | ridge |
w sequences[edit]
Grapheme | Stems from Old Saxon |
Examples: | Old Saxon | Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling |
SASS (DE Northern Saxon) |
Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon) |
Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian) |
Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian) |
Dutch cognates |
German cognates |
English cognates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
auw | aw | dawwaz hawwanan |
dauw hauwen |
Dau hauen |
daauw haauw(g)en |
Dau hauen |
dauw |
dauw houwen |
Tau hauen |
dew hew(en) | |
ouw | ew | ƀrewwanan trewwaz |
triuwi |
brouwen trouw, tröyw |
broen, bruen tro, tru |
braauwen traauw |
bruen trü |
brouwn trouw |
brouwen trouw |
brauen treu |
brew(en) true |
åuw | ēw | klēwō ƀlēwaz |
blāo |
klåuw(e/n) blåuw |
Klau blau |
klaauw blaauw |
Klaon blao |
klauw(e) blauw |
klauw blauw |
Klaue blau |
claw blue |
uw | uw | skuwwuz | skuw, sküw | scho, schu, schuug | schaauw | schü | schouw | schuw | scheu | shy | |
uow | ūw | būwanan | buowen | boen, buen | baauwen | bauen | bouwn | bouwen | bauen | buen* |
* Middle English
Literature[edit]
Dictionaries[edit]
- Heinrich Kahl & Heinrich Thies: der neue Sass - Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch 5. uplåge. Wachholtz Verlag, Nymünster 2009, ISBN 978-3-529-03000-0 Search this book on ..
- Klaus-Werner Kahl: Wörterbuch des Münsterländer Platt. 3. uplåge. Aschendorff Verlag, Mönster 2010, ISBN 978-3-402-06447-4 Search this book on ..
- Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leyden & Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1 Search this book on ..
- Groninger zakwoordenboek
- Dialexicon Twents
References[edit]
- ↑ Ingrid Schröder: Niederdeutsch in der Gegenwart: Sprachgebiet – Grammatisches – Binnendifferenzierung. In: Dieter Stellmacher (red.): Germanistische Linguistik 175-176 2004, s. 61
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