Persecution of Albanians in Yugoslavia (1941–1999)
| Persecution of Albanians in Yugoslavia (1941-1999) | |
|---|---|
| Part of World War II, Kosovo War | |
| Location | Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Date | Lua error in Module:WikidataIB at line 665: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Target | Albanians |
Attack type | Massacres, arson, starvation, forced migration, ethnic cleansing |
| Perpetrators | Kingdom of Bulgaria, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia |
| Motive | Albanophobia, Islamophobia |
The persecution of Albanians in Yugoslavia (1941-1999) refers to the topic of persecution of Albanians in Kosovo during the period of 1941 to 1999 in Yugoslavia. A number of massacres and atrocities were committed by Partisan, Chetnik, Bulgarian and Yugoslav troops against Albanians in the beginning of the federation. In the 1950s Aleksandar Ranković, head of the Yugoslav secret service, had thousands of Albanians expelled, killed or imprisoned during the "weapons gathering of 1955-56". In the 80s and 90s, Serbian nationalism under Milosevic, and protests from Albanians seeking independence, led to crackdowns by Yugoslav authorities and eventually to war. Many Albanians were killed and expelled during this period. Persecution of Albanians officially ended in 1999 when Yugoslavia was bombed and KFOR forces entered Kosovo.
Background[edit]
This was continuation and part of Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars, Massacres of Albanians in World War I and Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Prior to the federation, Albanians in Kosovo had been the most poorly treated ethnic group, and victim to systematic discrimination and various forms of pressure to leave the region.[1] Between 1937 and 1941, Kingdom of Yugoslavia established a program for the expulsion of 200,000 Albanians to Turkey, which was halted when World War II began.[2]
When World War II began, Albanian nationalists in the Balli Kombëtar in Kosovo fought alongside Germany and Italy, and hoped to reunite Kosovo with Albania, a goal which was realized when Benito Mussolini provided an establishment of a "territorially and ethnically united Albania".[3]
The policy toward the Albanian population at the beginning was a copy of the national policy introduced in the USSR. Despite the similar ideology, aiming at the elimination of the “class enemy”, martial law was introduced in Kosovo, which continued until the beginning of 1946. Thus, even though Albanians were granted equal rights with the other nations in Yugoslavia by the constitution, they were deprived of them in reality. But they did not accept that situation uncomplainingly and expressed their discord by different forms of resistance.
Hoping to attract the loyalty of the communist regime in Albania, Josip Broz Tito envisaged the unification of Kosovo with Albania, but was halted by Serbian propaganda and fear, although Tito was convinced of the Lenin doctrine that Serbian nationalism (i.e. larger nations nationalism) was more dangerous than smaller ones (i.e. Albanian nationalism).[4] Tito remained an opponent to Serbian hegemony in the matter.
Assimilation policy and discrimination[edit]
When Kosovo was ceded to Yugoslavia, Albanians protested. Many Albanian nationalists were killed imprisoned or executed, and many were expelled or fled. Though Kosovo was declared an autonomous within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the policymaking capabilities of the province in reality remained very limited. Effective legislative power was exercised by Serbia. From 1945, the policy objectives for Kosovo aimed to assimilate the Albanian population and change the cultural characteristics of Kosovo. The attempts at assimilation failed as the Kosovar Albanians continued to speak Albanian.[5]
666 centuries of prison[edit]
In the 1980, 80% of all the political prisoners were Albanians, which illustrates the scale of the persecution.[6][7][8][9]
Between 1945 and 1990, over 8,220 Albanians were sentenced to prison of a total 66,672 years and 7 months, or 666 centuries, 72 years and 7 months . The average sentence per individual was 7 years and 1 month. In the period 1981–1990, 3,348 people were sentenced to prison and 23,770 were sentenced to 8 years. Another 10,000 were convicted of misdemeanors or 1,233 years. In this period, another 1,346 Albanian soldiers were sentenced, while 63 were killed in military barracks. From March 1981 to October 1989, 584,373 Albanians were ill-treated by the police. Violence was used, such as threats and beatings to the point of unconsciousness.[10]
In 1945, over 2,086 people were sentenced to prison in Kosovo,with the total of 14,810 years and 6 months. In the period 1956–1980, 901 people were imprisoned and sentenced to 6,397,1 years in prison. During the period 1981–1989, every third Albanian would pass through the hands of the Yugoslav police.[11] After the demonstrations of 1981, 3,348 people were sentenced to 25,000 years in prison. Around 1,346 Albanian military men were sentenced to 955 years and 6 months in prison, and 63 of those returned home in coffins.
Massacres[edit]
According to Albanian press, around 36.000 Albanians were killed by Titoist partisan forces after World War II.[12][13]
At the beginning of 1945, Yugoslav authorities shot more than 1,000 Albanians from Kosovo illegally and without trial in the territory of the Albanian state.[14] Many Yugoslav crimes were evidenced by high-ranking officials of the Albanian state such as Nesti Kerenxhi, former deputy minister of the interior, lieutenant colonel Zoi Themeli, former senior official of the State Securityand Shefqet Peçi. Between 1944 and 1946, in the city of Mitrovica, more than 2,000 Albanians were massacred by the Yugoslav VI Kosmet Brigade.[15]
Mitrovica massacre[edit]
Between 1944 and 1946, in the city of Mitrovica, more than 2,000 Albanians were massacred by the Yugoslav VI Kosmet Brigade.[16]
Vushtrri massacre[edit]
In the town of Vushtrri, 400 people were found dead.[17]
Gostivar massacre[edit]
In November 1944, between Kosovo and Tetovo, more than 1,000 people were shot. In Gostivar, Yugoslav officers killed 300 Albanians after taking them out of the barracks. In December 1944, 70 people were arrested in this city, who were shot on a hill called Gradishtan. On November 17, 1944, about 10,000 Albanians gathered at the tobacco monopoly station in Tetovo, and on the same night, many of them were shot.[18]
Kirčovo massacre[edit]
320 Albanians were killed in the village of Kirčovo. Another 300 boys were taken from Skopje under the pretext that they would be sent to a military unit, but they never returned.[19]
Skopje massacres[edit]
Many massacres took place in the Skopje area. In Bojane village, 76 men and 30 women and children were killed, while in the village of Bllacë, all the men (160 people) and 50 children were killed, and the village was set on fire.[20][21]
Drenica massacres[edit]
According to the newspaper "Zëri i Populli", Tito's henchmen tore and threw down the Albanian flag and started mass shootings and unprecedented terror in the region of Drenica. Children and pregnant women were shot and hanged, people were left hanging on stilts and many died from torture. Hundreds of Albanian recruited soldiers were shot on the road Prizren-Kukës-Tirana. In the region of Gorica in Trieste, more than 2,000 Albanian boys from Macedonia, mobilized in work brigades, were killed with poisonous gases.[22]
Gjakova massacre[edit]
20 Albanians from the highlands of Gjakova were killed by Yugoslav forces.[23]
Bihor massacre of 1943[edit]
Supported by Italian forces, Serbo-Montenegrin forces, under the command of Pavle Đurišić, razed 82 villages in the province of Bihor in Sandzak on January 5–6, 1943. Albanian archival documents reveal that 4,628 Albanians were massacred in 2 days.[24] Hundreds of others, mostly women and girls, were captured. 15,000 were forced to flee. The region was under the protectorate of the Italians who allowed the massacre.[25] Other sources state that 9,200 Albanians were killed.[26][27] Bosnian sources also exist to verify the atrocities.[28][29]
An Albanian delegation investigated the matter and concluded that 590 men were killed, 185 slaughtered, 119 bayonetted to death. 340 women were killed, 285 stabbed 266 chopped to pieces. 701 children were killed, 705 burned and 447 shredded. 359 men and 275 women were injured. 250 young women were deported to Chetnik camps under the control of Draža Mihailović where they were raped. The sources were retrieved from the Central State Archive in Tirana, in the archival fund of 1943, file no. 5, with 57 sheets. Some original documents were sent to Prime Minister of Ekrem Bey Libohova at the time.
Gjilan massacre of 1942[edit]
In the village of Bllacë, Kaçanik, 128 Albanians were shot by the Macedonian partisan brigade. Another 128 Albanians were found in a mass grave and several with their throats cut. On November 15, 109 victims were discovered and the next day, another 8. On July 25, 1942, the head of the village of Gjilan reported that the survivors came without clothes, shelter and sleeping in open fields. When the Bulgarian forces invaded the region, the Albanians took up arms and various battles took place.
On September 15, 1943, Serbian commander Jagod and his Chetnik forces bombed the Preševo mosque on the night of Ramadan, killing four and injuring 28. They also massacred civilians in Iseuka, Gosponica and Sopot. In the village of Koka, Ymer Saqapi was wounded in the direction of the village of Kokaj, where he died and was buried in the cemetery. Several Albanians died of wounds, among them Ahmet Haziringa Llovca, Rifat Lipovica on December 14, 1944. The grave is not known to the victims of Gjilan.
On November 28, 1944, when the mobilized Serbian forces of the 3rd Brigade of Preševo entered the village of Gosponica, Rrustem was killed together with 33 residents of Gosponica and Bukuroca.[30]
In the city of Gjilan, 1,000 people were shot, and in 250 in Skenderaj. In the Polon village of Ferizaj, 28 people were shot in front of their families. Close to Pristina, in the place called Tomboce, over 200 people were shot, while in one day, 70 people were massacred in Pristina. In Peja from December 1944 to the beginning of 1946, 200 Albanian men were killed.[31]
Rogova massacre of 1941[edit]
In April 1941, Catholic Albanians on 8 villages from Gjakova were massacred in Rogova. The atrocities were documented in a book titled "Trojet e Arberis" by Dom Viktor Sopi.[32] 64 Albanians were killed from the villages of the parish of Smaç: Bistazhini, Bërdosana, Doli, Fshaji, Kusari, Kushaveci, Marmulli and Smaqi. The perpetrators were the Serbian commanders Srećko Čemerikić and Brajan Zorić.[33]
Preševo massacres of 1941-45[edit]
On April 18, 1941, Bulgarian troops massacred 341 Albanians, and imprisoned 790 people and burned 650 houses in Presheva.[34] In Bujanoc, the troops killed 649 civilians and burned 1180 houses.[35] In Preševo and Kumanovo, during the first half of 1945, about 600 members of the Albanian population were arrested, of which about 200 were killed on the way to the city of Vranje, while the rest were drowned in the prison of Vranje. Many others were also shot in the city of Preševo.
Massacres of Gosponica, Qarri and Iseukaj[edit]
Most of the atrocities by the Serbo-Macedonian communists were committed in the night accompanied by music so that the screaming from the torture of the children and women would not be heard.[36] In Iseuk, all males were killed. In Gosponica, 8 people were killed. On December 22, 1944, the brigades massacred 24 Albanians in the village of Qarri, and burned 50 houses.[37][38][39]
Massacres of Skopje[edit]
On October 6, 1944, in the village Bllacë in Skopje, the XVI Yugoslav Brigade killed 111 Albanian civilians, and the corpses were left behind for several days without being buried.[40] The perpetrator was Gliša Šaranović. In Gjilan around 7845 people were killed.
Bar Massacre of 1945[edit]
In 1945, thousands of Albanaian men were massacred by Montenegrin communists in Bar.
The confiscation of weapons in 1955-56[edit]
Aleksandar Ranković, head of the Yugoslav secret service, began a period of systemic discrimination. Rankovics paranoia and racist, fanaticial obsession with targeting Albanians in Kosovo led to the so-called "weapons gathering of 1955-56" where thousands of Albanians were imprisoned, expelled or killed, and tortured to death by having their heads inserted in ovens until they were burned alive. According to Albanian sources, already in 1945–46, around 12,000 Albanians were under surveillance under Rankovic, who deemed Albanians as "informbureauists", a term meaning something similar to "spy".[41]
Public executions[edit]
Until 1952, Yugoslav Communists continued to hold show trials and conduct public executions of Albanians, in an effort to intimidate the small bands that violently resisted Yugoslav rule in Kosovo. Evidence suggests that the police, in cooperation with the state security, systematically resorted to reprisals and mistreatment, there by transgressing constitutional and other legal bounds during the operation. For instance, Budimir Gajić, in his capacity as chief in Prizren, described the procedure in an internal report in 1956 as follows:
"We demonstrated persistence when summoning people and kept them until they handed over their weapons, for 4–5 days. There were also cases in which people were detained 4–5 days in the snow and beaten. In a similar vein, witness testimonies of participants in the confiscation both officials and civilians reveal the application of systematic beatings to those suspected of being in possession firearms."[42]
According to Albanian sources, Rankovics goal was to increase pressure on the Albanians so that they would leave for Turkey.[43] Many Albanians possessed no arms but were forced to find a rifle and turn them in, in order to end the harassment.
The goal of the action was to promote fear in the rural parts of Kosovo. Yugoslav repressions of Albanians led to the deaths of thousands and many fled to Turkey. According to sources found in the Agency Archive of Kosovo State University (ASHAK) and in the Regional Historical Archives of Gjakova, Rankovic was eventually displaced after reports of deformities and maltreatments of Albanians was made available. Another purpose was Rankovics desire for ethnic chauvinism.[44]
There are reports of Rankovics men using lies where they brainwashed young Albanian boys that a particular village elder (whom Rankovic wanted removed) had killed the boys father. The boy would then be armed by Rankovics men and would go on to assassinate the target.[45]
Expulsions[edit]
Between 1953 and 1967, 408 000 Albanians were expelled due to Rankovics policy. Around 30,000 people were subjected to torture and 103 people lost their lives as a result of these tortures and approximately 10,000 people remained disabled for life.[46]
Rankovic also minimized and downplayed the Bar massacre in 1945.[47]
Yugoslav assassinations of important Albanian officials[edit]
In order to destabilize the situation of the Albanians, a number of assassinations and murders were carried out by Yugoslav authorities under Rankovics era.
Xheladin Hana[edit]
Xheladin Hana, an Albanian patriot, was arrested and tortured, and killed on December 15, 1948.[48][49]
Nexhat Agolli[edit]
Nexhat Agolli, vice president of the Macedonian government, originally from the Dibra e Madhe, was arrested on April 15, 1949, and was suffocated to death by Rankovics men.[50]
Rifat Berisha[edit]
Knowing that the Yugoslav secret police, led by Cedo Topallovic and Cedo Mijovic, were after Rifat Berisha, an Albanian nationalist chairman, he chose to fight on the hills of Drenica, on May 17, 1949.[51][52] The village of Gajrak was surrounded and the Albanians fought Yugoslav troops all night, until they were massacred.[53]
Sabaudin Gjura[edit]
In the winter of 1950, the Albanian patriot Sabaudin Gjura was killed, as was Isuf Torozi, who was arrested in 1949 and tortured until his death.[54][55]
Cenë Shyqriu[edit]
In March 1949, Cenë Shyqriu from Gjakova was arrested and disappeared without a trace.[56]
Killings of 1981[edit]
In 1981, Albanian students were killed and poisoned in Mitrovica, Vusthrri, Ferizaj, and Prishtina by Yugoslav police.
1997 crisis[edit]
According to author Jane Sharp, after Tito died in the 1980s, Slobodan Milošević used the resentment of the Serbs of Kosovo to fuel hatred. Dr. Mary Kaldor of the London School of Economics observed that the primary conflict of the 1980-90s could be traced back to Milosevics "insistence on the mystical importance of Kosovo",[57] part of a larger Serbian propaganda developed by Serbian intellectuals. The Kosovo myth was enflated and turned into a means of oppression.
Massacres of 1998-99[edit]
Many massacres were committed by the Serbian-Yugoslav forces on the Albanian civil population in the Kosovo War of 1998–99.
References[edit]
- ↑ Cviic, Christopher (2005). Kosovo 1945-2005. pp. 851–860. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Jeta, Loshaj. "Kosovo and Ukraine Are More Similar Than Many Think". Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ STAMOVA, MARIYANA (2017). THE ALBANIAN FACTOR IN SERBIA/YUGOSLAVIA IN THE 19th and 20th CENTURIES (What Albania could not accomplish as an independent state, namely the unification of the entire Albanian nation in one state, was in fact finalized with Benito Mussolini’s decree of June 29, 1941 which provided for the establishment of a “territorially and ethnically united Albania” under an Italian protectorate. ed.). Institute of Balkan Studies&Center of Thracology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ T. BATAKOVIĆ, DUŠAN. The Case of Kosovo: Separation vs. Integration Legacy, Identity, Nationalism. Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. p. 109. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Assessment for Kosovo Albanians in Yugoslavia". Refworld.
- ↑ Matas, David (26 July 1996). No More: The Battle Against Human Rights Violations (Almost half of the political prisoners in Yugoslavia were ethnic Albanians jailed for asserting their identification with the Albanian nationalist cause. Albanian nationalism takes the form not so much as a desire to join neighbouring ... ed.). Dundurn. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4597-1847-0. Search this book on
- ↑ Dolečki, Jana; Halilbašić, Senad; Hulfeld, Stefan (19 November 2018). Theatre in the Context of the Yugoslav Wars (As a result, three in every four ordinary prisoners in Yugoslav prisons at that time were Albanian political prisoners from Kosovo. Sabile KeçmeziBasha explains that Albanians of former Yugoslavia spent 666 centuries, 72 years and 7 ... ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-98893-1. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Pichler, Robert; Grandits, Hannes; Fotiadis, Ruža (1 September 2021). "Kosovo in the 1980s – Yugoslav Perspectives and Interpretations". Comparative Southeast European Studies. pp. 171–182. doi:10.1515/soeu-2021-0059.
- ↑ Dragović-Soso, J. 2002. “Saviours of the Nation.” Serbia’s Intellectual Opposition and the Revival of Nationalism. London: Hurst.
- ↑ Keçmezi-Basha, Sabile (2009). Të burgosurit politikë shqiptarë në Kosovë 1945-1990: (gjatë viteve 1945-1990 në ish-Jugosllavi shqiptarët kaluan në burgje 666 shekuj, 72 vjet e 7 muaj burgim) (in shqip). Logos-A. pp. 178, 368, 393. ISBN 978-9989-58-322-3. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Organizations, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Human Rights and International (1987). Persecution of the Albanian Minority in Yugoslavia: Hearing and Briefing Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, October 2 and 8, 1986 (There is virtually no Albanian family in Kosovo that does not have someone in prison , including minors . The treatment of the political prisoners in Yugoslavia is atrocious . I will read to you only one paragraph of a petition signed ... ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ "The national-chauvinistic policy of the Yugoslav revisionists against the Albanians of Kosovo, Macedonia and Montenegro". Published in the newspaper "Zëri i Popullit". Dated September 9, 1958, no. 217 (3118), p. 4.
- ↑ Lenhard, Hamza (2022). Politics of Ethnic Accommodation: Decentralization, Local Governance, and Minorities in Kosovo. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-91225-1. Retrieved 19 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ AMPJ. Published 1949, Dokument nr. 191 (B/ V-2), p. 43. "Relations of Serbian authorities on the treatment of Albanians in Kosovo and Albania".
- ↑ Sabit Syla, p-7.
- ↑ Sabit Syla - Instituti i Historisë, Prishtinë. "Vendosja e pushtetit jugosllav në Kosovë dhe në viset e tjera shqiptare (1944 – 1945)". p-6. (Translation: When the VI Kosmet Brigade entered Mitrovica, more than 2,000 people from the city and nearby neighborhoods were shot. In the town of Vushtrri, 400 people were found dead. In November 1944, from Kosovo to Tetovo, more than 1,000 people were shot, leaving the fields and ditches.)
- ↑ Sabit Syla - Instituti i Historisë, Prishtinë. "Vendosja e pushtetit jugosllav në Kosovë dhe në viset e tjera shqiptare (1944 – 1945)". p-6.
- ↑ Sabit Syla, p-7.
- ↑ Sabit Syla, p.8
- ↑ AMPJ, Published 1960, Dokument nr. 530/2, p. 10. Report titled "The situation and problems of the Albanian population in Yugoslavia", prepared by Rako Naço and Petro Papi.
- ↑ Sabit Syla. p-10.
- ↑ Sabit Syla, p-10.
- ↑ "AMPJ". Published 1981, Document nr 1140/1, p.114-115. "Report of the III Corps of the National Liberation Army of Albania". March 1945.
- ↑ RSH), Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e (1993). The Truth on Kosova. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. p. 198. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ A. Selmani-A.Aliu; Myderriz Haki Efendiu, "Lidhja e Histoianëve të Kosovës". Prishtina, 2005. p. 169.
- ↑ Alpion, Gëzim (30 December 2021). Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-93-89812-46-6. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ "Masakra e Bihorit në Natën e Bozhiqëve të 43-tës(I) – Dielli | The Sun". 5 January 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ "Genocid u Bihoru na Badnje veče i Božić 1943, po albanskim arhivskim dokumentima (II)". Dardania Press (in bosanski). 5 January 2021.
- ↑ "Genocid u Bihoru na Badnje veče i Božić 1943". Sandžak PRESS (in bosanski). 7 January 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ Nijazi, Ramadani (2020). Shtegtim në histori – I / Nijazi Ramadani . – Gjilan : Rrjedha, 2020.–libra ; 21 cm. [Libri] I. – (Gjilani në rezistencën kombëtare në juglindje të Kosovës 1941-1951) : (studim dokumentar monografik. Gjilan. pp. 277–281. ISBN 978-9951-453-24-0. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Sabit Syla. p-9.
- ↑ "Trojet e Arbri" - The Albanian Right in Defense of Ethnic Albania". Published in 2006 in Prizren, Klinë. pages-276-286.
- ↑ "80 vjet nga masakra serbe e Rogovës dhe injorimi i kësaj masakre nga institucionet shkencore dhe politike të Kosovës". Bota Sot.
- ↑ Jovan Marsijeviq, Hranislav Rakiq, Hronologija 1903-1945, Leskovac 1979, p. 185.
- ↑ Ardian, Emini (6 October 2016). Botohet libri i autorit Preshevar Ardian Emini "Presheva në rrjedhat e historisë" (Shek.XX). UNIVERSITETI I TIRANËS FAKULTETI HISTORI-FILOLOGJI DEPARTAMENTI I HISTORISË. p. 85. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Ardian, Emini (6 October 2016). Botohet libri i autorit Preshevar Ardian Emini “Presheva në rrjedhat e historisë” (Shek.XX). UNIVERSITETI I TIRANËS FAKULTETI HISTORI-FILOLOGJI DEPARTAMENTI I HISTORISË. p. 111. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ S. Latifi. "Rrugëtimi nëpër Luginë të Preshevë". p-78
- ↑ Петар Joчев. p-125.
- ↑ Xhafer Shatri "Vështrim i përgjithshëm mbi politikën serbomadhe në Kosovë". Geneva: Immigrant from Kosovo. 1987, p.91.
- ↑ Ramadani, Nijazi. Mbrojtja Kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore Nga Nijazi RAMADANI. pp. 4–8, 10. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ "Persekutimi i shqiptarëve në kohën e Rankoviqit (1948-1968) – Epoka e Re". Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ↑ Stroehle, Isabel (30 June 2021). The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. pp. 110–112. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Shefqet Dinaj Napulan. "Aksioni i Mbledhjes Se Armeve Ne Dukagjin (1955 /1956)". 2011. ISBN 978-1-4478-5197-4. p-43.
- ↑ Shefqet Dinaj. "COLLECTING ARMS ACTION ON GJAKOVA TERRYTORY (1955-1956)". Fakulteti i Edukimit, Universiteti i Prishtinës, Prishtinë, KOSOVO. AKTET ISSN 2073-2244. Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca www.alb-shkenca.org Reviste Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca Copyright © Institute Alb-Shkenca. p.553
- ↑ Mithat Begolli. "KRYEZINJTË E GJAKOVËS". May 28, 2012. ISBN 978-1-304-12767-9.
- ↑ Rifati, Rexhep (4 March 2021). "Marrëveshja e `53-tes, sforcohet me dhunë ndaj shqiptarëve në "Periudhën e Rankoviçit"". Prointegra. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ Butka, Uran (30 December 2014). Masakra e Tivarit dhe Pergjegjesia e Shtetit Shqiptar (in shqip) (During the sending of a number of Albanians to supplement the units of the IV Army, an incident occurred, which was not such that it could not be located, so that the consequences could be extinguished. I don't want to go into details. An Albanian jumped from a conveyor belt, took out his rifle and killed him. Then another fighter was killed. However, our other leaders, instead of solving the issue without spreading the conflict, wanted to retaliate, they tried to shoot. 40 Albanians for each fighter killed. The revolt broke out. Someone from the Albanians started throwing bombs. Maybe there were some bombs. And our commanders opened fire and killed 300 Albanians". ed.). Booktique.al. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Hetemi, Atdhe (6 October 2020). Student Movements for the Republic of Kosovo: 1968, 1981 and 1997 (Rifat Berisha died fighting in the hills of Drenica in 1948, and Xheladin Hana was murdered by the UDBA (Yugoslav State Security Service) in 1948. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948–1974, 25. 13. Literature on Kosovo migration ... ed.). Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-54952-7. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Pavlović, Aleksandar; Draško, Gazela Pudar; Halili, Rigels (13 June 2019). Rethinking Serbian-Albanian Relations: Figuring out the Enemy (Rifat Berisha died fighting in the hills of Drenica in 1948 and Xheladin Hana was murdered by the UDBA (Yugoslav State Security Service) in 1948. Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948–1974 (Berkeley: University of ... ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-27315-2. Search this book on
- ↑ Heraclides, Alexis (31 December 2020). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History (.. where he met his death in 1951.213 This was also the fate of the main Albanian Macedonian, the young jurist Nexhat Agolli, who had served as deputy-president of ASNOM and minister of social works.214 On the whole, however ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-28944-2. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Hetemi, Atdhe (6 October 2020). Student Movements for the Republic of Kosovo: 1968, 1981 and 1997 (Rifat Berisha died fighting in the hills of Drenica in 1948, a ed.). Springer Nature. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-030-54952-7. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ Keçmezi-Basha, Sabile (2009). Të burgosurit politikë shqiptarë në Kosovë 1945-1990: (gjatë viteve 1945-1990 në ish-Jugosllavi shqiptarët kaluan në burgje 666 shekuj, 72 vjet e 7 muaj burgim) (in shqip) (Yes, in 1949 (only for 10 months) there are data that according to the same law for criminal offenses against the people... among which was the 82-year-old Tahir Berisha.110 In this heroic fight, the brave Rifat Berisha fell.. . ed.). Logos-A. ISBN 978-9989-58-322-3. Retrieved 24 August 2023. Search this book on
- ↑ AQSH of RPSSH, P.252/ I, 1951, dos. 340, M-F 393, page 36.
- ↑ Shaban Braha. "Gjenocidi serbomadh". p.497-498.
- ↑ "Persekutimi i shqiptarëve në kohën e Rankoviqit (1948-1968)". PrizrenPress - Portal informativ (in shqip). 28 June 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ↑ "Persekeutimi i Shqiptarëve në kohën e Rankoviqit (1948-1968)". DRINI.us (in shqip). 28 June 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ↑ KOSOVO UNTIL MAY 1997 The origins of the Kosovo crisis up to May 1997 (In her written evidence, Jane Sharp explained how Milosevic rose to power in the late 1980s by fuelling and then exploiting Serb resentment of the Kosovo Albanians.[22] "Although it is true that there has been a long history of antagonism between the Serbian and Albanian populations," Dr Mary Kaldor of the London School of Economics observed that "the current crisis has to be primarily traced back to the mobilisation of nationalist sentiment by Milosevic in the late 1980's. The position of the Serb minority in Kosovo and the insistence on the mystical importance of Kosovo to the Serbian nation were central elements of the nationalist propaganda developed by Serbian intellectuals and exploited by Milosevic, using all the contemporary techniques, especially television, available." The Serbian Information Centre informed us that "the current rulers of Serbia have, for their own ends, inflated the Kosovo myth out of all proportions and turned it into a means of oppression of their own people."[23] ed.). Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Fourth Report. Retrieved 23 August 2023. Search this book on
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