Qajar-Wahhabi war
The Qajar–Wahhabi War was a Series conflicts between the First Saudi State also is known Emirates of Diriyah and the Qajar Empire, primarily fought in Oman and the Persian Gulf. Sparked by the Wahhabi Sack of Karbala in (1802) and Wahhabi Expansion into Oman. with Their raids in the Persian Gulf the war saw Wahhabi forces led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi Against the Iranian campaign led by Saadi Khan and Oman led by Said bin Sultan. engage in several battles including the Battle of Izki and the Siege of Samail The Wahhabis captured Bandar Abbas and besieged Muscat As a result the Iranian campaign was suppressed in Oman. opening the way for Mutlaq bin Muhammad's forces.
| Qajar–Wahhabi War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Wahhabi raids in the Persian Gulf (1805) and Saudi Expression in Oman and | |||||||||
| File:Qajar-wahhabi war 1808-1811.jpg Wahhabi Overview map during the conflict in 1811 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Qajar Iran Omani Empire*Supported by  United Kingdom |
 Emirate of Diriyah Al Qasimi | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Fath Ali Shah Qajar Saadi Khan (WIA) Said bin Sultan Aziz khan † Masoud Qajari (WIA) |
Saud bin Abdulaziz Mutlaq Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 2,900 killed[1] | Unknown | ||||||||
Background
The Qajar–Wahhabi War trace back to the Wahhabi sack of Karbala in 1802[2]when Saudi forces Led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud attacked the holy Shi'a city in Ottoman Iraq killing approximately 2,000[3]-5,000[4]. destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils including gold. The attack deeply outraged the Qajar Empire which regarded itself as a guardian of Shi'a Islam and viewed the Wahhabi movement as a Threat to Shi’a Islam and There maritime trade in Persian Gulf Such as known Wahhabi Raids In the Persian Gulf or Wahhabi-Qasimi Piracy in The Persian Gulf Which further Angered the Qajar empire Which released It’s Iranian campaign in Oman After long negotiations and discussions with Said bin Sultan As him self seeking for Help against the Wahhabis
Mosul expedition
In response to the Wahhabi incursions and their increasing influence in Oman Fath Ali Shah ordered the preparation of a large campaign led by Saadi Khan who commanded a force intended to restore Iranian dominance and assist Omani forces loyal to Said bin Sultan to resisting Wahhabi expansion. The Iranian-Omani alliance initially sought to drive Wahhabi forces out of the interior regions of Oman. Said bin Sultan was able to reclaim the Nakhal forts in early (1808) However, the Saudis under the Commander of Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi mounted a strong defense. Several engagements followed most notably the Battle of Izki, where Wahhabi forces reportedly repelled the combined Iranian-Omani forces and defeating Saadi khan Ending the Iranian campaign And opening the gate way through Samail and muttrah and later the besieged Muscat Officially ending The campaign
Campaigns in the Persian Gulf (1805-1811)
The campaigns was led by the First Saudi State (Emirate of Diriyah) to expand its influence, particularly under Saud bin Abdulaziz who led military campaigns inspired by the Wahhabi movement[5] As known Wahhabi Raids in the Persian Gulf (1805) with their maritime ally the Qasimi tribe of Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. These campaigns aimed to challenge Persian,Omani and British-backed maritime dominance and to spread Wahhabi influence through both military conquest and religious reform The earliest notable action occurred in 1805 when Wahhabi-aligned tribes launched raids on coastal settlements across the eastern Gulf targeting regions under nominal Qajar control Islands and British ships These operations disrupted trade routes and instilled panic among local rulers especially those dependent on maritime commerce The Qasimi[6], who had embraced Wahhabi doctrine, became key players in these campaigns Their growing naval strength allowed them to conduct frequent raids. During the campaign in Oman Wahhabi-Qasimi Their naval activities peaked between 1808 and 1810 when the Saudis captured several ports and islands with strategic value Most notably The capture of bandar Abbas And the region near it These campaigns alarmed both the Qajar Empire and the British East India Company which began to view the Wahhabi-Qasimi alliance as a serious threat to regional stability and trade
Outcome
The Qajar–Wahhabi War ended without a formal treaty but the military and political outcomes favored the Emirates of Diriyah Despite Iranian efforts to reclaim influence in Oman and the Persian Gulf the Qajar campaign was ultimately repelled Wahhabi forces led by Mutlaq bin Muhammad Al-Mutairi And they failed to stop the Wahhabis In the Persian Gulf continuing the raids on British-Qajars Ships making the Conflict a strategic victory for Saudis The conflict also heightened British concerns about Wahhabi power in the Gulf, paving the way for future confrontations[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
references
- ↑ معجم أمراء وحكام الجزيرة العربية ، محمد بن دخيل العصيمي ، ص 330
- ↑ Martin, Richard C. (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. New York: Macmillan reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8. Search this book on
- ↑ Khatab, Sayed (2011). Understanding Islamic fundamentalism: the theological and ideological basis of al-Qa'ida's political tactics. Cairo ; New York: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-499-6. OCLC 721887535. Search this book on
- ↑ "KARBALA". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_10750. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
- ↑ Rogan, Wil (2023). Purity in the gospel of John: early Jewish tradition, Christology, and ethics. Library of New Testament studies. London New York: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-1-4411-3160-7. Search this book on
- ↑ Wilson, Arnold (2012). The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A). Routledge Library Editions: Iran. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-60849-7. Search this book on
- ↑ الفارس, محمد فارس (2023). "الأزمة الاقتصادية في الخليج وتبعاتها على مجتمع إمارات الساحل 1924-1962". مجلة دراسات الخليج والجزيرة العربية: 299. doi:10.34120/0382-049-190-009.
- ↑ جبار الهنداوي, نذیر (2021-12-23). "العلاقات بين المشيخات والدولة السعودية الثانية". Al-Adab Journal (56): 387–402. doi:10.31973/aj.v0i56.2799. ISSN 2706-9931.
- ↑ "Bahrein: 1908 - 1928". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia Online. doi:10.1163/2405-447x_loro_com_110013. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
- ↑ Correspondence respecting the award of the Halifax Fisheries Commission. [London?: s.n.] 1878. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.46019. ISBN 0-665-33395-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Lorimer J. G. (1915). Gazetteer Of The Persian Gulf Oman And Central Arabia Vol-i Part-i. Search this book on
- ↑ العامري, عبدالله بن محمد; المطيري, نورة بليهان (2020). "واقع ممارسة المشرفات التربويات للقيادة الشبكية وسبل تحسينها من وجهة نظر قائدات المدارس الثانوية بمدينة الرياض". المجلة التربوية الدولية المتخصصة: 135. doi:10.36752/1764-009-002-010.
- ↑ العوفي, عبداللطيف حمدان بشير; أبو يحيى, علي عبدالله (2018). "الاختصاص القضائي للمحاكم العمالية في محاكم الدرجة الأولى في المملكة العربية السعودية". دراسات - علوم الشريعة والقانون: 260. doi:10.35516/0272-045-002-015.
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