Physiological active compounds

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--Auric talk 10:53, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

For related wiki page, see Phytochemistry.

Physiologically active compounds are any substances that cause an effect on plants, animals, or humans’ function/activities. Pharmacologically and physiologically, all organisms possess some specific receptors that have specific ligand. Physiologically active compounds are the ligands to these receptors and, by binding to them, they work as an agonist to activate the receptors. The response to this activation would change how the cell functions depending on the selectivity, specificity, and potency of the compound.

Constituent elements

Most of the chemicals, either natural or synthesised, produce some kind of response on the body. If their mechanism of action becomes clear, then we can classify them into different functional groups. This is mostly done by their functional groups and compounds’ constituents.

Examples

Physiologically active compounds can produce chemical effects on many plants and humans for manipulation of their functions. The major classes of physiologically active compounds are described below, with examples of their structural properties that they contain.

Humic Substances

Further information: Humic acid

Humic Substances are originally found in coastal regions and sea waters, in which each of them have different components’ ratios. Humic substances are the major organic compound of soil where the residue of decayed plant and animals is found. They have major roles as fertiliser and help plant growth. Furthermore, they play many important roles as a bio-catalyst or bio-Stimulants. The nature of Humic substances is naturally acidic. One of the resources of this substance is from sedimentation layers which have been located on the earth crust, but due to erosion of soil it is now close to the outermost crust of the earth.

• File:Humic acid.gif
  File:Humic acid.gif

Siderophores

Further information: Glycoside

Main living producers of physiological active compounds are fungi and bacteria who scavenge iron from soil to produce minerals. Siderophores have been related to have pathogenic effects on both plants and animals Siderophores are organic compounds with small molecular masses that are produced by microorganisms and plants growing under low iron conditions. In recent years their potential use for environmental sciences has gathered attention from many experts in these fields. The primary function of these compounds is to chelate the ferric iron [Fe(III)] from different terrestrial and aquatic habitats and thereby make it available for microbial and plant cells

• Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.[7]
  Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.

Plant growth regulators

Further information: plant hormone

Known as PGRs, these are injected into plants either by spraying or applied to seeds to manipulate their characteristics. They are also known as plant hormones as their major constituent is nitrogen, ethylene, auxins, and forchlorfenuron. They can be effective to regulate resistance and stunt growth, ripening fruits, accelerating rooting, yields of crops, stem length, and larger fruits They are mostly produced by the plants themselves, and when the natural and synthetic plant hormones are used in these ways, they are called Plant Growth regulators

• Polyphenols include phytoestrogens.
  Polyphenols include phytoestrogens.

Allelopathics

Further information: allomone

Allelopathics are the released substances, directly or indirectly through decomposition of residues just like Humic substance. They can be made from cover crops or dead crop residues. or when plants undergo secondary metabolism from various tissues such as leaching from aerial parts

Vitamins

Further information: ScienceDirect

Vitamins are well known for their importance and effect on body and plant. They are naturally available in food. Vitamins’ role is vital, but the amount needed for the body is very small. Some physiological effects by vitamins are: energy production, blood-cell making and homeostasis. They have to be gained in the diet as a supply as they are not naturally produced by the body. Each vitamin is related to a specific coenzyme present in different metabolic pathways

Antibiotics

Further information: Antibiotics and Chemotherapy

Natural antibiotics are also well known from millennia. They have been produced from plant extract, essential oils and other foods. They only act on bacteria obviously because they are alive, and viruses are not considered as live organisms as they lack DNA and they inject themselves into host organisms. The bioactivity of antibiotics is screened and their importance on physiology is highly regarded. Studies on such a complex behaviour of the microorganisms promise insight into the complications of microbial physiology and are very likely to provide some leads in controlling the emergence and subsequent diffusion of resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotics available in the market are either made by fermentation or are derived via semi-synthetic routes using the existing antibiotic backbone structure

• Antibiotics are having different effects on organisms depending on tissues.[16]
  Antibiotics are having different effects on organisms depending on tissues.

Extracellular Soils enzymes

Further information: Extracellular polymeric substance

These substances are not representing in global biogeochemical models; however, they have an important role in catalysing innumerable reactions in soils that have biogeochemical significance to hydrolase substrates for microbes to ease absorption Most of the nutrient and carbon cycling process in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular enzymes released by microorganisms. Thus, to measure activity of extracellular enzymes can give information into the ecosystem level, such as organic matter decomposition or nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Assays of extracellular enzyme activity in environmental samples typically involve putting the samples to colorimetric or fluorometric substrates and following the rate of substrate hydrolysis

microbial and soil fauna stimulants

Further information: soil fauna

Microbial and soil fauna stimulants are applied to improve crop production and nutrition quality of agricultural food products. They are mostly included in agricultural management practices to decrease chemical input, increasing productivity and recovering the natural equilibrium in agro-ecosystems

Natural insecticides or herbicides

Further information: Terpenes

Unlike pesticides, these only target insects like wasp killers. Most invasive species become established in an area after a disturbance of soils. This is why you can observe multiple invasive species along the roadways and ditches. Each time pesticides or herbicides are used, it extensively affects the plant community and creates an additional unsettle that allows for invasive species to be introduced and take hold. The more herbicides that are used to kill harmful species, the more disturbances are made for new invasive species to establish themselves. This is an ongoing, cyclic process that in the end introduces more chemicals into the air and water. There are other ways to fight invasive species without spraying chemicals

Major research institutes

• Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute
• UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research

Literature

• Girish Dwivedi; Dwivedi Shridhar (2007). "History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence" (PDF). Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sc. 49: 243–244. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2019-10-08.

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