New Saxon Spelling

The New Saxon Spelling (Low Saxon: Nysassiske Skryvwyse, (NSS)) is a Low Saxon set of spelling rules for the entire Low Saxon language area, including both the Dutch and the German side of the border. Whereas other spelling forms usually focus on correct display of local pronunciation, the NSS aims for maximum mutual legibility and non-ambiguity.

Advantages of this spelling include:

• non-ambiguity
• mutual legibility
• equality for all dialects on both sides of the border
• freedom of applying personal pronunciation
• recognisable word forms across all dialects
• recognisable language marker

The NSS can be seen as an extended version of the Algemeyne Schryvwys’ (Common Orthography) by Reinhard Franz Hahn, now made suitable for other, non-Northern Low Saxon varieties as well. It also incorporates bits and pieces from various other pronunciation-based spellings and the Middle Saxon spelling from the era of the Hanseatic League. This spelling was compiled by the “warkgruppe AS2.0” (AS 2.0 project team), a team of language activists from the Dutch Veluwe and Twente regions, and from Ostwestfalen and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany).

Aim and background

The aim of the New Saxon Spelling is to simplify and encourage cross-border communication. This is achieved by finding a middle ground, and stripping words of their local verbal decorations.

Whereas the usual consensus on both sides of the border is “write it like you pronounce it” (which usually comes down to: “write it as if it is Dutch or German”), the NSS helps people write it so others who are unfamiliar with either Dutch- or German-based spelling can understand it. Readers may then apply their own pronunciation.

Existing Low Saxon spelling forms usually follow either High German or Standard Dutch orthographies, with slight modifications to cater to local Low Saxon pronunciation. However, few people strictly adhere to them, or even know about them.

Germans, instead, tend to use High-German spelling rules to write Low Saxon, while the Dutch apply Standard Dutch orthography. This unnecessarily hinders mutual understanding in written form. Neither are designed for the Low Saxon language, creating gaps which are left to the whims of the writers’ imagination and creativity. On the Dutch side, this usually results in a flurry of diacritics and double or even triplet vowels.

Example

The following Twents example sentence shows the difference of the NSS, compared to other, more or less common writing standards, such as the Sass'sche Schriefwies (focussed at Northern Low Saxon in Germany) and the Standaard Schriefwieze (focussed at Twents in the Netherlands).

• English: "The soldier wrote to his mom that he would be home soon."
• Twents, in the Sass'sche Schriefwies: "Den Suldaat schreev an sien Moder, dat he gau wedder to Huus kömm."
• Twents, in the Standaard Schriefwieze: "'n Soldoat skreef an zien moo dat e gauw wier thoes köm."
• Twents, in the NSS: "Den soldåt skreev an syn moder dat hee gauw wyr te huus köm."

Forms

The New Saxon Spelling can be applied as both a broad form and a range of narrow forms. On the one hand, there is an Cross-Regional maximum version, which incorporates all spoken differences of all the various dialects. On the other hand, there is a range of regional minimal versions, which allow for grapheme mergers if a dialect has lost a certain sound distinction that others have retained.

The New Saxon Spelling follows three main principles

• etymology
• uniformity
• open and closed syllables

As well as a range of other qualities, explained in detail below.

Principle 1: etymology

In the cross-regional maximum version, etymology dictates the way a word is written. In regional minimal versions, derived forms are allowed when phonemes have merged which were originally different.

Apocope ‘e’

Apocope ‘e’ is retained in the NSS. Northern dialects in Germany (and some Dutch Low Saxon dialects) have dropped the “e” at the end of words. Many southern dialects, however, have not. Therefore, the ‘e’ should be retained, to reduce visual differences. It additionally offers a simple and systematic solution for showing word-final consonant voicing in the Northern dialects: wyse = [vi:z], breyve = [brɛ:ɪ̯v].

Principle 2: uniformity

Uniformity dictates that words are written in the same way as much as possible, both dialect-internally as well as in interdialectal situations.

Final devoicing

At the end of syllables, obstruents usually become devoiced. As this is a natural rule of Low Saxon, there is no need to show this in spelling. This means it is written as tyd - tyden (not: Tiet - Tieden like the SASS dictates) and skryven - skrivt (Not like Dutch schrijven - schrijft).

Assimilation

General assimilation is not reflected in the NSS. Therefore, one should write bild - bilder (instead of bild - biller), hand - handen/hände, ölven, seggen etc.

Exceptions

Exceptions to this rule are base words ending in s, sj, or other sibilants. The s from the -st suffix is dropped: nervöös → up't nervööst, duusjen → du duusjt.

Principle 3: open and closed syllables

Vowel length

Long monophthongs in open syllables are written using one single character. In closed syllables, they are doubled: maken - maakt, good - gode.

Exceptions

Exceptions to this rule are the letters e, y and å:

• Long “e” can be doubled in stressed open syllables. This mostly applies to one-syllable words. For instance, as an alternative to northern “sey” (DE “See”, NL “zee”), southern dialects may write “see”.

• y always represents a long vowel. Doubling it in closed syllables is therefore unnecessary. Examples are hyr and myn, instead of hyyr or myyn.
• å also always represents a long vowel. Doubling it in closed syllables is, again, unnecessary. One should write stån and gån, instead of ståån or gåån.

Syllable-final consonants

The NSS does not write double consonants at the end of syllables, like High German. This means, one should write kan, nat and wil, instead of kann, natt and will, like in the SASS spelling.

Further characteristics

Adapting loans and foreign words

Loan words which are now part of everyday language will be written as they are pronounced. For foreign words, the original language spelling should be heeded, if Latin letters are used. Otherwise, the following aspects apply:

• Open/closed syllables: long vowels in closed syllables are written with two letters, for instance kanaal, systeem, and kultuur.
• C is k if pronunciation is /k/, and will remain c by if pronunciation is /ts~s/, for instance konferens(y) and kakao, but citrone and centrum.
• cc is ks when pronunciation is /ks/ (aksent, aksepteren), and kk when pronunciation is /k/ (akkumuleren, akkoord).
• qu is kw when pronunciation is /kv/ or /kʋ/, for instance in kwaliteyt and frekwens(y).
• qu is k if pronunciation is /k/, such as in karantene, kwotum and kwotient. When it includes personal names or locations, NSS may retain qu, for instance in Quebec.
• th and ph are written as t and f. For instance, in teory, tema, telefoon, and foto.
• x is ks, such as in eksempel and kontekst.

Capitalisation

Only words at the beginning of sentences, personal names, and countries are written with a capital letter. Other nouns and adjectives aren’t written with capital letters, not even if a country’s name serves as an adjective.

Punctuation

• Use of commas follows grammar. NSS places a comma between two sub-clauses, for instance [main clause, main clause], or [main clause, sub-clause]. If a sub-clause is short (about two words), the comma can be left out. Exception: there’s no comma before un/en (and), or un or/oder/of (or).
• Citation marks are always up. possibilities: "...", “...”, and ”...”.

Grapheme use

For consonants, there isn’t much phonemic difference between dialects. Here, the cross-regional spelling can be applied to all dialects.

For vowels, dialect-specific exceptions make it harder to merge vowel graphemes in cross-dialectal spelling. Some dialects or dialect groups require small adaptations.

Consonants

Plosives

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
p	p		panna opan ūp, upp	panne oapen up	Pann apen up, op	paan, pane open op	Pan uopen up	panne oopn op	pan open op	Pfanne offen auf	pan open up
b	b		beki berg	beake, bekke berg, barg	Beek Barg	baarg	Biëk Biärg	bekke bearg	beek berg	Bach Berg	beck barrow
t	t		tīd lātan fat	tyd låten vat	Tiet laten Fatt	tied loaten vat	Tied laoten Fat	tied loatn vat	tijd laten vat	Zeit lassen Fass	tide let(en) fat
d	d + th		thiustri mōdar rād	düüster moder råd	düüster Moder Raat	duuster mouder road	düüster Moder Raod	duuster moder road	duister moeder raad	düster Mutter Rat	thester* mother rede
k	k		kind brekan ik	kind breaken, brekken Westphalian also: braeken ik	Kind breken ik	kind breken ik	Kind briäken ik	keend brekn ik	kind breken ik	Kind brechen ich	break(en) I(ch)
g	g		grōni seggian slag	gröön seggen slag	gröön seggen Slag	greun, gruin zeggen slag	gröön säggen Slag	greun zegn slag	groen zeggen slag	grün sagen Schlag	green say(en) sley

* Middle English

Fricatives

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
w	w + hw		hwanēr wind werold	woneyr, woneer wind werld, wearld	wonehr Wind Welt	wanneer wind wereld	wän Wind Wiält	wonneer weend weerld	wanneer wind wereld	wann Wind Welt	when wind world
wr	wr		wrāka wrīvan	wråke wryven	Wraak wrieven	vroak vrieven		wroake wrievn	wraak wrijven	Rache reiben	wreak ribald
v	f + v		findan fugal biovan liof	vinden voagel, vuggel Westphalian also: vuagel boaven leyv, leev	finnen Vagel baven leef	vinden vogel boven laif	finnen Vuëgel buowen laiw	veendn voggel, vogel boavn leef	vinden vogel boven lief	finden Vogel oben lieb	find(en) fowl (a)bove lief
s	s + hs		sand storm wīsian mūs fohs	sand storm wysen muus vos	Sand Storm wiesen Muus Voss	zaand störm wiezen moes vos	Sand Stuorm wisen Muus Fos	zaand stoarm wiezn moes vos	zand storm wijzen muis vos	Sand Sturm weisen Maus Fuchs	sand storm wise(n) mouse fox
sk	sk		skip wiskian flēsk	skip wisken vleysk, vleesk	Schipp wischen Fleesch	schip wissen vlees	Schip wisken Fleesk	schip wisken vleis	schip wissen vlees	Schiff wischen Fleisch	ship whisk(en) flesh
sj	(/ʃ~s/ in leyn- un vrömdwöörde)			sjokolade duusj(e)	Schokolaad Duusch	sukkeloaden does	Schokelaor	sokkelaa does	chocolade douche	Schokolade Dusche	Chocolate Douche
j	j		jukkian jār	jöäken, jokken, jökken jår	jöken Johr	jeuken joar	jocken Jaor	jökn joar	jeuken jaar	jucken Jahr	itch year
h	h		hebbian hūd	hebben huud, hüüd	hebben Huut	hebben hoed, huud	häbben Huut	hebn hoed	hebben huid	haben Haut	have(n) hide

Sonorants

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
m	m		miluk kuman arm	melk koamen, kummen westföälsk ouk: kuamen arm	Melk kamen Arm	melk komen, kommen aarm	Miälk, Melk kuëmen Arm	melk komn aarm	melk komen arm	Milch kommen Arm	milk come(n) arm
n	n + hn		hnut naht winnan hlōpan	nut, noat, nöät(e) westföälsk ouk: nuat nacht winnen loupen	Nutt, Nööt Nacht winnen lopen	neut nacht winnen lopen	Nuët Nacht winnen laupen	not, noot nacht winn loopn	noot nacht winnen lopen	Nuss Nacht gewinnen laufen	nut night win(nen) leap(en)
l	l + hl		hlōpan līthan fallan kald wal	loupen lyden vallen kold wal	lopen lieden fallen koolt Wall	lopen lieden valen kòld waal, wale	laupen liden fallen kolt Wol	loopn liedn valn koald wal	lopen lijden vallen koud wal	laufen leiden fallen kalt Wall	leap(en) loath(en) fall(en) cold wall
r	r + hr		hrōpan rīki lērian ovar	ropen ryk leyren, leren, lyren öäver, oaver	ropen riek lehren, lihren över	roupen riek leren over	ropen riek läern üöwer	roopn riek leern, learn oaver	roepen rijk leren over	rufen reich lehren über	roop(en) riche lear(en) over

Vowels

Old long vowels

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
å	ā	ēƀanđaz đēđiz	āvand dād	åvend dåd	Avend Daat	oavend doad	Aomd	oavnd doad	avond daad	Abend Tat	even deed
ey, e / ee	ē1	skērjan~skērō lēʒaz	skāra kāsi	skeyre, skere keyse, kese leyg, leeg	Scheer Kees leeg	scheer, schere kees, keze leeg	(Schäer) kaise laig	scheer kees leeg	schaar kaas laag	Schere Käse	shear cheese low
ey, e / ee	ē2a	saip(j)ōn raipan~raipaz		seype, sepe reyp, reep	Seep Reep	zaip(e)	Sepe Reep	zeep, zepe reep	zeep reep	Seife Reif	soap rope
ey, e / ee, y	ē2b	stainaz ƀainan	stēn bēn	steyn, steen beyn, been	Steen Been	stain bain	Stene Been	steen been	steen been	Stein Bein	stone bone
ay, ey	ē3	laiđjanan ʒailaz	lēdian gēl	bayde, beyde layden, leyden gayl, geyl	beide leiden geil	baaide laaiden gaail	baide laien gail	beide leidn geil	beide leiden geil	beide leiten geil	both lead(en) gole
ey, e / ee, y	ē4	leuƀaz fleuganan ʒeutanan	liof fliogan giotan	leyv, leev vleygen, vlegen geyten, geten	leef flegen geten	laif vlaigen gaiten	laiw flaigen gaiten	leef vleegn geetn	lief vliegen gieten	lieb fliegen gießen	lief fly(en) yet(en)
y	ī	ʒlīđanan swīnan	glīdan swīn	glyden swyn	glieden Swien	glieden zwien	gliden Swien	gliedn zwien	glijden zwijn	gleiten Schwein	glide(n) swine
o / oo	ō1	fōtz, fōtuz xrōpanan	fōt hrōpan	voot ropen	Foot ropen	vout roupen	Foot ropen	voot roopn	voet roepen	Fuß rufen	foot roop(en)
ö / öö	umlaut from ō1	sōkjanan fōljanan	sōkian fōlian	söken völen	söken föhlen	zuiken, zuken vuilen, vulen	söken fölen	zeukn veuln	zoeken voelen	suchen fühlen	seek(en) feel(en)
ou	ō2	ʒrautaz kaupjanan	grōt kōpian	grout koupen, köypen	groot kopen, köpen	groot kopen	graut kaupen	groot koopn	groot kopen	groß kaufen	great cheap(en)
öy	umlaut from ō2	nauđiʒaz		nöydig löyper	nödig Löper	neudeg	naidig Laiper	neudig leuper	nodig loper	nötig Läufer	needy leaper
u / uu	ū	mūsz skūƀōjanan	mūs skūvan	muus skuven(, sküven)	Muus schuven	moes schoeven(, schuven)	Muus schuwen	moes schoevn	muis schuiven	Maus schieben	mouse shove(n)
ü / üü	umlaut from ū + iu	xlūđjanan	hlūdian thiustri	lüden düüster	lüden düüster	luden duuster	lüden düüster	luden düüster	luiden duister	läuten düster	louden thester*

* Middle English

Advantages of ē sound graphemes

Northern Saxon

In eastern dialects of Northern Saxon (especially Meckelenburg and the east of Holstein), ē vowels have a triple opposition: ē₁ and ē_2a are /e:/, ē_2b and ē₄ are /ɛɪ̯/ and ē₃ is /aɪ̯/. NSS writes these:
ē₁: skere, kese, leeg
ē_2a: sepe, reep
ē_2b: steyn, beyn
ē₃: bayde, layden, gayl
ē₄: leyv, vleygen, geyten

In western dialects on the German side of the border (i.e. Northern Lower Saxony, Western Holstein, and Sleswig), ē₁ and ē_2a are identical to ē_2b and ē₄. They are widely diphthongated. Therefore, NSS writes:
ē₁: skeyre, keyse, leyg
ē_2a: seype, reyp
ē_2b: steyn, beyn
ē₃: bayde, layden, gayl
ē₄: leyv, vleygen, geyten

Grönnings and northern Drenths in the Netherlands have kept ē1 distict. NSS prescribes:
ē₁: skere, kese, leeg
ē_2a: seype, reyp
ē_2b: steyn, beyn
ē₃: bayde, layden, gayl
ē₄: leyv, vleygen, geyten

Westphalian

In Eastern Westphalia, all the ē sounds have a vowel glide, represented as /aɪ̯/ in ē₁ and ē_2a. Therefore, Westphalian NSS writes:
ē₁: skayre (before /r/ as /e:/), kayse, layg
ē_2a: saype, rayp
ē_2b: steyn, beyn
ē₃: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē₄: leyv, vleygen, geyten

In the Münsterland, ē₁, ē₃ and ē₄ are pronounced /aɪ̯/, while ē₂ is pronounced /e:/. NSS writes:
ē₁: skayre (before /r/ as /e:/), kayse, layg
ē_2a: sepe, reep
ē_2b: steen/stene, been
ē₃: bayde, layden, gayl
ē₄: layv, vlaygen, gayten

Middle and southern Drenths, like stellingwarvsk, make a distinction in these phonemes. They use the following phoneme-grapheme correspondence: ē₁ and ē_2a = /e:/ = <ee>, ē_2b and ē₄ = /i:/ = <y>, ē₃ = /ɛɪ̯/ = <ey>:
ē₁: skere, kese, leeg
ē_2a: sepe, reep
ē_2b: styn, byn
ē₃: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē₄: lyv, vlygen, gyten

Twents and Westmünsterlandic dialects have a distinction between diphthongs ē₃ and monophthongs ē₁, ē₂ and ē₄. NSS writes:
ē₁: skere, kese, leeg
ē_2a: sepe, reep
ē_2b: steen, been
ē₃: beyde, leyden, geyl
ē₄: leev, vlegen, geten

Eastphalian

In Eastphalian, ē₁ and ē_2a are monophthongs, while ē_2b, ē₃ and ē₄ are diphthongs. NSS prescribes:
ē₁: skere, kese, leeg
ē_2a: sepe, reep
ē_2b: stayn, bayn
ē₃: bayde, layden, gayl
ē₄: layv, vlaygen, gayten

Comparison table

Region	Dialect	ē1	ē2a	ē2b	ē3	ē4
Proto-Germanic		ē	ai			eu
Old Saxon		ā	ē			io
Northern Saxon	Eastern	/e:/		/ɛɪ̯/	/aɪ̯/	/ɛɪ̯/
	Western	/ɛɪ̯/			/aɪ̯/	/ɛɪ̯/
	Grönnings and northern Drenths	/e:/	/ɛɪ̯/		/aɪ̯/	/ɛɪ̯/
Westphalian	Eastern	/aɪ̯/		/ɛɪ̯/
	Münsterland	/aɪ̯/	/e:/		/aɪ̯/
	Middle and southern Drenths	/e:/		/i:/	/ɛɪ̯/	/i:/
	Twents	/e:/			/ɛɪ̯/	/e:/
Eastphalian		/e:/		/aɪ̯/
Standard Dutch		aa	ee		ei	ie
Standard German		e / ä	ei			ie

Old short vowels in open syllables

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
a / aa	a	fađēr xamaraz	fadar hamar	vader, vadder hamer	Vader, Vadder Hamer	voader hoamer	Vader Hamer	vader hamer	vader hamer	Vater Hammer	father hammer
ä / ää	umlaut from a	đraʒanan	dragan	drägen	dregen	(droagen)	driägen	dreagn	dragen	tragen	draw(en)
ea, e westphalian also: ae	e	lesanan sweƀlaz	lesan sweval	leasen sweavel	lesen Swevel	lezen swevel	liäsen Swiëwel	leazn zweavel	lezen zwavel	lesen Schwefel	lease(n) swefel*
ea, i	i	siƀaz liþuz	lith	seav(e), siv(ve) lid, lead	Seev Lidd	zeef lid	Siëwt Liëd	zev(ve), zieve lid	zeef lid	Sieb Glied	sieve lith
oa, o	o	luƀōjanan kulan	lovon	loaven, löäven koale, köäle, kolle	laven, löven Kahl, Köhl	loven kool	luowen Kuole	loavn kolle	loven kool	loben Kohle	lofe(n) coal
öä, ö	umlaut from o	furai sbst. đrupōn	fora sbst. dropo	vöär dröppelen, dröäpelen	vör drüppeln	veur	vüör drüöpeln	vuur dröppeln	voor druppelen	vor tröpfeln	fore dribble(n)
oa, u westphalian also: ua	u	fuʒlaz wunēnan	fugal wunōn	voagel, vuggel woanen, wunnen	Vagel wahnen	vogel wonen	Vuëgel wuënen	voggel, vogel wonn	vogel wonen	Vogel wohnen	fowl wone(n)
öä, ü westphalian also: üä	umlaut from u	uƀelaz kuninʒaz	ubil kuning	öävel, üvvel köäning, künning	övel König	euvel keunenk	üëwel Küëning	övvel könnink	euvel koning	übel König	evil king

* Middle English

Merged ā, a, o un u In Northern Saxon

Northern Saxon dialects today no longer make a distinction between old long ā and old short a, o un u in open syllables. Should one want to show this in spelling, these phonemes may be written as <oa>, for instance in oavend, doad, voader, and hoamer.

Old short vowels in closed syllables

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
a	a	axtōu lanđan	ahto land	acht land	acht Land	acht laand	acht Land	acht laand	acht land	acht Land	eight land
ä	umlaut from a	lanʒiþō		längte	Längde		Längte	leangte	lengte	Länge	length
e	e	kannjanan xelpanan	kennian helpan	kennen helpen(, hölpen)	kennen helpen, hölpen	kennen helpen	kennen helpen	kenn helpn	kennen helpen	kennen helfen	ken(nen) help(en)
i	i	wissaz đrenkanan	wiss drinkan	wis drinken	wiss drinken	wis drinken	wis drinken	wis dreenkn	gewis drinken	gewiss trinken	(i)wis drink(en)
o	o	fuhsaz kuppaz	fohs kop(p)	vos kop	Voss Kopp	vos kop	Fos Kop	vos kop	vos kop	Fuchs Kopf	fox cop
ö	Umlaut from o			vösse	Vöss		Fösse	vösse	vossen	Füchse	foxes
u	u	đumƀaz xunʒruz	dumb hungar	dum hunger	dumm Hunger	dom honger	dum Hunger	dom honger	dom honger	dumm Hunger	dumb hunger
ü	umlaut from u	xruʒjaz	hruggi	rüg(gen)	Rügg	rug	Rüg, Rüggen	rugn	rug	Rücken	ridge

w sequences

Grapheme	Stems from Old Saxon	Examples:	Old Saxon	Cross-regional New Saxon Spelling	SASS (DE Northern Saxon)	Grünnings (NL-Northern Saxon)	Münsterlandish (DE-Westphalian)	Standaard Schriefwieze (twents, NL-Westphalian)	Dutch cognates	German cognates	English cognates
auw	aw	dawwaz hawwanan		dauw hauwen	Dau hauen	daauw haauw(g)en	Dau hauen	dauw	dauw houwen	Tau hauen	dew hew(en)
ouw	ew	ƀrewwanan trewwaz	triuwi	brouwen trouw, tröyw	broen, bruen tro, tru	braauwen traauw	bruen trü	brouwn trouw	brouwen trouw	brauen treu	brew(en) true
åuw	ēw	klēwō ƀlēwaz	blāo	klåuw(e/n) blåuw	Klau blau	klaauw blaauw	Klaon blao	klauw(e) blauw	klauw blauw	Klaue blau	claw blue
uw	uw	skuwwuz		skuw, sküw	scho, schu, schuug	schaauw	schü	schouw	schuw	scheu	shy
uow	ūw	būwanan		buowen	boen, buen	baauwen	bauen	bouwn	bouwen	bauen	buen*

* Middle English

Literature

Dictionaries

• Heinrich Kahl & Heinrich Thies: der neue Sass - Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch 5. uplåge. Wachholtz Verlag, Nymünster 2009, ISBN 978-3-529-03000-0 Search this book on ..
• Klaus-Werner Kahl: Wörterbuch des Münsterländer Platt. 3. uplåge. Aschendorff Verlag, Mönster 2010, ISBN 978-3-402-06447-4 Search this book on ..
• Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leyden & Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1 Search this book on ..
• Groninger zakwoordenboek
• Dialexicon Twents

References

This article "New Saxon Spelling" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.

📰 Article(s) of the same category(ies)

• Algemene Nedersaksiese Schriefwieze
• O-Javanese spelling
• Silent English alphabet
• Plattmakers
• Alternative Insubric orthographies

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