Nordic Estonia
A push towards being defined as a Nordic country has existed in independent Estonia since the first war of independence in 1918.[1][2] The first president of Estonia advocated for an Estonian-Finnish union in 1940. [3]
An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and President of Estonia from 2006 until 2016) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.[4] In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".[5]
Estonia has shown continued interest in becoming a full member of the Nordic Council.[citation needed]
In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. Estonia was invited to join NORDEFCO in 2011.[6]
There is an extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the other Nordic countries and their Nordic model.[7]
In 1999, the foreign minister Toomas Hendrik Ilves's speech in the Swedish Foreign Policy Institute of "Estonia as a new Nordic country".[8]
The cross flag has been used in the Estonian Parliament.[9][10]
In 2015, the Estonian prime minister Taavi Rõivas defined the country's narrative as a "New Nordic Country", or "Uus Põhjamaa".[11]
The Nordic narrative is also communicated by government agencies:
- Invest in Estonia – The national investment agency[12]
- Nordica – the national airline
- RMK – the national forestry organization[13]
- Enterprise Estonia[14]
- The Foreign Ministry[5][15]
Using the term "Nordic" is common among Estonian businesses. The Estonian Business Registry contains slightly over 4000 companies that have the word "Nordic", "Nord", "North" or "Põhja" in their business name.[citation needed]
An essay competition on the topic "Is Estonia Nordic?" was held in 2016, with 36 submitted essays by public activists and school students.[16] The essays of school students were predominantly acknowledging of Estonia's definition as a Nordic country. Essays of older citizens also contained criticism towards the idea.
The current President of Estonia defines the Nordic and Baltic region as the "Nordic Benelux".[17]
A conference comprising the heads of the coalition government was held in September 2016, discussing Estonia's outlook as a Nordic country.[18]
Becoming a new Nordic country does not necessarily mean that we will emulate the Nordic countries – copying will never make us anything else than a poor copy of Sweden. We have got to get to where we need to with more courage to take risks, we need to show more initiative, to experiment more and to also make more mistakes, not just limit ourselves to learning from others and continuing to compare ourselves against others. - Taavi Rõivas, Prime Minister of Estonia[19]
Timeline[edit]
| Century | Nordic political entities over centuries | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danes | Icelanders | Faroese | Greenlanders | Norwegians | Swedes | Finns | Estonians (Northern) | ||||
| 12th | Denmark | Icelandic Commonwealth | Hereditary kingdom of Norway | Sweden | Prehistoric Finnic | ||||||
| 13th | Denmark | ||||||||||
| 14th | |||||||||||
| 15th | Kalmar Union | Terra Mariana | |||||||||
| 16th | Denmark-Norway | Sweden | |||||||||
| 17th | |||||||||||
| 18th | |||||||||||
| 19th | Denmark | Union between Sweden and Norway | Grand Duchy of Finland | Duchy of Estonia | |||||||
| 20th | Denmark | Iceland (EFTA) | Faroe Islands | Greenland | Norway (EFTA) | Sweden | Åland | Finland | Estonia | ||
| 21st | Denmark (EU) | Greenland (OCT) | Sweden (EU) | Åland (EU) | Finland (EU) | Estonia (EU) | |||||
Italics indicates a dependent territory
Historical background[edit]
By 814, the Finno-Ugric tribes of today's Finland and Estonia spanned the majority of today's Scandinavia, while the Baltic tribes, including those of today's Latvia and Lithuania, were not much beyond their current area.[20]
In the medieval period, the areas of Estonia and Latvia were considered to be a part of the "Northern countries". Lithuanians on the other hand ruled their own kingdom and its expansion to the southeast.
Between 1400 and 1800, the coastal regions of Estonia and Latvia were part of the Hanseatic League, together with regions from South Sweden, Denmark, Northern Germany and Norway
Criticism[edit]
The movement towards defining Estonia as a Nordic country has also been criticized. The Tuglas foundation has claimed that the Nordic definition that Estonia is moving towards does not exist anymore, being a relic of past times.[21]
Quote from the organizer of an essay competition:
There are those who think we already are Nordic. There are those who think we have something to learn from the Nordic countries, adding to our own unique characteristics. And there are those who think that Estonia's location as a border country is unique and we should start focusing on it.[16]
Per Högselius wrote an opinion piece about the topic in 2003, looking at the idea as fringe, but concluding that "in time the Estonians might be able to persuade us".[22]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ "Tiia Kõnnussaar: Eesti kui põhjamaa – elujõuline unistus | Eetikaveeb". Eetika.ee (in eesti). 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "Estonia Gravitates Towards Sweden: Nordic Identity and Activist Regionalism in World War I | Mart Kuldkepp". Academia.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Ilves, Toomas Hendrik (14 December 1999). "Estonia as a Nordic Country". Estonian Foreign Ministry. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Estonia – Nordic with a Twist". Archived from the original on 8 February 2008.
- ↑ Nordic military welcomes Baltic states on board
- ↑ "Foreign investment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ↑ "Välisminister Ilvese loeng Rootsi Välispoliitika Instituudis: "Eesti kui Põhjamaa" (inglise keeles) | Välisministeerium". Vm.ee (in eesti). 1999-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ Tsahkna laulis riigikogus Savisaarest ja Parbusest
- ↑ Reporter.ee: Riisalu kritiseeris jõuluvana stiili
- ↑ "Taavi Rõivas: Eesti suur narratiiv on Uus Põhjamaa | Reformierakond". Reform.ee. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "Estonia - Nordic With A Twist". Invest in Estonia. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "RMK has the most visited forestry-related homepage | RMK". Rmk.ee. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "EAS - Ettevõtluse Arendamise Sihtasutus". Eas.ee. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "Estonia as a Nordic Country | Välisministeerium". Vm.ee (in eesti). 1999-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Tiia Kõnnussaar: Eesti kui põhjamaa – elujõuline unistus". Arvamus.postimees.ee. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "LSM / Kersti Kaljulaid: Let's talk about the Nordic Benelux / Eng.lsm.lv". Lsm.lv. 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ ""Estonia AND the Nordic countries – Estonia AS a Nordic country?" conference summary and videos". Norden.ee. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ "Tuglas-seura | Kas Eesti on Põhjamaa?". Tuglas.fi. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ↑ "Estland längtar så in i Norden | Per Högselius | SvD". Svd.se. 2003-11-20. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
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